Y in Russian. Y is the most disagreeable

Without brief

And the short (Y) has existed as an independent letter since the spelling reform of 1918. But they began to write I with a short one much earlier: the spelling Y came into the Russian language from Little Russian books in the 17th century, during the church reform of Patriarch Nikon, and gradually moved from Church Slavonic to secular Russian writing. "Kratka" is the Russian name for the diacritic mark breve (from the Latin breve - "short"), borrowed from both Latin and Cyrillic from ancient Greek. It looks like a brevity over a letter, and connoisseurs of typefaces distinguish Cyrillic brevity by thickening at the ends of the bow from the Latin breve, thickened in the middle.

In 1708, Peter I, in order to simplify the inscription of the letters of the Russian alphabet, introduced a civil type. In the Cyrillic alphabet, superscripts were canceled, and a short one fell under the knife. In 1735, Y was restored in rights, but was not recognized as a separate letter - Y was combined with I in dictionaries.

At the end of the 19th century, the legislator of Russian spelling, Professor Yakov Grot, complained that I and E with diacritics denote completely different sounds. He proposed to include the letters Y and YO in the alphabet on an equal footing with the rest and call Y not "And with a short one", but "And a short one." Letters were not introduced into the alphabet during his lifetime, but the name stuck and soon became the only one.

Under brief

Linguists find it difficult to accurately determine the sound that the letter Y stands for. For a long time it was called a vowel in dictionaries, now it is called a consonant. The fact is that in different positions, Y denotes different sounds: when Y comes after a vowel, the sound is a vowel (as in the word “May”), and when before a vowel, then the consonant is [yot] (as in the word “iodine”). To understand such a complex past of I short, it is worth remembering the history of the letter I. Until 1918, in the Russian language there were three letters at once to convey the sound [and]. The first - I - sounded like And after consonants (below). This letter was called “I decimal”, since it corresponded to the numerical value 10. The modern Cyrillic I comes from the capital Greek letter eta - Η (above). Interestingly, the letter AND has a common Phoenician ancestor with the Greek Η/η and the Latin Η/h derived from it. This is the Phoenician letter het. By the way, it was she who, in a position between vowels or at the beginning of a word, transmitted the sound [yot]: iena, maior. There was also an octal AND (modern AND, which had a numerical correspondence of 8). And there was also Izhitsa (in the center), it came from the Greek letter upsilon and was put mainly in church terms, since it was introduced in order to make borrowings as similar as possible to the Greek original. The reform that followed in 1918 reduced the number of variants of And, leaving no room for the Latin yot.

With a brief

It is believed that the spelling reform of 1918 was designed to make life easier for citizens, since the new government announced a course towards universal literacy. The fact that the reform was discussed and prepared by the Spelling Subcommittee at the Imperial Academy of Sciences long before the revolution and was approved back in 1912, the builders of the new state preferred not to recall. From January 1, 1918, the decree of the People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky established a new spelling for all state publications. Among other things, i was abolished. There is not a word about Izhitsa in the text of the law, but by that time it had died by itself, it was no longer used. Thus, for the sound [and] there was one letter - the one that we use today. The reform did not separately take care of the I short, but since 1918 Y was already listed as a separate letter in textbooks. And in 1934, in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov, it was retroactively recorded as part of the Russian alphabet.

Y - the letter, which in Russian writing denoted in different cases two completely heterogeneous sounds.

From the Great Soviet Encyclopedia:

In the Russian writing system, Y denotes a non-syllabic vowel (by no means a consonant Middle language fricative "j", with which it is often inaccurately compared).

The three-volume "Grammar of the Russian language": "In some cases, the letters E, Yo, Yu, Ya denote combinations of the consonant" th "with subsequent vowels", and above this, in a few lines, encounter the distribution of Russian phonemes into 6 vowels and 41 consonants, and in the series these latter will be found and "d".

In some cases, when we meet the letter Y in the words "my", "your", "May", "tea", it expresses a short non-syllable vowel "y" (sometimes it is called a semivowel), in others - well, let's say, in the name of the English county of York or the Arab state of Yemen - conveys the undisputed consonant "yot".

There are few such words. There are only 59 of them in the TSB. Six of the geographical names of the USSR (non-Russian), 53 - refer to foreign toponyms or concepts borrowed from foreign languages.

Of all the listed Russian letters Y, in some way "Ivan, who does not remember kinship." There was no letter Y in Cyrillic. It was introduced into use only in 1735. At the same time, until the revolution itself, the letter Y was some kind of semi-recognized sign. Neither V. Dahl's "Explanatory Dictionary" nor Brockhaus and Efron's "Encyclopedic Dictionary", of course, have such a section: "Words starting with the letter Y". At Brockhaus, the name of the Siberian river "Iya" is immediately followed by the letter "K". http://uchitel-slovesnosti.ru/publ/uvlekatelnoe_jazykoznanie/interesno_o_bukvakh/bukva_j/89-1-0-1685

Lopatin fixed the spelling of Y after vowels at the end of a word or before consonants (may, elei, cue, swarm, mystery, watering can), but he did not distinguish between the sounds denoted by it. Maybe not to confuse ordinary citizens, non-philologists.

The letter y is written before a vowel only in the following cases:

If the first part of a compound word ends with the letter y, and the second begins with a vowel, for example: district administration, regional election commission, construction industry, construction team, district representative.

In a limited circle of words of foreign origin, including in proper names, y is written before o at the beginning of a word or after vowels: yoga, yoga, yogurt, iodine, yeoman, Yorkshires (breed of pigs), iot, iota, iotation; coyote, majolica, mayonnaise, major, marjorate, rayon; in proper names: York, Yorkshire, Yoshkar-Ola, Yorick, Johannes, Jorgen, Yokosuka; Iowa, Wyoming, Villon, Loyola, Ohio, etc.

In some words of foreign origin, the letter y is written before the letters e, u, i, and, for example: vilayet, doyen, foyer, stayer, conveyor, fireworks, kikuyu (nationality), hallelujah, vaya, maya, passion fruit, papaya, paranoia, tupaya; sequoia, sequoia, sequoia, sequoia; in proper names: Yemen, Jena, Jensen, Yeats, Yellowstone, Meyerhold, Rambouillet, Heyer-dal, Jöring, Bayer, Jihlava, Maya, Bayard, Vaillant; Goya, Goya, Goya, Goya.

But in general, iot is hiding in E, E, Yu, Ya.

The history of the letter is well described on Wikipedia, read it.

The letter Y denotes the palatal approximant [j] (the so-called non-syllabic) and the voiced palatal fricative consonant [ʝ] close to it (before the stressed vowel). In Ukrainian and Bulgarian, the combination yo is used at the beginning of words and after vowels instead of the missing letter Ё.

The sign Y comes from the Church Slavonic writing of the 15th-16th centuries, representing a combination of the letter I and the sign of brevity borrowed from Greek writing - breve, but somewhat modified.

A strict phonetic distinction between the styles I and Y arose in the press of the early 17th century; during the “book right” of the times of Patriarch Nikon, it was transferred to Moscow editions of Church Slavonic books (second half of the same century) and is still used today.

What is sound? This is the minimum component of human speech. Shown in letters. In writing, sounds differ from letters by the presence of first square brackets used in phonetic transcription. The letter is o, the sound is [o]. Transcription shows differences in spelling and pronunciation. Apostrophe [ ‘ ] indicates softness of pronunciation.

In contact with

The sounds are divided into:

• Vowels. They can be easily pulled. When they are created, the tongue does not take an active part, being fixed in one position. The sound is created due to changes in the position of the tongue, lips, various vibrations of the vocal cords and the force of the air supply. vowel length - basis of vocal art(singing, "singing smooth").
• The consonants a are pronounced with the participation of the tongue, which, occupying a certain position and shape, creates an obstacle to the movement of air from the lungs. This leads to the appearance of noise in the oral cavity. At the output, they are converted into sound. Also, the lips, which close and open during speech, prevent the free passage of air.

The consonants are divided into:

• deaf and voiced. The deafness and sonority of the sound depends on the operation of the speech apparatus;
• hard and soft. The sound is determined by the position of the letter in the word.

Letters representing consonants

Deaf

Deaf in Russian: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh]. The easiest way to remember the phrase, and not a set of letters, “Stepka, do you want a cabbage? Phi!” containing them all.

An example in which all consonants are deaf: rooster, honeycomb, pin.

Voiced

When they are formed, the form of the tongue is close to the form that produces deaf, but vibrations are added. Voiced consonants create active vibrations of the ligaments. vibrations deform the sound wave, and not a clean stream of air enters the oral cavity, but sound. In the future, it is additionally transformed by the tongue and lips.

To voiced consonants belong: b, c, d, e, g, h, d, l, m, n, p.

When they are pronounced, tension is clearly felt in the larynx. In addition, it is almost impossible to speak them clearly in a whisper.

A word in which all consonants are voiced: Rome, pride, ash, estuary.

Summary table of consonants (voiced and voiced).

It is precisely due to the change in sound that Russian speech is enriched with various words that are similar in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in meaning. For example: house - volume, court - itching, code - year.

Paired consonants

What does parity mean? Two letters that are similar in sound, in the pronunciation of which the language occupies similar positions, are called paired consonant sounds. The pronunciation of consonants can be conditionally divided into one-stage (lips and tongues are involved in their creation) and two-stage - the ligaments are connected first, then the mouth. Those cases when, when pronouncing, the movements of the mouth coincide, and create pairs.

Summary table of paired consonants, taking into account hardness and softness

In speech, it is common not to pronounce each letter, but to “eat” it. This is not an exception only to Russian speech. This is found in almost all languages ​​of the world and is especially noticeable in English. In Russian, this effect is subject to the rule: paired consonants replace (by ear) each other during speech. For example: love - [l 'u b about f '].

But not everyone has their own pair. There are not similar in pronunciation to any others - this is unpaired consonants. The reproduction technique differs from the pronunciation of other sounds and combines them into groups.

Paired consonants

Unpaired consonants

The first group can be pronounced with softness. The second has no analogues in pronunciation.

Unpaired consonants are divided into:

• sonoras - [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p ']. When they are pronounced, the air current hits the upper sky like a dome;
• hissing - [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '].

The Russian language contains letters that are difficult to understand in the context. Are the sounds [h], [th], [c], [n] voiced or deaf? Learn these 4 letters!

Important![h] - deaf! [th] - sonorous! [c] is deaf! [n] - sonorous!

Unpaired consonants

Hard and soft

They are spelled the same but sound different. Voiceless and voiced consonants, with the exception of hissing, can be pronounced hard or soft. For example: [b] was - [b`] beat; [t] current - [t`] current.

When pronouncing hard, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the palate. Soft are formed by pressing to the upper palate of the middle part of the tongue.

In speech, the sound is determined by the letter following the consonant.

Vowels form pairs: a-i, u-u, e-e, s-i, o-e.

Two-vowel vowels (i, ё, u, e) are pronounced in one of two combinations: the sound [th] and a paired vowel from E, O, U, A, or a soft sign and a paired vowel. For example, the word jung. It is pronounced as [th] [y] [n] [g] [a]. Or the word mint. It is pronounced as: [m '] [a] [t] [a]. The vowels A, O, U, E, S do not have a double sound, therefore do not affect the pronunciation of the leading consonant.

Difference example:

A spoon is a hatch, honey is a sea, a house is a woodpecker.

Phonetic transcription:

[Spoon a] - [L 'u k], [m 'o d] - [m o r 'e], [d o m] - [d' a tel].

Pronunciation rules:

• hard ones are pronounced before A, O, U, E, Y. Abscess, side, beech, bentley, former;
• soft are pronounced before I, Yo, Yu, E, I. Revenge, honey, whale, mashed potatoes, mint;
• hard ones are pronounced if they are followed by another consonant: death. After the consonant [s], there is a consonant [m]. Regardless of whether the M is soft, voiced or hard, C is pronounced firmly;
• solid are pronounced if the letter is the last in the word: class, house;
• consonants before the vowel [e] in borrowed words are pronounced firmly, as before [e]. For example: scarf - [k] [a] [w] [n] [e];
• always soft before b: elk, pulp.
• exceptions to the rules:
  • always solid F, W, C: life, thorns, cyanide;
  • always soft J, Ch, W: white, black, pike.

Today in the lesson we will talk about the letter, which can be called a cunning traveler. Cunning, because outwardly she is very similar to her neighbor in alphabetical order, and also because her sound knows how to hide well. And a traveler for the reason that in ancient times she either appeared in our alphabet or disappeared, and initially she was not considered a letter at all. And only in the last century did she have her permanent place in the alphabet, next to the vowel I. This is the letter Y (And short) and the sound [y ’]. Sometimes the sound that it stands for is also called "iot". So why did we need another letter I in our alphabet? First, let's recall the characteristics of the sound [and]. Sound [and] vowel, it stretches, it is sung. Now try to sing the sound [th ']. Did not work out? Of course, because it's a short consonant. This means that in our alphabet, the vowel [and] and the consonant [th ’] have completely different jobs, so we both need and are important. Today we will talk about only one work of the letter Y.

Let's start with the definition of the sound [th ']. Put your hands on your throat or on your ears and make the sound [y']. We felt a vibration, which means it is a ringing sound. And now remember one more trick of this sound: the sound [th '] is only soft, and it does not have a hard pair. So the sound [th ’] is consonant, sonorous, soft. Now let's practice recognizing this sound in words.

Today we will go to the bird kingdom. Guess the riddle and name the place of the sound in the word: at the beginning of the word, in the middle or at the end.

Chick-chirp!

Jump to the grains!

Peck, don't be shy!

Who is this?

Sparrow- sound [th '] at the end of the word (Fig. 1).

white-winged bird

Flying over the sea.

Seeing the fish

The beak is enough.

Seagull - sound [th '] in the middle of a word (Fig. 2).

Who is without notes and without flute

Best of all displays trills,

Answer...

Nightingale- sound [th '] at the end of the word (Fig. 3).

gray bird,

little bird,

You always turn your neck.

Is there a need for this?

Wryneck- sound [th '] in the middle of a word (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Vertineck ()

In the bird's joyful enthusiasm,

Firmly believing in success

Which bird dives into the sea

Without a doubt, the best?

Guillemot- sound [th '] in the middle of a word (Fig. 5).

It's not a rainbow, it's not a flame!

What kind of bird? Guess!

Chatting with us all day

Multicolored…

Parrot- sound [th '] at the end of the word (Fig. 6).

I don't like to live idle

I get up at five o'clock

Then I plant cedars with my beak,

That oaks in a dense forest.

Jay- sound [th '] in the middle of a word (Fig. 7).

Noise and din throughout the district,

The birds are frightened.

A predator appeared in the sky

What to eat, looking for.

Hawk- sound [y '] at the beginning of the word: [yastr'ip] (Fig. 8).

We noticed that the sound [y '] at the beginning of the word met only once. The fact is that in the words of the Russian language this sound is rarely found. There are few words that begin with the letter Y in our language, among them are mainly geographical names, but not only. Try words that start with the letter Y.

Every child knows iodine.

Mom smears the wounds with iodine(Fig. 9) .

What dairy product should all children drink? Yogurt (Fig. 10).

A yogi will never say, "Oh!"

"Oh oh oh!" - do not shout yogi(Fig. 11) .

Young man, control yourself!

Old, be young!

Yorkshire Terrier, or York (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12. Yorkshire Terrier ()

Consider how the letter Y is written.

Because the comma

Sitting on her shoulders.

Consider block letters. What do they remind you of? Letters ii.

The letter Y is called And short.

Y as And in your notebook.

In order not to confuse Y with I,

Write a tick at the top.

Crossbar jump-jump

And she lay down.

Changed inside

Got the letter I.

And then over the letter I

The bird has flown

Become Y (And short) letter I

I immediately wanted to.

What does the letter Y look like?

Got up And under the lantern,

We don't recognize him.

Changed - look

Stealthily at him.

It used to be just and

And now Y (and short).

Writer Viktor Khmelnitsky came up with his own story.

Previously, the letters Y and Y invited each other to visit, but the letter Y always left a stick in the hallway, and the letter Y could not distinguish it from a soft sign. And when the letter Y came to visit, she left her hat on the hanger, and the hostess confused the guest with the letter I. In the end, they got tired of this confusion. But what about tea? And now they drink tea in the garden. The letter Y keeps his wand with him, and the letter Y may not take off his hat(Fig. 13) .

Rice. 13. Tale about the letters Y and Y

The sound and the letter Y like to answer the question "what?". Let's check. Look at the picture and tell.

Which kitten (Fig. 14)?

Redhead, small, funny, soft, etc.

Which backpack (fig. 15)?

School, new, heavy, beautiful, etc.

Rice. 15. School backpack ()

What watermelon (Fig. 16)?

Striped, sweet, sugary, delicious, etc.

Let's read the words: oh, oh, hey- th helps to express feelings.

Replacing one letter in a word, we get another word: may - bark - paradise - swarm - mine.

The sound [th '] is always soft. So, the letter Y denotes the sound [y ’], which is always soft, and the vowel Y shows the softness of the preceding consonant.

Consider the written letters Y (Fig. 17, 18).

Look, look

Dear friend,

Up to what

We are similar!

We have common features

You are like me

And I'm like you.

We are like chicks.

Maybe we are twins?

Rice. 17. Written and printed letter And ()

Rice. 18. Written and printed letter Y ()

What is the difference? Y has a checkmark, or a bird, on top.

Practice writing the letter Y.

Now let's do the following task: listen to the poem and write down all the sounds [th '] with the letters Y. Hint: how many sounds, so many letters.

Next to my room

And it's full of friends

Ginger,

Grey,

Striped,

And wingless

And winged

And hornless

And horny

And tailless

And tailed...

How many letters did you get? 9. And what animals living in the forest did you imagine? Tell me.

Now let's write a little dictation.

Write the letter representing the first sound in the word "Roma".

Write the letter for the last sound in the word lazy.

Write the letter for the second sound in the word forest.

Write a capital letter N.

Write the capital letter of today's lesson.

Rice. 19. Test yourself

Homework

1. Practice writing capital and small letter Y in cursive.

2. Recall and name 5 fairy tales, in the names of which there will be a letter Y.

3. Write a short story about Oi and Ai.

Bibliography

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. - M.: Astrel, 2011.

2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M.: Ballas, 2012

3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academbook/Textbook, 2014

1. Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ()

We list the rules that must be taken into account when parsing a word phonetically: compiling a transcription and phonetic characteristics. Consider the rules for soft and hard signs, for vowels and consonants. There are some nuances from the list of rules that are paid attention to in the middle classes and not studied in elementary school, we will give examples for them. The rules considered on this page are correct and complete only for the school curriculum.

Notation

Notations used in phonetic analysis:

1. The transcription of the word is enclosed in square brackets: family → [with "im" th "a]. Sometimes an accent mark is put in the transcription: [with "im" th "a ́];
2. Each sound in phonetic analysis is enclosed in square brackets: s - [s], and - [i], m - [m "], etc. Opposite the soft and hard signs put a dash or a dash in square brackets: b - [- ];
3. The softness of sound is marked with an apostrophe: m - [m "];
4. A long sound (long sound) is denoted through a colon: tennis → [t "en": is], loader → [grush': ik];
   instead of a colon, a long sound is also indicated by a horizontal line above the sound;
5. In most school programs, a line is drawn at the end of phonetic analysis, under which the number of letters and sounds in the word is indicated.

A detailed plan, oral and written examples of phonetic parsing are presented on the page.

Rules for b, b

1. The letters b, b do not represent sounds. They cannot be present in the transcription of a word.
2. The letter ь softens the previous consonant.
3. The letter ъ is used only as a separator character.

Vowel phonetics

1. There are no sounds [e], [e], [yu], [i]. They cannot be present in the transcription of a word.
2. The letters a, o, y, s, e make the previous consonant hard.
3. The letters i, ё, yu, and, e make the previous consonant soft. But in some foreign words, the consonant before the letter e remains solid.
   Cafe → [cafe], coupe → [coupe], hotel → [atel"].
4. The letters i, u, e, e after consonants denote the following sounds: i → [a], u → [y], e → [e], e → [o].
   Ball → [m "ah"], chalk → [m "el].
5. Letters i, e, e, o after consonants without accent denote the following sounds: i → [e] or [i], e → [i], e → [e] or [i], o → [a].
   Rowan → [r"eb"ina], spot → [n"itno], fun → [v"es"ila], cow → [karova].
6. The letter ё, i, u, e after vowels, after ъ, ь and at the beginning of the word denote the following sounds: i → [y "a], yu → [y" y], e → [y "e], yo → [ th "o] (under stress) and I → [th" and], e → [th" and] (without stress). They are called iotized. In some publications, j is written instead of y.
7. The letter and after b denotes the sound [th "and].
   Streams → [ruch "th" and] .
8. The letter and after the consonants w, w, c denotes the sound [s].

Let's summarize the rules for "transforming" vowels into sounds with a table:

	A	O	And	e	at	Yu	yo	I	uh	s
under stress	A	O	And	uh	at	at	O	A	uh	s
without accent	A	A	And	And	at	at	O	uh, and	uh, and	s
at the beginning of a word	A	O	And	th "uh	at	th "y	th "o	th "a	uh	s
after vowels	A	O	And	th "uh	at	th "y	th "o	th "a	uh	s
after b, b	A	O	th "and	th "uh	at	th "y	th "o	th "a	uh	s
after w, w, c	s	O	s	s	at	at	O	A	uh	s

Phonetics of consonants

1. In phonetic analysis, soft consonants are denoted by the apostrophe ": [l"], [s"], [h"], etc.
2. In phonetic analysis, a long sound (stretching) is indicated by a colon [g:], [c:] or a dash above the sound [g], [c].
3. The letters d, h, u always denote soft sounds: [y "], [h"], [u"]. They remain soft, even if they are followed by vowels a, o, y, s, e.
4. The letters w, c, w always denote solid sounds: [g], [c], [w]. They remain solid even if they are followed by the vowels i, e, u, i, e.
5. The letter y always denotes a voiced and soft sound [th "].
6. The letters l, m, n, p, d always denote voiced sounds and are called sonorous.
7. The letters x, c, h, u always denote deaf sounds.
8. Consonants paired in voicing / deafness at the end of a word and before a deaf consonant denote a deaf sound: b → [p], d → [t], g → [k], s → [s], c → [f]:
   pillar → [pillar], train → [sing" est].
9. The unpronounceable consonants в, d, l, t do not mean a sound at the root:
   feeling → [h "ustva], sun → [sonts" e].
10. Double consonants after a stressed vowel produce a long sound:
    group → [group:a], tennis → [ten:is].
11. Double consonants before a stressed vowel give a single consonant sound:
    million → [m "il" ion], alley → [al "hey" a].

In some cases:

1. The letter c at the beginning of a word means a voiced sound [z]:
   did → [z "d" elal].
2. The letter g before a voiceless consonant is pronounced as [k] or [x]:
   claws → [kokt "and], soft → [m" ah "k" y"]
3. Consonants between a root and a suffix before a soft consonant are pronounced softly:
   umbrella → [zone "t" ik].
4. The letter n denotes a soft sound before the consonants h, u:
   cup → [glass "h" ik], changer → [cm "en" uh "ik].
5. The combination -ch-, -th- is pronounced like [sh]:
   of course → [kan "eshna], boring → [boring], what → [what].

The combination of certain consonant letters in words gives a long or unpronounceable sound:

1. The combination of letters -zzh- denotes one sound [zh:]:
   get rid of → [izh: yt "], leave → [uizh: at"].
2. The combination of letters -ts-, -ts- denotes one sound [ts:]:
   swim → [merchant:a].
3. The combination of letters -stn- is pronounced as [sn], -stl- - [sl], -zdn- - [zn]:
   starry → [star "ozny"], stairs → [l "es" n "itsa].
4. In the endings of adjectives -th, -his, the consonant Г denotes the sound [v]:
   golden → [zalatov], blue → [sin "eva].
5. Combinations of letters -sch-, -zch-, -zhch- denote the sound [u "]:
   happy → [shch "aslivy"], cabman → [izvoshch" ik], defector → [p "ir" ib "esch" ik].

These are all the basic rules of phonetic parsing. To consolidate the topic within the framework of the school curriculum, the publication of E.I. Litnevskaya is suitable. "Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren.

There are a number of rules for the institute's program and in-depth study of Russian phonetics. The rules take into account the subtleties of modern phonetic pronunciation and phonetic features over the past centuries. Such rules are not considered in the school curriculum, so as not to complicate an already difficult topic for students to understand. So, outside the framework of the school curriculum, variants with a soft sound [zh ’], including those characteristic of the old Moscow pronunciation, are considered. At the root of the word in the combinations -zhzh-, -zhzh- and -zhd- in the word rain, instead of a hard sound [zh:], there is a soft [zh ':]. For example, yeast - [yeast': and]. According to another rule: the letter u before a voiced consonant receives voicing and is marked with a voiced sound [zh ':]. For example, in the word material evidence - [v'izh': doc].

Our site can do phonetic parsing of words in automatic mode. Use the word search form.