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Golovin Fedor Alekseevich- (1650 1706), count, associate of Peter I, admiral (1699) and general field marshal (1700). Signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, a member of the Great Embassy in 1697 98, from 1700 he headed the Ambassadorial order. Created a system of permanent Russian representations... encyclopedic Dictionary

Golovin, Fedor Alekseevich- HEAD / N Fedor Alekseevich (1650 1706) Russian naval and statesman, count, general admiral (1699), general field marshal (1700). He was involved in naval affairs in 1696 during the 2nd Azov campaign of Peter I. Since 1697, ... ...

GOLOVIN, Fedor Alekseevich- (1650 1706), Count Russian statesman and diplomat. In 1686 G. was sent to settle the issue of the border with China. In 1689, he concluded the Nerchinsk Treaty with the Chinese (see). G. became one of the closest employees of Peter I. In 1697 ... ... Diplomatic Dictionary

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Golovin, Fedor Alexandrovich- Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Golovin. Fedor Alexandrovich Golovin ... Wikipedia

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Fedor Alekseevich Golovin- A silver medal with the profile of F. A. Golovin, which Peter I awarded him in 1698. A commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia dedicated to F. A. Golovin Fedor Alekseevich Golovin (1650 July 30 (August 10), 1706) Russian diplomat and statesman, ... ... Wikipedia

C devotee of Peter I, an outstanding Russian state. figure, diplomat and naval commander, founder and head of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, the first holder of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Over the years, it has been undeservedly forgotten. Only in August of this year, at the initiative of the St. Andrew the First-Called Foundation and the Center for National Glory of Russia (CNSR), commemorative events were held in Moscow dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the death of F.A. Golovin.

In October in St. Petersburg within the framework of the CISR project "Serving the Fatherland: Events and Names" passed the first stage of the ceremonial events of the charitable program to perpetuate the memory of Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin. In the Naval Corps of Peter the Great - St. Petersburg Naval Institute, a meeting of the Board of Trustees of the TsNSR was held under the chairmanship of the President of JSC "Russian Railways" Vladimir Yakunin. The Board of Trustees includes Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy Vladimir Masorin, Governor of St. Petersburg Valentina Matvienko, Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation Alexander Sokolov, artistic director - director of the State Academic Mariinsky Theater Valery Gergiev, Chairman of the Board of Directors of OAO NK LUKOIL Vagit Alekperov and other officials. The 20th anniversary of the beginning of his diplomatic activity, the 310th anniversary of the creation of the regular Russian Navy and the 305th anniversary of the establishment of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences.

Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin (1650-1706) came from an ancient boyar family, whose members served the Russian state with dignity for several centuries. The son of the boyar Alexei Petrovich Golovin, the governor of Tobolsk, Fedor received an excellent education at home. In those days when literacy was rare, Fedor Alekseevich not only had an impeccable command of written Russian, studied English, but also knew Latin, which allowed him to enrich his mind by reading the works of Latin classics. He later learned the Mongolian language.

Fedor Golovin began his service at the Highest Court, where he enjoyed great confidence. In 1676, the Russian sovereign Alexei Mikhailovich, being on his deathbed, bequeathed to Fyodor Golovin "to keep the young Tsarevich Peter as the apple of his eye." And Fedor Alekseevich fulfilled the royal order, advising the ten-year-old Peter to take refuge in the Trinity Monastery during the Streltsy rebellion of 1682.

The sister of Peter, Princess Sophia, who ascended the throne, during the years of her reign relied on the help of the powerful nobleman V.V. Golitsyn, from whose attention the mind, education and high business qualities of Fyodor Golovin did not hide. In December 1685, the thirty-five-year-old F.A. Golovin was appointed great and plenipotentiary ambassador to China with the title of governor of Bryansk, and a month later the embassy set off. The situation on the eastern border was extremely tense, so Golovin was given not only diplomatic, but also broad administrative functions.

The embassy was to pacify the rebellious native tribes and establish peaceful relations with the taishis - the Mongol khans, as well as determine the borders with China and achieve the conclusion of a long-term peace treaty with the Celestial Empire.

It took almost two years for the embassy to reach its destination, and this journey through the boundless uninhabited expanses of Siberia in off-road conditions was fraught with enormous difficulties and even sacrifices. In September 1688, a detachment of two thousand Golovin drove the Mongols away from Udinsk, the taisha army was defeated on the Khilok River, which secured the Russian rear from Transbaikalia.

Having strengthened Udinsk and built a wooden fortress there, F.A. Golovin left for Nerchinsk, where, after difficult multi-stage negotiations, in August 1689, the Nerchinsk treaty (treaty) was concluded, which for the first time determined the border between Russia and China. At the request of Russian diplomats, an article on free trade with China was included in the text of the treaty. The Muscovite kingdom was the first of the European states to achieve this.

During his stay in Nerchinsk, Golovin not only solved diplomatic problems, but also managed to strengthen the city, and also sent an expedition to explore the natural resources of the region, which brought an excellent result: rich deposits of silver ore were discovered in the upper reaches of the Argun River. Returning to Moscow after a five-year absence, in January 1691, F.A. Golovin was warmly welcomed by Peter I, who had already ascended the throne, and rewarded by him for carrying out a diplomatic mission: he was granted the rank of general-kriegs commissar and the title of governor of Siberia.

Russia needed access to the sea, and she could get it by taking the Turkish fortress of Azov. In 1696 F.A. Golovin participated in the capture of Azov, covering Russian troops from the sea. For this campaign, he was awarded a gold medal and received rich gifts. During the solemn entry of the victorious troops into Moscow, Golovin occupied a place of honor.

Having headed the Armory in 1697, Fyodor Golovin continued to engage in diplomatic activities, having completed the main organizational work on the formation of the Great Embassy to Western Europe. A detachment of volunteers was also completed, who were supposed to improve in navigational science. Among them was the Sovereign himself under the name of Peter Mikhailov.

During the Great Embassy, ​​Golovin was second only to F.Ya. Lefort as a plenipotentiary ambassador, acting as "general and military commissar, governor of Siberia". In addition to diplomacy, he was engaged in inviting foreign sailors, civilian and military specialists to serve in the Russian fleet, and also organized the purchase of ammunition and equipment for the needs of the army and navy - canvas, anchors, cannons, compasses, etc.

Peter I highly appreciated the actions of the second ambassador. Soon after returning from abroad, in honor of the merits of F.A. Golovin, for the first time in Russia, a nominal silver commemorative medal was issued. On one side of it, the profile of Fyodor Alekseevich was minted, and on the other, the Golovins' family coat of arms was depicted - a lion with a raised sword and an inscription in Latin: "Et consilio et robore" ("And with advice and courage").

In December 1698, Golovin entered the management of the Order of the military navy. He assisted in the construction of the Olonets, Kronverk and Luga shipyards, the Admiralty and the shipyard in St. Petersburg, controlled the production and purchase of weapons, and recruitment.

In March 1699, Fedor Alekseevich Golovin became the first holder of the first state order of Russia - St. Andrew the First-Called, on the day of its establishment. According to Whitworth, the British ambassador to Russia, Golovin was considered "the most honest and most intelligent person in all of Russia."

In all the most important state affairs, Peter I relied on Fyodor Golovin. He was entrusted with the work of equipping and arming the ships under construction in Voronezh, providing the shipyards with labor and food.

Being the closest associate of Peter I, using his special confidence, Golovin was privy to all the foreign policy plans of the tsar. For the speedy conclusion of a peace treaty with Turkey in the spring of 1699, a squadron led by F.A. Golovin, elevated to the rank of admiral, departed for Constantinople and in August entered the Kerch Strait. The demonstration of the formidable Russian fleet in front of the Turkish Sultan contributed a lot to the conclusion of a 30-year truce with Turkey, which was extremely necessary, since Peter I reoriented his interests to the northwestern borders of Russia, where he had to "cut a window to Europe." Having disbanded the archery army, the tsar formed a new regular army. The commission for its recruitment, staffing and training was headed by Fedor Golovin. By the spring of 1700, 27 infantry and 2 dragoon regiments were assembled and trained. In August, Golovin was awarded the title of the first Russian field marshal general. He was put at the head of the 45,000th army that marched to Narva.

In the same year, Fyodor Golovin headed the Gold and Silver Chambers, was appointed "President of Embassy Affairs", that is, State Chancellor. He was the first to create a system of permanent missions of Russia abroad.

In January 1701 F.A. Golovin headed the first naval educational institution in Russia founded in Moscow - the Navigational School ("School of Mathematical and Navigational, that is, Nautical Cunning Arts of Teaching"). It trained people of different classes who wanted to master the maritime business. Admiral Golovin controlled training and was in charge of publishing educational and scientific literature. Later, in 1715, on the basis of the navigational classes of the school, transferred to St. Petersburg, the Naval Academy was created (now - the Naval Corps of Peter the Great - the St. Petersburg Naval Institute).

The duties of Fyodor Golovin during the years of his stay in the state service were very broad, he often combined different positions. As the manager of the Mint, he contributed to the stabilization of the Russian financial system. The development of the Nerchinsk silver mines, discovered during Golovin's embassy to Siberia, allowed him in 1700-1702. multiply the minting of silver coins, which was extremely necessary for the construction of the fleet. Golovin became the commander of the first Azov Fleet in Russia.

Overloaded with numerous responsibilities, Fedor Alekseevich successfully dealt with the development of naval forces, supervised shipbuilding. When the Baltic Fleet was founded, he received the duty to "look at him as a supreme ruler."

In 1702, Golovin took part in the siege of the Swedish fortress Noteburg (Oreshek), which was taken by storm in October. Then he assisted Peter I in leading military operations in Ingria (Izhora land). In November of the same year, Fyodor Golovin was elevated to the dignity of a count.

In 1703, as a senior cavalier, Fyodor Golovin assigned the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called to Tsar Peter Alekseevich and Alexander Menshikov for the first naval victory over the Swedes.

From the end of 1705, Golovin was engaged in concluding a friendly alliance with Prussia, but did not have time to complete his plans. He died suddenly in the summer of 1706 in the town of Glukhov. Fedor Alekseevich was reburied with magnificent honors in the winter of 1707 in Moscow at the cemetery of the Simonov Monastery, which has not survived to this day.

The great patriot of Russia, the first Knight of St. Andrew, the first Russian general-field marshal, admiral, head of the Ambassadorial, Military Marine and Yamsky Petrovsky orders, head of the Armory, Gold and Silver Chambers, the Mint and the Navigation School, Fyodor Golovin devoted his whole life to the duty of serving the Fatherland.

He left a daughter and three sons, one of whom - Nikolai Fedorovich - became an admiral, president of the Admiralty College, holder of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

The charitable program of the Center of National Glory of Russia to perpetuate the memory of the outstanding Russian statesman, diplomat and naval commander Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin is designed for a long-term period. In March 2007, the Moscow State Institute of International Relations - MGIMO University of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation will host a conference "The Origins and Traditions of Russian Diplomacy" in memory of F.A. Golovin. In May, a scientific-practical conference and a festival of museums will be held in Rostov-on-Don. In July, a monument-bust to the first cavalier of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called will be erected in the square of the Order of St. Andrew's Cathedral in St. Petersburg. A memorial plaque to the founder and first head of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences will be installed in the building of the Naval Corps of Peter the Great - St. Petersburg Naval Institute. In Ivangorod, Leningrad Region, in memory of the Russian Field Marshal F.A. Golovin, who led the Russian army that marched to Narva in 1700, will receive a Cross. A joint concert of the State Academic Mariinsky Theater Orchestra and the Tallinn Opera Orchestra will take place on the bridge across the Narova River as part of the international festival system "Peace Across Borders".

Fedor was born in 1650. His father, Alexey Petrovich, served in orders and gave his son a good education. Later, he was the governor of Tobolsk, fortified the city with an earthen rampart and made the first delimitation of Siberia.

Fyodor Golovin began his service at the royal court. Prince V.V. Golitsyn, the right hand of the ruler Sophia, noticed the abilities of the young steward. Golovin, who was granted the okolnichy, was entrusted with an important, but complex and dangerous enterprise, was sent as the Grand and Plenipotentiary Ambassador with the title of "Bryansk governor" to conclude an agreement with China before the planned campaign in the Crimea. Perhaps the desire to remove one of Peter's supporters during the struggle for power played a role. In difficult conditions, when the Manchus threatened with force, the ambassador, using eloquence and gifts, on August 27, 1689, concluded the first ever Russian-Chinese Treaty of Nerchinsk, which established the border between the two states. Golovin fortified Nerchinsk, ordered the ruin of Albazin (a fortress on the Amur). On January 10, 1690, he returned to Moscow and introduced himself to Tsars Ivan and Peter. For the work of the ambassador, they made him a boyar and appointed governor of Siberia, although they blamed the loss of Albazin. Peter I, who gained power after the removal of Sophia, listened to Golovin's stories about Siberia and travel for several days. Apparently, the success of military operations against the Manchus, as opposed to the failure of the Crimean campaigns, prompted the tsar to appoint the boyar as commissar general. He became a member of Peter's entourage, to which belonged the people closest to him. Fedor Alekseevich was friends with F. Lefort, he was the first of the boyars to shave off his beard, which strengthened the tsar's confidence in himself.

In the summer of 1696, Golovin, in the second Azov campaign, commanding the vanguard of galleys, reached Azov along the Don along with Peter. His ships were searching for the enemy at sea, not letting the Turks into the fortress. After the capture of Azov, Golovin participated in the solemn entry of the victorious troops into Moscow on September 30.

In 1697, Fedor Alekseevich became the head of the Armory, and then a member of the Great Embassy, ​​with which Peter I went abroad. The second ambassador (the first was Lefort), the Siberian viceroy and commissar general Golovin, carried out the main diplomatic work. At the same time, he was also involved in maritime affairs. Admiralty Protasiev informed him from Russia about the construction of the Azov Fleet. In Holland, the boyar took an active part in hiring foreign sailors and purchasing the tools and equipment necessary for the fleet.

Especially Golovin sought to hire an experienced sailor Cornelius Kruys, who helped the ambassador recruit officers in Holland. Vice Admiral K. Kruys and other specialists hired then became instructors for future Russian naval commanders. Golovin managed the finances of the embassy, ​​distributed young stewards who were brought from Russia to study in England, Holland and Venice. When the tsar traveled to London, the boyar came to him and concluded an agreement with Lord Carmarthen on the supply of tobacco to Russia, which made it possible to pay for the cost of purchasing equipment. The ambassador visited the Hague and Vienna with the king. They didn’t go to Venice: news of the Streltsy rebellion came, and Peter I with his closest people (Lefort, Golovin and Menshikov) urgently returned to Russia.

Work at the embassy showed F.A. Golovin. He continued to run the Armory. On December 11, 1698, the “Order of the military navy” was established in Moscow - Golovin took control of this order (he was responsible for foreigners serving in the Russian fleet) and the mint. Later he became the head of the Yamsky order, at one time he headed the medical department. He had to participate in the interrogations of archers. The tsar, as a sign of respect for his associate, ordered a medal to be knocked out, on one side of which a portrait of Golovin was minted, on the other - a family coat of arms with the inscription "Et consilio et zobore" ("Both advice and courage"). Peter established the first Russian Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. March 10, 1699 F.A. Golovin became the first holder of this order. And on April 21, 1699, after the death of Admiral F.Ya. Lefort, the tsar promoted Fedor Alekseevich to admiral.

Golovin was one of the few who knew the tsar's plan for a war with Sweden and the capture of Narva. But in order to start a war in the north, it was necessary to free ourselves from the threat from the south. It was decided to demonstrate the strength of the fleet built in Voronezh in recent years.

Golovin Fedor Alekseevich (1650-1706) lived at the turn of two eras: the medieval and the new periods in the history of Russia. This man did not stand out in battles, and his talents were largely in the shadows. In this regard, there is less open information about Count Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin than about others. Nevertheless, this figure played by no means the last role in the Russian state.

Azov campaign

In scientific publications, there are still disputes about the participation of a diplomat in battles. Meanwhile, he played a prominent role in the process of preparing ammunition and provisions for the Russian army, as well as in ensuring a positive opinion of the courts of Europe about Russia's intentions in the 2nd Azov campaign. On May 3, 1696, the squadron, commanded by Admiral Fyodor Golovin, moved out of Voronezh. A meeting was held at the Principum galley. On it, it was decided to attack 2 ships that were in the roadstead below Azov. However, after reconnaissance, it turned out that there were 24 small ships and 13 Turkish galleys. It was decided to postpone the operation. On May 20, the Cossacks of the Minyaev detachment attacked the Turkish fleet that was on the roadstead. Some of the ships were burned, some scattered. On July 19, the Azov garrison capitulated.

"Great Embassy"

Administrative activities

After the return of the Great Mission, Golovin began to command the Novgorod, Little Russian, Ustyug, Smolensk, Yamsky orders, the Mint, the Galician quarter, the Chamber of Silver and Gold Affairs, and the Armory. Such an exaltation testifies not only to Peter's boundless trust, but also to his personal talents, exceptional responsibility and efficiency of a diplomat. Nevertheless, Golovin continued to pay great attention to the logistics of the army. February 19, 1699 he becomes chief A year earlier - December 11, 1698 - he headed the Military Naval Department. It should be noted that Golovin had neither the proper knowledge nor experience in naval affairs. In this regard, he did not interfere in direct maritime activities. His tasks included the recruitment of personnel for the fleet and the army, control of the production and purchase of weapons, transportation, etc.

War with Sweden

Preparations for the battles were very active in Russia, but were hampered by a number of economic problems. Before the direct action of the Russian troops, colossal diplomatic work was carried out. It should be noted that foreign countries did not show any desire to support Russia. Nevertheless, the empire's embassies appeared in Austria, Turkey, Holland, and Poland. This is how the corps of diplomats began to form, in their skills and knowledge no different from Western ones. The efforts of the leaders made it possible to reduce the activity of Charles XII, which made it possible for Peter to restore the army after the defeat near Narva. The war significantly depleted the state. In 1699, a draft stamped paper was sent to Golovin. As the head of the Mint, he supervised the re-minting of efimki into Russian coins. By reducing the share of silver, financial stability was achieved for a short time.

Last years

The rhythm of Golovin's life was very intense. In the spring of 1706, Peter was in Ukraine, waiting for the invasion of the Swedes. From there he demanded Golovin to come to him. In May, he wrote to Sheremetyev that he was going to Kyiv. However, some urgent matters delayed him. Only by the end of June was he able to leave Moscow. In Nizhyn, he suddenly fell ill and died on July 30 in Glukhov. On the occasion of his death, a funeral ceremony was held in the Navy. The funeral took place only on February 22, 1707, a few months after his death. By personal order of Peter, an engraving was made. It shows that the funeral was very magnificent.

Fedor Alekseevich Golovin (1650-1706) - Russian diplomat and statesman, Field Marshal General, Admiral General (1700), Count (1702).

encyclopedic reference

Representative of an old noble family of the late 17th century, okolnichiy. One of the first high-ranking statesmen to visit.

He headed the embassy for the settlement of border conflicts in the Amur region. F. Golovin had special powers to recruit from local Cossacks and archers of two regiments, temporarily he was given power over the prisons of the Yenisei category and in Dauria. In the summer of 1687, accompanied by troops, he arrived from where he went to Transbaikalia.

In a difficult military-political situation, under constant pressure from Chinese representatives, he drafted and concluded the Treaty of Nerchinsk with China in 1689. In 1691 he returned to Moscow, where he became one of the associates of Peter I.

Biography

General information

Companion of Peter the Great. In his youth he received an excellent education, spoke English and Latin. In 1686 Golovin was sent to the eastern border, where he drew up and concluded the Nerchinsk treaty with China in 1689, and on the way back he built the cities of Nerchinsk and Udinsk on the site of prisons, reinforcing their garrisons with artillery. For the success of his embassy, ​​he received the boyar rank and the rank of General-Krieg Commissar.

From 1699 until his death, Golovin was actually the second leader of the state's foreign policy after Peter the Great, zealously and skillfully defended Russian interests in international affairs, especially in the diplomatic struggle with Sweden. During his chancellorship, the institute of permanent Russian representatives (ambassadors) abroad was created. He was in charge of the Embassy, ​​Military Marine and Yamsky orders, and also led the Armory, Gold and Silver Chambers. He organized the work of the Nerchinsk silver mines to increase the production of silver coins, introduced a stamp duty in Russia.

He died in the summer of 1706 on the way from Moscow to Kyiv in the city of Glukhov.

Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689

In the early 1680s, the Irkutsk governors reported to the Russian government that an alarming situation had developed in Transbaikalia, as the Mongol khans were threatening " military parish on your, great sovereign, Selenga prisons, and the yasak Selenga fraternal people in the Selenga district live with great fear ...» Most of all, Russians and Buryats suffered from the Mongols driving away cattle and horses. In 1687, real military attacks on Transbaikalia, provoked and led by the Manchus, began. The cavalry detachments of Ochiroy Sain Khan besieged Selenginsk and Verkhneudinsk, but, despite the huge numerical superiority, they were defeated in a number of battles, could not take a single prison and retreated back. The government of the Russian Empire, concerned about the state of affairs in Transbaikalia, sent an embassy here, headed by the great and plenipotentiary ambassador of Russia, Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin. Golovin had 2,000 archers and Cossacks at his disposal. With his detachment, he arrived in Transbaikalia, called in Irkutsk.

The first meeting of F.A. Golovin with the Chinese delegation took place on August 12, 1689 between the Shilka and Nercha rivers, the official language of negotiations was Latin. Golovin proposed to consider the Amur and all the lands to the north as Russia, and to the south as China, as a frontier. However, the Chinese side expressed claims to the lands north of the Amur, demanded the right to the cities of Albazin, Nerchinsk, Selenginsk and the entire territory to the lake.

At the second meeting, held on August 13, 1689, Golovin achieved that Nerchinsk was to be the border town. On the issue of lands before Golovin stated that " it’s not something to fix, but it’s not good to talk about it either».

After lengthy and difficult negotiations, Russia ceded the Albazin fortress and the lands on the left side of the Amur to the Chinese. But it was a forced and temporary territorial concession, the border was established only tentatively. In 1858