Presentation "oil and oil products". Presentation on the topic "oil and methods of its processing" Oil and petroleum products presentation on chemistry

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Physical properties of oil

Shrovetide combustible liquid, dark in color with a peculiar smell, slightly lighter than water, insoluble in water.

• Density: 0.65-1.05 g/cm³
• Boiling point: 280 °C
• Average molecular weight: 220-400 g/mol (rarely 450-470)
• Electrical conductivity: 2∙10−10 to 0.3∙10−18 Ω−1∙cm−1

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Composition of oil

In the composition of oil, hydrocarbon, asphalt-resinous and ash components are distinguished. Porphyrins and sulfur are also found in the composition of oil.

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Hydrocarbons contained in oil

• methane
• naphthenic
• aromatic

Methane (paraffin) hydrocarbons are chemically the most stable, and aromatic hydrocarbons are the least stable (they have a minimum hydrogen content). At the same time, aromatic hydrocarbons are

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Oil refining

• Distillation (rectification)
• Cracking (decomposition)
• Reforming

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Rectification of oil

Rectification (from Latin rectus - correct and facio - I do) - the separation of mixtures of liquids, based on repeated evaporation of liquids and condensation of vapors. Rectification is carried out in special distillation columns.

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Application of rectification

Rectification is widely used in industry, for example, to obtain rectified alcohol, with the separation of fusel oils and aldehyde fractions, to isolate gasolines, kerosenes and other fractions from oil, as well as to obtain air components (oxygen, nitrogen, inert gases).

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Products of primary processing

1. light
   • petrol
   • naphtha
   • kerosene
   • gas oil
2. dark

• fuel oil (distilled at low pressure and get:
• lubricating oils
• petroleum pitch (tar)

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Recycling (cracking)

1. thermal
   • t 450-550°C
   • P 2-7MPa
   • alkanes + alkenes
   • СnH2n+2 СnH2n
   • normal structure
2. catalytic
   • t 450-500°
   • Catalyst:
   • AI2O3*nSiO2
   • isomerization

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Cracking (decomposition)

Cracking is the process of splitting hydrocarbons contained in oil, as a result of which hydrocarbons with a smaller number of carbon atoms in the molecule are formed.

During cracking, oil undergoes chemical changes. The structure of hydrocarbons is changing. Complex chemical reactions take place in the apparatuses of cracking plants. These reactions are enhanced when catalysts are introduced into the apparatus.

HISTORY OF OIL Oil has been known to man since ancient times. People have long paid attention to the black liquid oozing from the ground. There is evidence that as early as 6,500 years ago, people living in what is now Iraq added oil to building and cementing materials when building houses in order to protect their homes from moisture penetration. The ancient Egyptians collected oil from the surface of the water and used it in construction and for lighting. Oil was also used to seal boats and as an ingredient in a mummifying agent. During the time of ancient Babylon, there was a rather intensive trade in this "black gold" in the Middle East. Some cities even then literally grew up on the oil trade. One of the seven wonders of the world, the famous Hanging Gardens of Seramides (according to another version, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon), also did not do without the use of oil as a sealing material.

OIL Oil is a natural oily combustible liquid with a specific odor, consisting mainly of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and some other chemical compounds. Refers to caustobioliths (fossil fuel) The vast majority of oil deposits are confined to sedimentary rocks. The color of oil varies in brownish tones (from dirty yellow to dark brown, almost black), sometimes it is pure black, occasionally there is oil colored in light yellow-green color and even colorless, as well as saturated green oil. It has a specific smell, also varying from light pleasant to heavy and very unpleasant. The color and smell of oil is largely due to the presence of nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen-containing components, which are concentrated in lubricating oil and oil residue. Most petroleum hydrocarbons (except aromatics) are odorless and colorless in their pure form.

CLASSIFICATION OF OIL Oil can be classified according to different criteria. 1. By sulfur content: a) Low sulfur (up to 0.5% S) b) Sulfur (0.5-2% S) c) High sulfur (over 2% S). 2. According to the potential content of fractions boiling up to 3500C: a) Т1 – type of oil, in which these fractions are not less than 45% b) Т2 – 30-44.9% c) Т3 – less than 30%. 3. According to the potential content of oils: a) М1 – not less than 25% b) М2 – less than 25%. 4. According to the quality of oils: a) Subgroup I1 - with an oil viscosity index of more than 85 b) Subgroup I2 - with an index The combination of class, type, group, subgroup and type designations makes up the code for the technological classification of oil.

PETROLEUM APPLICATIONS Oils Fuel Heavy oils are used as lubricating oils. The lightest fraction of oil is gasoline. Motor oil is a mixture of high-boiling hydrocarbons derived from petroleum. Kerosene has a higher boiling point than gasoline. Vaseline is a mixture of solid and liquid hydrocarbons derived from petroleum.

APPLICATIONS OF OIL Many solvents are a product of the distillation of petroleum. Substances isolated from oil are used in the production of medicines. The fraction of solid hydrocarbons released from oil is called paraffin. Synthetic rubber, from which automobile tires are made, is obtained from petroleum products.

OIL CODING Code CN Name OIL, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GAS Oil produced, oil directed to treatment, oil treated, oil by type of supply and natural ozocerite sulphurous /

INTERESTING FACTS The word oil means - "something expelled (by the earth)" In Russian, the word oil came from Turkish (from the word neft), which came from the Persian naft, and which in turn was borrowed from the Semitic languages. The Akkadian (Assyrian) word nartn "oil" comes from the Semitic verbal root net with the original meaning "to spew, spew out" (Arabic naft, nafta "spewed out, vomited"). oil There are other versions of the meaning of the word oil. For example, according to some sources, the word oil comes from the Akkadian napatum, which means "flare, ignite," according to others - from the ancient Iranian naft, meaning "something wet, liquid." But, for example, the Chinese, who, by the way, were the first to drill an oil well back in 347 AD, called and still call oil - shi you, which literally means "mountain oil". The English word petroleum, which the Americans and the British call crude oil, also, by the way, means "mountain oil" and comes from the Greek petra (mountain) and the Latin oleum (oil).

DO YOU THINK OIL IS FORMED FROM DISCONTINUED DINOSAURS? It may sound strange to oil professionals, but many people outside the oil industry think that oil originated from dinosaurs and other ancient animals. Oil did form from organic material (the remains of living organisms), but these were organisms much smaller than dinosaurs. According to scientists, micro-organisms inhabiting coastal sea waters, plankton, 90% of which is phytoplankton, served as the source material for the formation of oil.

OR MAYBE YOU THINK THAT OIL LIVES UNDERGROUND IN THE FORM OF OIL LAKES OR SEAS? This is another of the misconceptions that people far from the oil industry often sin. In fact, there are no oil lakes in the bowels of the earth. The earth's crust is composed of rocks of various mineral composition and density. Rocks with a relatively low density, which have the ability to contain mobile substances (fluids), such as oil, gas, water, are called reservoirs. Such reservoir rocks, impregnated with oil, form oil fields.

OIL HAS BEEN USED BY PEOPLE FOR MORE THAN 6000 YEARS. Oil has been known to people since ancient times. In ancient Babylon, bitumen was used in the construction of buildings and for sealing ships. Tar was first used in the 8th century in Baghdad in the construction of roads. The ancient Egyptians and later the Greeks used primitive lamps for lighting, fueled by light oils. During the Byzantine Empire, "Greek fire" - an incendiary mixture, was a formidable weapon, since attempts to extinguish it with water only intensified the burning. Its exact composition is lost, but scientists suggest that it was a mixture of various petroleum products and other combustible substances.

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Kashagan Kashagan is a super-giant oil and gas field in Kazakhstan, located in the north of the Caspian Sea. Refers to the Caspian oil and gas province. It was discovered on June 30, 2000 by the Vostok-1 well. It is one of the largest fields in the world discovered over the past 40 years, as well as the largest offshore oil field. Kashagan East was discovered in the summer of 2000, Kashagan West - in 2001, Kashagan South-West - in 2003. The start of commercial production has been repeatedly postponed, at the moment it is announced for the end of 2012. The development of the field is carried out in difficult geological conditions: shelf zone, large depths (up to 5500 m), high reservoir pressure (80 MPa), high hydrogen sulfide content (up to 19%). The field is characterized by high reservoir pressure up to 850 atmospheres. Oil of high quality -46° API, but with a high GOR, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan content. Kashagan was announced in the summer of 2000 following the drilling of the first well, Vostok-1 (Vostochny Kashagan-1). Its daily flow rate was 600 m³ of oil and 200 thousand m³ of gas. The second well (West-1) was drilled at Western Kashagan in May 2001, 40 km from the first one. It showed a daily flow rate of 540 m3 of oil and 215 thousand m3 of gas. For the development and evaluation of Kashagan, 2 artificial islands were built, 6 exploration and 6 appraisal wells were drilled (Vostok-1, Vostok-2, Vostok-3, Vostok-4, Vostok-5, Zapad-1).

• Oil is a black, and sometimes dark brown or brown thick oily liquid with a peculiar smell, insoluble in water. Its density is less than water.

• Stage 2. Discovery of new knowledge

• Rectification is a physical method for separating a mixture of components based on the difference in their boiling points.

• Instruction:
• 1. Read the text of the textbook.
• 2. Consider samples of petroleum products from
• collections.
• 3. Write down the names of the products,
• derived from oil.
• 4. Answer the question: why D.I.
• Mendeleev wrote: “Oil is not fuel,
• Is it possible to drown with banknotes? Answer:
• oil is a valuable raw material for
• production of many organic
• substances.

• Cracking is the process of thermal or catalytic splitting of heavy hydrocarbon molecules into substances with a smaller number of hydrocarbon atoms in the molecule.

• 1. Under what conditions is it carried out:
• a) thermal cracking; b) catalytic cracking.
• 2. What hydrocarbons are formed as a result of cracking?
• 3. Which cracking is more progressive? (catalytic)
• 4. Quite a large amount of hexane can be extracted from oil and its cracking products. Write equations for the scheme of hexane transformations proposed below, name the products obtained and suggest ways to use them.

• Environmental pollution

• - improvement of methods and technology of production, storage, transportation of oil;
• - reducing the number of accidents on offshore platforms, increasing the safety of navigation;
• - it is necessary to remove sulfur and nitrogen from petroleum products so that their oxides do not enter the atmosphere when fuel is burned.

• 1. Self-destruction.
• 2. Chemical dispersion.
• 3. Absorption.
• 4. Fencing.
• 5. Biological.

• 1. Self-liquidation - this method is used if the oil is spilled far from the coast and the stain is small (in this case, it is better not to touch the stain at all). Gradually, it will dissolve in water and partially evaporate. Sometimes the oil does not disappear and after a few years, small spots reach the coast in the form of pieces of slippery resin.

• 2. Chemical dispersion. There are chemicals to eliminate oil slicks.
• Dispersants are substances that break up the oil layer into tiny droplets that do not mix with each other. Used to enhance the natural dispersion of oil.

• 3. Absorption. You all know straw and peat. They absorb oil, after which they can be carefully collected and taken out with subsequent destruction. This method is suitable only in calm conditions and only for small spots. The method is very popular in recent years because of its low cost and high efficiency. There are other sorbents - substances that absorb oil and then allow it to be removed from the surface of the water.

• 4. Fencing and subsequent mechanical removal of oil. If an oil slick is surrounded by floating barriers, it will not grow in size. Such barriers can even be moved to a convenient place for the elimination of oil. Then a special vessel pumps out the oil with pumps. But this pumped-out oil cannot be used as fuel, in addition, this method is used only in calm weather, that is, when there are no waves on the sea. And if the accident occurred in polar waters, the oil becomes viscous, which entails some difficulties.

• 5. Biological (bioremediation). A technology based on the use of microorganisms capable of oxidizing hydrocarbons.

• Stage 3. Summing up the work

• 1. Select a problem and try to find ways to solve this problem.
• 2. Write a letter to the inhabitants of planet earth, asking them for help in preventing an ecological catastrophe that has hung over the biosphere as a result of the extraction, processing and use of natural sources of hydrocarbons.

• It's time for humanity to understand
• Taking wealth from nature,
• That the earth must also be protected,
• She is just like us
• alive.

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