Netherlands. Holland Flora and fauna
Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau and Princess von Lippe-Biesterfeld, born January 31, 1938 Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau and Princess von Lippe-Biesterfeld, born January 31, 1938
The Netherlands is the world's largest producer and exporter of flowers. Up to 60% of cut flowers sold in the world and 50% of potted ones come from Holland. Over 2 billion tulip bulbs are grown annually, and about 800 varieties of them have been bred in Holland. Flowers, seeds, and seedlings of tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, roses, chrysanthemums, etc. are exported. The Netherlands is the world's largest producer and exporter of flowers. Up to 60% of cut flowers sold in the world and 50% of potted ones come from Holland. Over 2 billion tulip bulbs are grown annually, and about 800 varieties of them have been bred in Holland. Flowers, seeds, and seedlings of tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, roses, chrysanthemums, etc. are exported.
Amsterdam is a city of hundreds of canals, through which more than 600 bridges are thrown. From the water you can see many sights of the capital Amsterdam - a city of hundreds of canals, through which more than 600 bridges are thrown. From the water you can see many sights of the capital
Travel Encyclopedia. The book invites readers to different countries to tell and show how interesting and unique any corner of the Earth is! Traveling, imaginary or real, is one of the best ways to experience the world. The book will help prepare for the journey, take readers to many wonderful places, and offer interesting tasks after the trip. "Encyclopedia of travel" is addressed to younger students. It is designed to work in the lessons on the subject "The world around" and extracurricular activities, for independent reading by the child at home and joint activities with adults.
Encyclopedia of travel. Countries of the world. Pleshakov A.A., Pleshakov S.A.
Description of the tutorial
Good luck!
There are more than 200 countries in the world. Where would you like to go? We have chosen five countries and will make five trips. Only five. But they say that in one trip, even if it lasts only a week, you can get more knowledge and impressions than in a few months of ordinary life. Well, let's check it out!
Of the countries we have chosen, Hungary is the closest. By plane from Moscow to Budapest, the capital of Hungary, you can fly in 2 hours and 45 minutes. That's where we'll go first. Then we will visit Austria. The flight from Moscow to Vienna, the capital of this country, will take 3 hours.
Our next trip is to Greece. You can fly to Athens, the capital of Greece, from Moscow in 4 hours and 20 minutes. And then we will go to the United Arab Emirates. It takes about 5 hours to fly there from Moscow.
And finally, we will visit Argentina. It takes at least 20 hours to get from Moscow to the capital of Argentina, the city of Buenos Aires!
Traveling is better with those you love. A very friendly family will visit all countries with us: | Seryozha, his sister Nadia, their father and mother. Seryozha and Nadia's father is an artist, and their mother works in a botanical garden.
So, the travel plan is made. An inquisitive team. Good luck!
Parliament building in Budapest
Once upon a time, schoolchildren wrote in their notebooks with a fountain pen, and the ink was not in a bottle. What a hassle! With this ink! Often blots were planted in notebooks, and sometimes ink was completely spilled by negligence. And then a pen appeared, with which you could write for a long, long time and without
any
ink! It was a ballpoint pen. A rod with a special paste and a ball at the end was inserted into it. The Hungarian inventor Laszlo Byro came up with such a pen. Therefore, Hungary can be considered the birthplace of the ballpoint pen. What else is great about Hungary? To find out, let's go on our first trip!
Considering the visiting card of Hungary
We study the "personal data" of Hungary
Full name: Republic of Hungary. Capital: Budapest. Head of State: President. Official language: Hungarian. Monetary unit: forint.
Learn polite words used by Hungarians
(Getting familiar with the safety rules
Traveling in Hungary is not fraught with special dangers. However, you need to remember that even in a safe country, you need to carefully monitor the safety of your wallet and documents. Items should not be left unattended, especially cameras, camcorders and mobile phones. The usual safety rules must be observed on the streets and roads. When visiting the famous Hungarian baths, one must remember that the water in some pools is quite hot, so caution will not hurt. Of course, when swimming, you must follow the generally accepted rules of behavior on the water.
Hungary is a small country located in Central Europe. Hungary's neighbors are 7 countries: Slovakia in the north, Ukraine in the northeast, Romania in the east, Croatia and Serbia in the south, Austria and Slovenia in the west. Hungary has no access to the sea.
The capital of Hungary is a very beautiful city of Budapest, located on the Danube River. This is the largest city in the country. The five largest Hungarian cities also include Döbrecen, Miskolc, Szeged and Pecs. The Magyars (as the Hungarians themselves call themselves) settled on the territory of present-day Hungary in the 9th century. The Magyars were not the first inhabitants of these lands, long before them the Celtic tribes lived here, and then the Romans.
For many centuries Hungary was ruled by kings. The Hungarians especially revere King Matthias, who lived in the 15th century. He was a wise ruler, a talented commander, patron of scientists and artists. During the years of his reign, Hungary became a powerful kingdom where science and art flourished. The first printed book in Hungary was published, which was called the Chronicle of the Hungarians.
From 1867 to 1918 Hungary was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the 20th century, the country experienced many events, both difficult, tragic, and joyful. A huge role in the history of Hungary was played by its liberation from the Nazis by Soviet troops in 1945. Modern? The Hungarian Republic was proclaimed in 1989.
And now let's look into the history of the Hungarian capital - Budapest.
Two thousand years ago, in its place was the ancient Roman city of Akvink (Akvinkum). Its ruins were discovered during excavations by archaeologists. Now you can walk along the streets of the ancient city and see the ruins of many buildings: houses, temples, shops, baths.
Ruins of Aquincas
Later, the cities of Buda and Pest arose. They settled on opposite banks of the Danube: Buda - on the right, mountainous bank, Pest - on the left, flat. In 1873, these independent cities were united. The cities were connected, their names were also connected. So Buda and Pest became Budapest.
The flag of Hungary consists of three horizontal stripes: red, white and green. The meaning of the colors of the Hungarian flag is explained as follows. The red color symbolizes the struggle for the freedom and independence of the country. White color - the purity and nobility of the thoughts of the people, their loyalty to their homeland. Green means hope for a better future for Hungary.
The coat of arms of Hungary is a shield topped with a royal crown. The crown recalls the past of the country, which, as we already know, was a kingdom for many centuries. The cross on the shield speaks of the Christian faith of the people. The green hills at the bottom of the coat of arms symbolize the mountains of the country, and the silver stripes on the left - the rivers.
Encyclopedia of travel. Countries of the world.
Netherlands(unofficial name Holland) is a state in northwestern Europe. In the north and west it goes to the North Sea, the length of the sea borders is about 1 thousand km. In the north, the border of the Netherlands runs along the coastline of the five West Frisian islands of the North Sea (Vlieland, Terscheling, Texel, Schiermonnikoog and Amiland). The Netherlands borders Germany in the east and Belgium in the south.
The name of the country comes from the Dutch Nederland - "low-lying country".
Official name: Kingdom of the Netherlands (Holland).
Capital: Amstredam
The area of the land: 41.5 thousand sq. km
Total population: 16.4 million people
Administrative division: The Netherlands consists of 12 provinces: North Holland, South Holland, Utrecht, Flewoland, Gelderland, Drenthe, Groningen, Friesland, Ove-Reissel, Zeeland, North Brabant, Limburg. Provinces are divided into communities.
Form of government: A constitutional monarchy.
Head of State: King (queen).
Composition of the population: 80.8% Dutch, 2.4% German, 2.4% Indonesian, 2.2% Turkish, 2.0% Surinamese, 1.9% Moroccan, 1.5% Indian, 0 .8% are Antilian and Aruban, and 6.0% are other ethnic groups.
Official language: Dutch (Dutch). Frisian is spoken in Friesland, and there is also a local dialect in the province of Limburg. Almost everyone in the Netherlands speaks English quite well. Many people in the Netherlands also speak German and French.
Religion: 31% - Catholics, 21% - Protestants, 4.4% - Muslims, 3.6% - other.
Internet domain: .nl
Mains voltage: ~230 V, 50 Hz
Phone country code: +31
Country barcode: 870-879
Climate
The climate of the Netherlands is typical of the maritime temperate zone, which includes the entire territory of the country. This type of climate implies, first of all, pleasant cool summers and mild winters. The small geographical size of the Netherlands implies the uniformity of climatic characteristics for all its regions, except that only the frequency of sunny days in different provinces differs slightly from each other, and even more so according to the Dutch themselves. They claim that in the provinces of Zeeland and Limburg the sun shines more often than in the rest of the territory.
Typical summer weather is partly cloudy, when the rain stops before it starts five or six times a day and the air temperature is about +17....+22 degrees. In winter, snow cover is very rarely established here - the fallen snow usually melts quickly, because the air temperature rarely drops below zero for a long time.
In the cold period of the year, sub-zero air temperatures here are more an exception than a rule, because if the wind blows from the sea, you can forget about frost, because the air above the sea always has a temperature above zero. The temperature of the ocean water off the coast is around +4...+6 degrees, which allows the world-famous Dutch ports to receive ships all year round. At times, drizzling rain, sometimes accompanied by sleet or snow pellets, is as much a part of the Dutch winter as fogs in the British Isles.
In the coldest month of the year - January - the average air temperature is around +1 ... +4 degrees, which, combined with high humidity and wind, creates not very comfortable weather.
However, there are also severe winters, when the flow of cold air from the continent chills the Dutch channels so much that they freeze. However, for the locals, this is most likely a pleasant surprise - after all, it is in such winters that a huge number of speed skating competitions are held, the love for which lives in the soul of every native of the Low Countries.
Geography
The Netherlands is a rather small country located on the coast of the North Sea, and the population density here is one of the highest in Europe. Do not confuse the Netherlands with Holland - these are not synonyms at all. Holland is just one of the Dutch provinces, albeit one of the largest. The word "Holland" itself means "wooded country", from the Old Frisian holt ("tree") and land ("country, land"). In terms of area, the Kingdom of the Netherlands is smaller than the Moscow Region - it covers an area of 41.5 thousand square meters. km, 40% of which is below sea level.
In the east, the kingdom borders on Germany, in the south - on Belgium. Basically, the country is located on coastal lowlands and areas of drained land - polders, known for their fertility. The highest point in the Netherlands, Mount Waalserberg rises just over 300 meters above sea level. The main rivers of the country are the majestic Rhine - the Netherlands are located in its lower reaches, as well as the Meuse and Scheldt, widely known from the paintings of local artists.
Administratively, the Netherlands is divided into 12 provinces (the last province, Flevoland, was created in 1986 on drained territories), the provinces are divided into urban and rural communities. Overseas territories - the Netherlands Antilles - also remain a reminder of the former maritime greatness of the Netherlands.
Flora and fauna
Vegetable world
About 70% of the territory of the Netherlands is occupied by cultural landscapes (sown meadows, arable land, settlements, and others). Forests (of oak, beech, hornbeam, ash with an admixture of yew) are represented by separate groves and cover (together with planted forests and roadside forest belts) 8% of the territory. In sandy areas, moorlands with shrubs (gorse, broom, juniper) are common. On the dunes - pine forests and thickets of sea buckthorn. On the banks of the branches of large rivers - willows.
Animal world
The animal world is severely depleted. Wild rabbits live on the dunes, squirrels, hare, marten, polecat, roe deer live in the forests. There are about 180 species of birds in the Netherlands. In the delta of the Rhine, the Meuse and the Scheldt, there are protected areas for the mass wintering of waterfowl (geese, geese, gulls, waders). The North Sea is rich in fish (herring, cod, mackerel).
Attractions
Holland itself, 40% of whose territory is located below sea level, and its literally “created” land by people, can already be considered a self-sufficient cultural monument. The entire coastline of the country is surrounded by a system of protective dams and other hydraulic structures, the total length of which exceeds 3 thousand km.
The cities of Holland are masterpieces of medieval architecture, combining majestic cathedrals, picturesque canals, old houses, churches, town halls and modern buildings. Flower plantations are the "visiting card" of Holland, in spring almost the entire country is covered with a multi-colored carpet of flowering plants, which, in contrast to the constantly gray sky of the sea coast, creates an indescribable flavor of this land. Another integral part of the Dutch landscape is the mills, many of which still perform their functions.
Amsterdam ("dam on the river Amstel") is a city of hundreds of canals, over which more than 600 bridges are thrown. The most beautiful of them: Blauburg and Mahere brug ("Skinny Bridge"). Canals are an indispensable attribute of all city tours. From the water you can see most of the sights of Amsterdam, hundreds of picturesque bridges, feel the spirit of the city and its indescribable atmosphere.
Banks and currency
Since January 1, 2002, the currency of the Netherlands has been the Euro (EURO). Euro (EURO), 1 EURO = 100 EURO cent. Banknotes: 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10 and 5 euros. Coins: 2 and 1 euro; 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 cents.
Banks are open on weekdays from 9.00 to 16.00. Some banks close one hour earlier on Fridays. The organization "GWK" also deals with currency exchange in Amsterdam. Most GWK exchange points are located near railway stations. They work from 8.00 to 20.00 all days except Sunday; on Sunday the points are open from 10.00 to 16.00. You can also exchange currency at post offices.
The most favorable exchange rate at bank branches and at the post office (the exchange is made at the official rate and the lowest commissions are charged). Currency exchange, as well as cashing traveler's checks and credit cards, can be done at the offices of "GWK" (Central System of Exchange Offices) - the country's main financial organization specializing in currency transactions.
Credit cards of the main world systems are accepted almost everywhere, they can be cashed in most bank branches and in all branches of "GWK" (including at border points). For ISIC student cards or FIYTO youth cards, currency exchange is made without commission deduction.
VAT refund (BTW, 17.5%) is possible for purchases over 150 euros, subject to the personal export of goods from the country no later than 30 days from the date of purchase. In most stores, for this you need to fill out a special form (a passport is required), which is presented at customs upon exit. Some shops issue a special check to be cashed at the airport, while others mail the check. VAT for hotels is 6% (included in the price), and in some localities a "tourist tax" has been introduced (1-2 euros).
Useful information for tourists
In this country, you must observe exceptional accuracy in time at each meeting or invitation. Avoid shaking hands, do not give compliments. The Dutch are very restrained and tolerant of other people's opinions, and their politeness has even become a topic for sayings. Entering the premises, local residents always greet everyone present, and this applies not only to business offices, but also to public places, shops and railway compartments. There are a lot of animal protectors in the country, so it is recommended not to wear fur coats and clothes made of genuine leather.
It is not customary to dance in restaurants; there are many discos and dance halls for this. Also, one of the "restaurant traditions" is considered to be payment by each of those sitting at the same table, even if they are friends, only for their share in the general feast. At festivities, official receptions and parties, a plentiful table with drinks and snacks is also not accepted. The concept of "lunch" usually means the period between 18.00 and 20.00, being late is considered a sign of bad taste.
In hotels and restaurants, 15% service charge is usually included in the bill, otherwise it is customary to tip the waiter up to 10% of the bill, the taxi driver - about 10-15% of the counter, porter, maid or guide 0.5-1 euro.
The resorts of Holland are the pearl of the state. Rotterdam and Amsterdam, villages, and small towns scattered around the country, where here and there you can find windmills, evokes romantic thoughts. Most tourists, having visited Amsterdam, The Hague and Rotterdam, believe that they have seen the whole country, but this is far from being the case. In order to feel this state with all your heart, you need to get away from the bustle of the big cities.Almost all small towns are resorts in Holland, which are of interest to tourists, because their way of life has not changed for centuries and civilization somehow does not fundamentally affect the mentality of local residents, pointed churches and windmills, canals and dams, everything it has been preserved in its original form. Therefore, holidays in Holland are so beautiful for tourists, prices, like everything here, are saturated with the air of real freedom of views and worldviews.
Climate
The climate of Holland is temperate maritime, quite humid. At one time, a noticeable part of the land was recaptured by people from the sea: the inhabitants of medieval Holland tirelessly dug canals, forcing the sea to make room. This left its mark on the weather in Holland. In general, the weather in Holland is the usual European weather.Kitchen
Traditional Dutch cuisine is famous for its "rustic" solidity, extensive use of seemingly incongruous products, and excellent traditions in the preparation of seafood. Her favorite dish is “haring”, i.e. lightly salted herring cooked in a special way with a slice of pickled cucumber or onion. Also popular are fried fresh herring fillets with onions, stewed pike perch with vegetables, smoked eel with a side dish of eggs and lemon, fresh herring fillets - "machies", fried fish or meat meatballs "croquetten", as well as numerous dishes from river fish, shrimp and shellfish (according to their consumption, the country ranks first in the world). Baked fish dishes are usually served with leaf lettuce or "potatin" french fries. The menu is usually rich in vegetables and dairy products. In addition, pancakes are considered truly Dutch dishes. They use relatively little meat, but they try to use any piece - even offal and trimmings are used, however, cooked with great imagination. The most typical dish is “hotpot” (“hootspot” or “hot pot”) - tender boiled or stewed meat with mashed vegetables, you should also try “stampot” - mashed potatoes with cabbage, lard or smoked sausages, stewed pork legs, beans with cracklings "cantes", sausages "vorstjes" and a national dish of rice, meat and vegetables - "rijstafel".Excellent soups are very loved by the Dutch - crushed pea soup with smoked sausage "erten-soup", celery soup, broth with slices of ham and carrots "consommé pot-a-feu".
It is impossible to imagine Dutch cuisine without hot sandwiches of all kinds. The most “famous” are a hot three-layer sandwich with scrambled eggs, bacon and ham - “rausschmeiser”, tarts with cheese, ham and butter, “bruuges” balls with all kinds of fillings, Apeldoorn sandwiches with apples or Rotterdam sandwiches with lard and tomatoes. The main ingredient in them is first-class Dutch cheese - the country is especially proud of. As a separate snack, cubes of hard cheese are often served with pieces of fruit, vegetables or meat products. Dutch salads also imply the obligatory presence of cheese. From alcoholic beverages, the Dutch prefer all kinds of beer and vodka, preferring juniper, more like gin, Enever. Also, first-class liqueurs are made in the country, the most popular is the famous "Orange Bitter".
