home > Theology > Atlas of the Western and Eastern Hemisphere. Physical map of the hemispheres of the earth in Russian

Atlas of the Western and Eastern Hemisphere. Physical map of the hemispheres of the earth in Russian

November 28, 2019 -

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January 20, 2017 -
December 7, 2016 -

A whole world can fit on one sheet of the map, with all the oceans, continents, mountains and plains, countries, cities, minerals, animals and birds. You just need to be able to read the map correctly. In this lesson, we will learn what maps were in antiquity, and what types of maps are now, what are the advantages of a map over a globe, what is a scale, a map legend. We will learn how to use the scale of depths and heights, determine the coordinates of terrestrial objects.

Subject: The planet we live on

People started drawing maps even before they thought about whether the Earth is round or flat. Scientists have discovered in Kamchatka a drawing on a bone depicting a path to a place rich in prey. This is probably one of the oldest maps. Maps were drawn on pieces of bark, cut out on wooden boards, which were convenient to take on the road. Some peoples scratched cards with a sharp object on damp clay tiles, which, after drying, became strong, with a clear image.

This world map, in the center of which the city of Babylon is located, more than 3 thousand years.

Rice. 1. World map of Ancient Babylon ()

Rock paintings of the area were also found in caves where people lived thousands of years ago.

Rice. 2. Rock drawing of the area ()

With the invention of paper, cards began to be drawn on it. All the information received by scientists and travelers during their wanderings in different lands was applied to the maps.

Rice. 3. Ancient map of the world on paper ()

Making a map was a long process, because all the details were drawn by hand, so the cards were very expensive.

For a long period of time, only four were present on the maps: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America. Many years passed before navigators discovered Australia and Antarctica.

When you look for any country on the globe, you see only one hemisphere. And to see something else, the globe must be rotated.

It is impossible to designate a large number of geographical objects on the globe without increasing its size. A large globe is inconvenient for travel use.

Scale- this is the ratio of the length of the lines on the map or drawing to the actual length. The scale of the physical map of Russia tells us that each centimeter of the map corresponds to 200 km on the ground.

Rice. 7. Physical map of Russia ()

On the map you can show two halves of the Earth at once. If you divide the globe along the equator, you get map of the northern and southern hemispheres,

Rice. 5. Northern and Southern Hemispheres

and if along the line of the zero meridian - Western and Eastern Hemispheres.

Rice. 6. Western and Eastern Hemispheres

On mineral map Special icons mark the places of mineral deposits.

Rice. 9. Map of minerals ()

On animal habitat maps the habitats of various species of birds and animals are indicated.

Rice. 10. Bird and animal habitat map ()

On contour maps there are no color designations and depicted, but not signed, all kinds of geographical objects. They are convenient for laying routes.

Rice. 11. Contour map

On political map of the world depict countries and their borders.

Rice. 12. Political map of Eurasia ()

On synoptic maps conditional icons show observations of the weather.

Rice. 13. Synoptic map ()

Various cards are combined into atlases.

Rice. 14. Geographic atlas ()

The maps depict different territories. There are maps of districts, cities, regions, states, continents, oceans, maps of the hemispheres and world maps.

Conventions on the map are the same as on the globe. They're called legend and are usually placed at the bottom of the map.

Let's find the West Siberian Plain on the physical map of Russia.

Rice. 16. West Siberian Plain ()

Small horizontal lines covering a large part of its territory mean swamps.

Here are one of the largest swamps in the world - Vasyugan. The lines represent rivers, borders and roads, the circles represent cities.

Rice. 17. Vasyugan swamps

The seas and mountains have real outlines and are painted in different colors. Blue and light blue - reservoirs, yellow - hills, green - lowlands, brown - mountains.

At the bottom of the map, a scale of depths and heights is placed, with which you can see what height or depth this or that shade of color on the map means.

The deeper the ocean, the darker the color. On the map of the Arctic Ocean, the darkest shade of blue is in the Greenland Sea, where the depth reaches 5,527 meters; the lightest shade of pale blue, where the depth of the sea is 200 meters.

Rice. 18. Physical map of the Arctic Ocean

The higher the mountains, the darker the color they are marked with. Thus, the Ural Mountains, which are considered relatively low (the highest peaks from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level), are colored light brown on the map.

Rice. 19. Ural Mountains

Himalayas - the highest mountains in the world (10 peaks with a height of more than 8 km) are indicated in dark brown.

Rice. 20. Himalayan mountains

In the Himalayas is located Chomolungma (Everest) - the highest peak in the world (8848 m).

Using the height scale, it is easy to determine the height of the Caucasus Mountains.

Rice. 23. Caucasus Mountains

Their brown color indicates that the height of the mountains is more than 5 thousand meters. The most famous peaks - Mount Elbrus (5642 m) and Mount Kazbek (5033 m) are covered with eternal snow and glaciers.

Using the map, you can determine the exact location of any object. To do this, you need to know coordinates: latitude and longitude, which are determined by the degree grid formed by parallels and meridians.

Rice. 26. Degree grid

The equator serves as a reference point - on it the latitude is 0⁰. Latitude is measured from 0⁰ to 90⁰ on either side of the equator and is called north or south. For example, the coordinate 60⁰ North means that this point lies in the Northern Hemisphere and is at an angle of 60⁰ to the equator.

Rice. 27. Latitude

Longitude is measured from 0⁰ to 180⁰ on both sides of the Greenwich meridian and is called western or eastern.

Rice. 28. Longitude

St. Petersburg coordinates - 60⁰ N, 30⁰ E

Moscow coordinates - 55⁰ N, 37⁰E

Rice. 29. Political map of Russia ()

Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world around 3. M .: Ballas.
Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. M .: Publishing house "Fedorov".
Pleshakov A.A. Surrounding world 3. M .: Enlightenment.

Academician ().
survival().

Locate the Pacific Ocean on the physical map of the world. Determine its deepest place, indicate its name and depth. Describe how you identified this place.
Make a short test (4 questions with three answers) on the topic "Geographic maps".
Prepare a memo with the rules for working with cards.

The physical map of the world allows you to see the relief of the earth's surface and the location of the main continents. A physical map gives a general idea of the location of the seas, oceans, complex terrain and elevation changes in various parts of the planet. On the physical map of the world, you can clearly see the mountains, plains and systems of ridges and highlands. What is the surface of the earth? The concept of the surface has the same meaning as the concept of the geographic shell and the concept of the biosphere proposed by geochemists ... Before that, connections between the peoples of both hemispheres existed mainly only in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean.

Measuring distances on a globe

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The coordinates of any place on the earth's surface can be determined by a globe or a map. And vice versa, knowing the coordinates of a geographical object, you can find its place on a map or globe.

At the same distance from the poles, a circle is drawn around the globe, which is called the Equator.

Lines of the tropics and polar circles

The Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia, Australia and Oceania, and most of Europe. There are exceptions when some continents (countries on these continents) located in the region of the equator and the Prime Meridian are part of both hemispheres.

Twice a year, on March 21 and September 23, the Sun's rays fall vertically down over the equator and uniformly illuminate the Earth from pole to pole.

On globes and maps, conditional lines of the poles, equator, tropics and polar circles are also drawn.

On the map you can see all the continents, seas and oceans that exist on the planet, and you can see two hemispheres at once. And on a plane, you can depict the Earth either on a map, or with the help of hemispheres. On the map of the hemispheres, you can find out the location of the highest places on the planet and the location of the lowlands, you can determine the geographical coordinates of the straits and bays. On the map of the hemispheres, you can find out the size of the continents relative to each other. It is better to learn the colors of the map, because it is the color that highlights the land areas that are at different heights. The map of the hemispheres gives a general idea of the geographical features of our planet.

Considering the physical map of the hemispheres, first of all, let's pay attention to the degree grid. It is known to be formed by meridians and parallels. Parallels, unlike meridians, are all different from each other. The farther from the pole, the longer they will be. The largest parallel is the equator - the line is equidistant from the poles. On other parallels, the distance on the ground, which corresponds to 1 ° on the map, decreases in the direction from the equator to the poles.

If you take a map of the hemispheres and a globe, the first thing that catches your eye is the different outlines of the continents. They will differ (slightly near the equator and extremely much closer to the poles). Both the map and the globe are used for orientation - determining coordinates, location, landscape features.

Physical map - a general geographical map that conveys the appearance of the territory and water area. It has, as a rule, a medium or small scale and is of an overview nature. The physical map shows in detail the relief and hydrography, as well as sands, glaciers, floating ice, nature reserves, mineral deposits; in less detail - socio-economic elements (settlements, communication routes, borders, etc.).

The knowledge we can gain from the map is great and useful. They will be useful to us in the future. This is the location of the continents and countries; rivers and lakes of the area; distance from the prime meridian; capital Cities; the height of mountain systems and ridges; the location of a particular geographical feature. We can get all this only by looking at the physical map of the world.

Physical map of the world

Physical map of Russia

The physical map of Russia gives a visual representation of the complex relief, different in origin, history of formation and external morphological features. It is distinguished by great contrasts: on the Russian and West Siberian plains, elevation changes amount to tens of meters, while in the mountains in the south and east of the country they reach hundreds of meters. In the north of the Russian Plain, the low mountain ranges of the Khibiny, Timan, and Pai-Khoi rise, and in the south, the plain passes into the Caspian and Azov lowlands, between which the foothills stretch, and then the mountain structures of the Caucasus.

The relatively low and flattened Ural Ridge. separates European Russia from the vast plains of the West. Siberia, which are replaced further to the east by the vast Central Siberian Plateau, and then by the Far Eastern and Pacific mountain belts. In the south of Russia, there are systems of ridges and highlands, reaching heights of 3000-5000 m.