Research of the market and internal environment of the organization. Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation (1956) Punctuation marks after brackets at the end of a sentence
About combinations of punctuation marks
§ 198. When a comma and a dash meet, the comma is placed first, and then the dash, for example:
- “You live well, neighbor,” Petro greeted, touching his cap with his mitten.
Sholokhov
Note. If after the dash there are words that are separated by commas according to existing rules (for example, introductory words), then the first comma is omitted, for example:
- Pine, spruce, fir, cedar - in a word, all species of coniferous trees are found in the Siberian taiga.
§ 199. Closing quotation marks are not preceded by a period, comma, semicolon, colon, or dash. All these signs are placed only after quotation marks, for example:
- Zverkov began to instruct me on the “path of truth.” He is interested in “all sorts of answers,” but not people.
M. Gorky
You know, he had been planning to “get hurt” for a long time; he expressed to Evgeny Solovyov, Suler...
M. Gorky
Here you have “My Companion” - this is not an essay, it is good because it is not made up.
M. Gorky
§ 200. Question and exclamation marks and ellipsis are placed before the closing quotation marks if they refer only to the words enclosed in quotation marks, but after the closing quotation marks if they refer to the entire sentence together with the words highlighted by quotation marks, for example:
- I ask: “But what then?” He shrugged his shoulders and said: “This is a mystery to me!”
M. Gorky
“As for me, I am convinced of only one thing...” said the doctor.
Lermontov
Are “reviews” necessary now?
Belinsky
- On the contrary, one can more often say about such people: “He promised even less than he delivered”...
Belinsky
Note 1. If there is a question mark, exclamation mark, or ellipsis before the closing quotation marks, then the same marks are not repeated after the quotation marks; unequal characters, if they are required due to the nature of the corresponding parts of the text, can be placed before and after the closing quotation marks, for example:
- Have you read Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?”
- The drama club is preparing to stage the play “Into Battle!” Why do you say: “No matter how it is!”?
Note 2. If at the beginning or at the end of a quotation (the same applies to direct speech) there are internal and external quotation marks, then they should differ from each other in design (the so-called “herringbones” and “petals”), and the external quotation marks should not be omitted, For example:
On board the ship they radioed: “Leningrad has entered the tropics and is continuing on its course.”
About Zhukovsky, Belinsky writes: “Contemporaries of Zhukovsky’s youth looked at him primarily as an author of ballads, and in one of his letters Batyushkov called him a “balladeer.”
§ 201. Do not precede an opening or closing parenthesis with a comma, semicolon, colon or dash; all these signs are placed only after the closing bracket, for example:
- It was about two hundred steps to the shore, Ermolai walked boldly and non-stop (he noticed the road so well), only grunting occasionally...
Turgenev
Gnedich translated from Byron (1824) a Jewish melody, later translated by Lermontov (“My Soul is Gloomy”); Gnedich's translation is weak...
Belinsky
As soon as he drinks, he starts telling that he has three houses on the Fontanka in St. Petersburg... and three sons (and he has never been married): one in the infantry, another in the cavalry, the third on his own...
Turgenev
§ 202. A period, question marks, exclamation marks and ellipses are placed before the closing bracket if they refer only to the words enclosed in brackets, but after the closing bracket if they refer to the entire sentence along with the words enclosed in parentheses, for example:
- ...Do you deign to know the local judge - Pavel Lukich Mylov?.. You don’t know... Well, it doesn’t matter. (He cleared his throat and rubbed his eyes.)
Turgenev
He knew Latin, and Virgil’s “quos ego!” (I love you!) was not alien to him.
Turgenev
- The dinner was really not bad and, as a Sunday dinner, was not complete without fluttering jelly and Spanish winds (cake).
Turgenev
And don’t I see that this fool only looks at Burienka (we need to drive her away)!
L. Tolstoy
Note. After a quotation, followed in parentheses by a reference to the author and source, the period is omitted and placed after the reference outside the brackets, for example:
- I remembered the words of Bazarov: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it” (Turgenev).
§ 203. The closing parenthesis that ends a sentence is followed by the punctuation mark required by the sentence as a whole, regardless of what character may appear before the closing parenthesis, for example:
- His only son, my grandfather Lev Alexandrovich, during the rebellion of 1762 remained faithful to Peter III, did not want to swear allegiance to Catherine - and was imprisoned in the fortress along with Izmailov (the fate and union of these names is strange!).
Pushkin
Note. When there are internal and external brackets at the end of a sentence, it is allowed, if necessary, to use brackets of different designs (round and square).
§201. Do not precede an opening or closing parenthesis with a comma, semicolon, colon or dash; all these signs are placed only after the closing bracket, for example:
It was about two hundred steps to the shore, Ermolai walked boldly and non-stop (he noticed the road so well), only occasionally grunting...
Turgenev
Gnedich translated from Byron (1824) a Jewish melody, later translated by Lermontov (“My Soul is Gloomy”); Gnedich's translation is weak...
Belinsky
As soon as he drinks, he starts telling that he has three houses on the Fontanka in St. Petersburg... and three sons (and he has never been married): one in the infantry, another in the cavalry, the third on his own...
Turgenev
§202. A period, question marks, exclamation marks, and ellipsis are placed before the closing bracket if it refers only to the words enclosed in parentheses, but after the closing parenthesis if it refers to the entire sentence along with the words enclosed in parentheses, for example:
...Do you deign to know the local judge - Pavel Lukich Mylov?.. You don’t know... Well, it doesn’t matter. (He cleared his throat and rubbed his eyes.)
Turgenev
He knew Latin, and Virgil’s “quos ego!” (I love you!) was not alien to him.
Turgenev
The dinner was really not bad and, as a Sunday dinner, was not complete without fluttering jelly and Spanish winds (cake).
Turgenev
And don’t I see that this fool only looks at Burienka (we need to drive her away)!
L. Tolstoy
Note. After a quotation, followed in parentheses by a reference to the author and source, the period is omitted and placed after the reference outside the brackets, for example:
I remembered the words of Bazarov: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.”
Turgenev
§203. The closing parenthesis that ends a sentence is followed by the punctuation mark required by the sentence as a whole, regardless of what character may appear before the closing parenthesis, for example:
His only son, my grandfather Lev Alexandrovich, during the rebellion of 1762 remained faithful to Peter III, did not want to swear allegiance to Catherine - and was imprisoned in the fortress along with Izmailov (strange fate and union of these names!).
Pushkin
Note. When there are internal and external brackets at the end of a sentence, it is allowed, if necessary, to use brackets of different designs (round and square).
Proposed in the project “Code of Russian Spelling Rules. Spelling. Punctuation" spelling changes with comments
(“The code” was prepared in the sector of spelling and spelling of the Institute of Russian Language named after V. V. Vinogradov RAS, discussed by the Spelling Commission at the Department of Literature and Language of the RAS)
as of 10/01/2000
The following changes are proposed to the rules. (Further after the item number the number of the paragraph of the 1956 Rules is indicated)
1) Expand the use of dividing ъ before letters e, e, yu, i .
1) §70. Distribute writings with ъ for all complex words without connecting vowels; write with ъ not only words with first components two-, three-, four- and words pan-European, courier(spellings provided for by the current rules), but also write: art fair(new word with first part art in the meaning of “artistic”, cf. art show, art market and etc.), hypercore(Where hyper- not a prefix, but part of a word hyperon), Hitler Youth .
2) §110 a). Distribute writings with ъ for compound words; write: military lawyer, state language, children's school, foreign language, phenomena, party cell, food fair, special food, special capacity, business unit, Injurkollegiya, Ministry of Justice .
Types of spellings that still exist today: children, foreign language, special education, household unit, Ministry of Justice contradict one of the basic principles of Russian writing - syllabic, according to which letters i, yu, e, yo in the position after consonant letters (within a written word) do not indicate “iotated” vowels, and at the same time the letters I, yu, yo serve to indicate the softness of the preceding paired consonant. Thus, the currently accepted spellings do not accurately convey the sound composition of words: they lack a reading “signal” e, y, i as combinations of “iota” with vowels. At the same time, they can give rise to difficulties in reading and recognizing words, caused by reading skills based on the syllabic principle, and sometimes by hyphens like Mi-nyust, gosya-zyk .
2) §15. Write wanted instead of wanted, thereby eliminating the exception to the rule of writing the prefix not specified in the 1956 code rose‑/time‑. The writing of this prefix does not obey the general rule of using letters in place of unstressed vowels: here a letter is written in an unstressed position A, although under stress - only O, eg: distribute, But distributed; paint And painted, But painting; loose, But placer; dissolve, But dissolution; spill And draft, But bottling. Therefore, for the word wanted word check doesn't work wanted. You should write: search, search, detective, operational-search, investigative-search, service-search .
Word wanted has intensified (in this spelling) since the 30s of the 20th century, and although the correct spelling wanted proposed in the Explanatory Dictionary, ed. D. N. Ushakov (1939) and in the original draft of the academic “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. S.I. Ozhegov (1952, proofreading), it never made it into spelling dictionaries - we believe, for extra-linguistic reasons.
3) §40. Write with ending -e prepositional case forms of nouns in -th, dative and prepositional cases of nouns on -and I having a monosyllabic stem, for example: cue - o cuee (option: o kie ), serpent - oh serpent , Viy - about Viye, in “Viye”, Pius - about Piya, Iya - to (about) Ie, Lia - to (about) Lie, Biya (river) - to (about, on) Bie .
The basis for this change is the predominance of such spellings in printing practice, despite the current rule (1956 code, §40) suggesting writing with a special ending -And the indicated forms of all nouns in -ii, -ii .
4) §61. Write an adjective windy with two n(instead of one) - how all other denominative adjectives are written with this suffix, always unstressed: cf. letter, painful, watch, maneuverable, meaningless etc., including other formations from the word wind: calm, windward, leeward(But: wind, wind smallpox - with a different suffix). Also write words derived from windy: windiness, anemone, anemone, windy(predicative: It's windy outside today).
5) §§62‑63. The writing rule is changing nn And n in full forms of passive past participles and correlative adjectives.
According to the current rule (code 1956, §§62‑63), participles and adjectives (except those ending in -ovanny, -evanny), not having a prefix: reports read at the meeting And read book. In fact, the indicated orthographic distinction concerns only verbs of the imperfect form, while formations from a few prefixless verbs of the perfect form are written with only two nn (item purchased yesterday And purchased item).
The new rule is based on the criterion of the aspect of the verb. The change proposed in it is to abandon the orthographic distinction between participles and adjectives (not in -ovanny, -evanny), formed from imperfective verbs; for both, spellings with one are accepted n: fried potatoes And fried potatoes, short hair And shorn hair, carts loaded with firewood And loaded carts. For formations from perfective verbs, single spellings with two nn (abandoned, finished, deprived, decided and etc.).
The old rule is an exception among those rules that relate to the transfer of the letter composition of words, since its application requires reference to the context and syntactic analysis. It is also an exception because it requires orthographic differentiation only within one category of correlative participles and adjectives, while the overwhelming majority of full forms of participles and adjectives -ny(they are formed from perfective verbs) are conveyed in writing in the same way (not to mention the forms -th).
In addition, this rule, difficult for practical application, in fact leads to a spelling distinction not between participles and adjectives (as formulated in the 1956 rule), but forms with and without dependent words: the former are written with nn, the second - with n. But not every dependent word means that we have a participle in front of us. If in cases like hair cut by a barber, walls painted many times(with dependent words denoting the producer of the action or its repetition) participles are used, then with other dependent words ( crew-cut hair, light-colored walls etc.) such formations are more likely to belong to adjectives: the verbality of these forms is clearly weakened. Thus, overcoming significant spelling difficulties, the writer does not reflect in the writing the linguistic differences stated in the rule.
The current difference in spellings with nn And n is not supported by pronunciation: in such combinations as, for example, carts loaded with firewood And loaded carts, willow basket And wicker basket, fabric woven from wool And woven products, words loaded, wicker, woven pronounced the same way, with one n, regardless of whether they are participles or adjectives, or whether they have dependent words. This is clearly seen when comparing them with such participial forms of perfective verbs as given, decided, forgiven, where doubled, long is pronounced n. Consequently, the proposed elimination of the orthographic difference between spellings and nn And n type loaded And laden does not mean “interference with language.”
In the new rule, it may be difficult to determine the verb aspect. But, on the one hand, it is possible to focus on the presence/absence of a prefix: all formations from imperfective verbs are non-prefixed, while non-prefixed perfective verbs represent a very small group (participles formed from them are listed in §... of this project) . On the other hand, applying the new rule does not require constant reference to the aspect of the verb. The abolition of the main difficulty of the current rule (the need for syntactic analysis to establish the spelling of a word) means that an important factor begins to operate - memorizing the letter forms of words.
Education naturally falls under the new rule done (made indifference), counted (counted minutes) And home-grown, hitherto written from nn, and finished (finished man), written with one n .
6) §69. The basic rule about preserving double consonants at the end of productive stems before suffixes remains in force; however, clarifications are being made to this rule. They concern the introduction of two new private rules: write one consonant letter before the suffix -k(a) in diminutive and familiar forms of personal names like Alka(from Allah) Emka(from Emma) Kirilka , Filipka(from Kirill, Philip) and one letter n- in any nouns with a suffix -k(a), eg: Finnish (cf. Finn), five-tone, column, antenna. In both cases, the suggested spellings are determined by existing writing practices. The number of exceptions (spellings with one consonant letter before the suffix that do not comply with the formulated rules) is reduced to three: crystal, Finnish, operetta .
7) §78, paragraph 1. Extend the rule of the 1956 code on the continuous spelling of compound words with initial components like aero‑, air‑(§78, paragraph 1) to formations with components that have appeared in recent decades audio‑, video‑, disco‑, maxi‑, media‑, midi‑, mini‑, retro‑(among them are those that are still usually written with a hyphen). Write: audio equipment, video recorder, disco club, maxiskirt, media holding, midi fashion, mini tractor, retro music and so on.
8) §77, paragraph 1, note. Write hyphenated combinations consisting of a noun in the nominative case and the same noun in the instrumental case, having an intensifying meaning, for example: honor-honor, chin-chin, well done, well done, fool-fool, log-log, pig-pig, and thus bring them under the general rule of writing repetition combinations.
Hyphenated spellings will distinguish them from combinations of the nominative case with the instrumental and subsequent conjunction A or But that do not have an intensifying meaning, such as: friendship is friendship, and service is service; laughter is laughter, but...; jokes aside, but... etc. Combinations of the latter type can be formed with almost any noun, while “intensifying” repetitions are formed only with forms of nouns of a certain semantics.
9) §79, paragraphs. 2 and 3. Eliminate exceptions to the rule of continuous spelling of complex nouns with connecting vowels, extending continuous spelling to: a) names of units of measurement, for example: bed, parking space, passenger-kilometer, flight departure, man-day; b) names of political parties and movements and their supporters, for example: anarchosyndicalism, anarchosyndicalist, monarchofascism, monarchofascist, left radical, communopatriot. In the set of rules of 1956 (§79, paragraphs 2 and 3), such names were proposed to be written with a hyphen.
10) §78, paragraph 3. Extend the continuous spelling to all complex nouns of a special structural type - with the first part coinciding with the imperative form of the verb. Writing together is not only adonis, derzhimorda, whirligig, hoarder, daredevil, robbery army etc., but also perekatipole, gulaigorod(written with a hyphen), non-spillwater(written separately, in three words), plucked out the eye(a word first spelled regulated in the academic “Russian Spelling Dictionary” in 1999).
11) §79, paragraph 14, note 1. Expand the scope of application of the hyphen in combinations with an application: write through a hyphen not only combinations with a one-word application following the defined word ( old mother, amateur gardener, playful Masha), but also combinations with an application preceding the word being defined - one that, according to the definition of the 1956 code (§79, paragraph 14, note 1), “can be equated in meaning to an adjective” ( old father, beautiful daughter, naughty monkey), including with an application preceding the proper name ( beautiful Volga, Mother Rus', young man Pushkin, playful Masha). It was proposed to write the two last groups separately in the 1956 code.
§79, paragraph 14, note 3a. From the wording of the current rule (see §79, paragraph 14, note 3a) it follows that the combination of a common noun with the following proper name can only be written separately. Examples are given only for cases where the proper name is an application. Thus, this rule does not provide for the possibility when a common noun preceding a proper name acts as an application. Such cases, presented in the practice of the press, are now brought under the rule.
12) Write hyphenated nouns formed from hyphenated nouns, including such as: Ku-Klux-Klansman, ping-pong player, somersault-mortalist, yacht-club member, chess master; nouns formed from proper names (mainly geographical names): Alma-Ata, New Yorkers(from Almaty, New York), Orekhovo-Zuevtsy, Yoshkar-Olintsy, Ust-Abakintsy, Gavrilov-Yamtsy(from Orekhovo-Zuevo, Yoshkar-Ola, Ust-Abakan, Gavrilov-Yam), Ulan-Uden, Los Angeles, Addis Ababa, Buenos Aires, Costa Ricans; Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonist(from Saint-Simon).
The hyphenated spelling of the names of residents formed from hyphenated geographical names is consistent, firstly, with the hyphenated spelling of nouns proposed here, formed from hyphenated common nouns, and, secondly, with the hyphenated spelling of adjectives from the same geographical names.
In the current set of rules of 1956, the spelling of both groups of nouns formed from hyphenated nouns is not regulated at all; however, in the future in reference books for press workers; in the reference dictionary “Together or Separately?”, in the “Dictionary of the Names of Residents of the USSR” it was recommended to write the names of residents from hyphenated geographical names together. The proposed change in the spelling of these names makes the spelling of all formations (both nouns and adjectives) from hyphenated nouns uniform.
13) §79, paragraph 12. Always write compounds with the component half- (“half”) with a hyphen: not only half a leaf, half an orange, half eleven, half Moscow, but also half a house, half a room, half a meter, half past twelve, half past twelve etc. Unification of spellings with floor- replaces the previous rule by which spellings differed from floor- before consonants, except l(merged) and spellings with floor- before vowels, consonants l and before a capital letter (hyphens).
14) §80‑81. Write complex adjectives with a hyphen, having in the first component the stem of a relative adjective with a suffix, as well as stems on -ik‑, -log‑, -graph‑(correlative with adjectives in -ic), e.g.: national economic, Northern Russian, Western Siberian, Central Asian, water sports, indefinite leave, primitive communal, Church Slavonic, copyright, chemical technology. If there is no adjective suffix in the first component, write complex adjectives together, for example: oil and gas, drilling and blasting, sound-letter, income-expenditure, goods-and-passenger .
Thus, the principle of writing complex adjectives changes, the last part of which can be used as an independent word: semantic-syntactic principle(the nature of the relationship of the stems that make up a complex word) is replaced formal-grammatical. The semantic criterion remains decisive only in two groups of complex adjectives - denoting shades of quality (mainly color and taste) and relations between countries, languages, peoples, etc.
This rule is based on the provisions adopted by B. Z. Bukchina and L. P. Kalakutskaya in their dictionary-reference book “Together or separately?” (1st ed. 1972; 8th ed. 1998) and based on the trends that they identified in modern writing practice.
The current rule for writing complex adjectives (code 1956, §§80‑81) is based on the contrast between the spellings of adjectives with equal (hyphenated spelling) and unequal, subordinate (fused spelling) relations of stems. In the practice of writing, this rule, for all its apparent simplicity, was never consistently observed, which was recorded in the academic “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language”, and when this dictionary was republished, the number of spellings that contradicted the current rule increased. These are, for example, the spellings recorded in the 13th edition of the dictionary (1974): drilling and blasting, asbestos concrete, oil and gas, gas-steam, steam-water, water-air, and bourgeois-democratic, military-historical, parachute landing, housing cooperative, state-monopoly, scientific research, science fiction, rocket technology, criminal procedure, civil law, medical consultation, dairy and livestock farming, national democratic, shooting sports, experimental psychological, nuclear energy and many others. In the 29th edition of the dictionary (1991) the following were added: cargo-passenger, liquor, geological exploration, pathological-anatomical, wood-chip, natural science, mine-laying, folk-poetic, national-economic, primitive-communal, conditioned-reflex (and unconditionally-reflexive), church-parochial, Church Slavonic etc. Other complex adjectives, first recorded in the “Russian Spelling Dictionary” (1999), are also written in the same way, for example: Christian-democratic, physical therapy, new party nomenklatura, currency exchange .
The transition to a new rule based on a formal grammatical principle will lead to changes in the spelling of a number of more adjectives; all such changes are specifically noted in the new academic “Russian Spelling Dictionary”. At the same time, in this draft, as an exception, several traditional spellings according to the old rule are preserved, and it is also stipulated that the combined spelling of highly specialized complex adjectives, which is contrary to the new rule, is allowed if it is based on a stable tradition.
The new rule proposes to subordinate the spelling of complex adjectives formed from two-word (separately written) geographical names: cf., on the one hand, Veliky Ustyug, New Zealand, Latin American, where in the first part of complex adjectives there is no suffix, and on the other, South American, Nagorno-Karabakh, Gorno-Altai, Naberezhnye Chelny, Sergiev Posad etc., where such a suffix is available. The influence of the suffix factor in the first part of such complex adjectives has long been discovered in the writing of compound geographical names; the complex adjectives included in them, if there was a suffix in the first part, were written with a hyphen and with two capital letters, for example: West Siberian Lowland, East China Sea, South Africa, Gorno-Altai Autonomous Region(old name) Gavrilovo-Posadsky district(from Gavrilov Posad), Kamsko-Ustinsky district(from Kamskoye Ustye, village), but: Asia Minor Plateau, Velikoustyugsky district, Starooskolsky district, Krasnopresnensky district etc. (at the same time, not as part of geographical names, all such adjectives were written together). Now adjectives with a suffix in the first part are proposed to be written uniformly - with a hyphen, regardless of whether they are used in a compound name or not.
15) §81, paragraph 1. Write together adjectives formed from separately written personal names, such as Walterscott's, Romainrolland's, Juulverne's, Mao Zedong's. This spelling is in fact already established and absolutely predominates in writing practice (contrary to the recommendation to write them with a hyphen contained in the code of 1956, §81, paragraph 1).
16) §86, paragraph 3, note 1. Write with a hyphen the pronoun each other, which is actually a single word, although it is still written separately. It belongs to the class of pronouns-nouns and constitutes a special category of them - a reciprocal pronoun (see, for example, the Russian Language encyclopedia, 1997, articles “Pronoun” and “Reflexive Pronouns”). All grammatical features unite this word with other noun pronouns, none of which (in prepositional forms) are written separately. Just like words yourself, no one, nothing, at the word each other no nominative case form; like words someone, something, no one, nothing, no one, nothing, in prepositional-case combinations the preposition is inserted inside this word, the first part of it remains unchanged: cf. with each other, about each other and with someone, about something, with no one, with nothing, with no one, with nothing etc. Suggested hyphen spelling of the word each other, bringing it closer orthographically to pronouns with the first part something makes the entire class of pronoun-nouns uniform not only grammatically, but also spelling.
17) §103, note. Changes in recent years that have occurred in public awareness of the sacred concepts of religion required the inclusion of a special section “Names associated with religion” in the new code. It is based on the practice of using capital letters, which existed in pre-revolutionary times and was established in modern printing, for example, in the words God, Lord, Mother of God, in the names of religious holidays, sacred books, etc. However, significant clarifications are introduced: about writing with a lowercase letter the words god and lord in expressions of an interjection and evaluative nature, used in colloquial speech outside of direct connection with religion (for example: By God, not God knows what, not thank God"unfavorable", interjections oh my god, oh my god etc.), about the use of capital letters in the names of holidays associated with the church holiday cycle, such as Christmastide, Maslenitsa, and a number of other clarifications.
18) §105‑106. In the official names of government bodies, institutions, societies, scientific, educational and entertainment institutions, political parties, etc. Always capitalize only the first word (as well as the proper names included in them), for example: World Peace Council, State Duma, Russian Academy of Sciences, Navy, Union of Theater Workers of Russia. This cancels the directive recommendations of the old code, according to which it was proposed to capitalize all words, except official words and the word party, in the names of the highest party, government, trade union institutions and organizations of the Soviet Union (for example: Supreme Council, Council of Ministers of the USSR, Soviet Army and Navy), and in all other names of central institutions and organizations, capitalize only the first word (e.g. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR: see Code 1956, §§105‑106).
19) §95, notes 6, 7. Write any names of positions and titles with a lowercase letter, and use a capital letter when naming higher government positions and titles only in the texts of official documents. Thus, the rule that stipulated that the names of the highest positions in the USSR be written in capital letters and the names of other positions and titles in lowercase letters is canceled (see code 1956, §95, notes 6, 7)
20) §117‑124. The new transfer rules remove many of the restrictions of the 1956 code. In a number of cases, rules previously proposed as mandatory are recognized as only preferable.
Of particular note are the formulations: which became possible thanks to the proposed expansion of the use of the dividing ъ(see above, paragraph 3). Now the prohibition on separating a vowel from a preceding consonant is formulated separately for letters e, e, yu, i, where it is absolute in nature, and for other vowels, where such a prohibition does not apply to the position after the prefix, the first part of a complex or compound word: hyphens like irresponsible, special clothing are even considered desirable.
An innovation is the “minimum rule”, in which only the main strict prohibitions are separately formulated.
On the procedure for introducing new rules. Any changes in spelling are not immediately absorbed. It takes some time for a native speaker to adapt to them. This cannot be ignored when developing criteria for the official assessment of a person’s literacy - for example, when determining a grade on a final school written exam or on a university admissions exam. Apparently, some kind of transition period (for example, 3 years) will be required, during which a “moratorium” should be declared on recognizing old spellings that do not comply with the new set of rules as errors. During this period, necessary changes can also be made to existing textbooks and teaching aids, and new manuals and recommendations can be prepared. Such a transition period could be declared by decree, formalized as an order of the Minister of Education and mandatory for all graduation and admissions committees. This would be, in the opinion of the developers of the new code and members of the Spelling Commission, the most rational solution to the pressing issue that arises during the transition to new rules with their (generally few) spelling changes.
(Project “Code of Russian Spelling Rules. Spelling. Punctuation.” M., 2000, pp. 377-393).
1 The word Kremlin is written with a capital letter when it is the proper name of a city district, for example: Moscow is located in a ring: the Kremlin is in the center, then Kitay-Gorod comes, etc. But: In Pskov, as in other old Russian cities, there is Kremlin (here Kremlin is a common noun meaning fortress).
2 It is necessary to distinguish between 1) complex abbreviated words made up of combinations of: a) truncated words and full words (working clothes); b) some truncated words (collective farm); 2) abbreviations made up of the initial letters of full names and separated: a) not readable by letter names (MTS); b) readable by sounds indicated by letters (university).
By adhering to accepted typing rules, you can significantly improve the appearance of the documents you create, whether for print or electronic publication.
How to enter text? When to use non-breaking spaces? Which symbol should I choose to represent a dash? Is there a space before and after a period? You will find answers to these and other questions in this article.
The letter “е” is written in the following cases:
- when it is necessary to prevent incorrect reading and understanding of a word, for example: let's find out Unlike let's find out; All Unlike All; bucket Unlike bucket; perfect(participle) in contrast to perfect(adjective);
- when you need to indicate the pronunciation of a little-known word, for example: Olekma River.
Units of measurement should be separated from the corresponding values by a non-breaking space (Alt + Num 0160).
For a dash (“Knowledge is power”) use an em dash (Alt + Num 0151). An em dash is separated from the preceding word by a continuous space, and from the following word by a regular space.
To indicate ranges (“3-5 kg”) and as a minus sign (“-32º C”), use an en dash (Alt + Num 0150). The en dash in ranges does not differ from the previous and subsequent values. The minus sign is not separated from the subsequent value, but is separated from the preceding word by an ordinary space.
The hyphen (“something”) is typed directly on the keyboard. The hyphen is part of the word and is not separated from preceding or following characters.
In the ranges, units of measurement are indicated only after the upper limit: “2670-2780 mm”. You should not duplicate units of measurement before the dash.
Abbreviations when referring to figures, tables, pages, etc., when indicated in the middle of a sentence, are written with a lowercase (small) letter: “Parking lights (see Fig. 1).” If an abbreviation is at the beginning of a sentence, it is written with a capital letter.
The numbers of the figures are formatted as follows: “Fig. 1. General view.” There is no period at the end of the signature. A period is also not put if the number of the figure and table is not accompanied by the signature: “Fig. 1".
In headings, only the first word should be capitalized, as in regular sentences. Do not capitalize all words in the title.
Periods are not placed at the end of headings (except for abbreviations).
Periods are not placed at the end of table cells (except for abbreviations).
Dots are not placed after abbreviations of standard units of measurement (SI): “150 m, 16 kg, 300 l.” Dots are also not placed after the abbreviations “million” and “billion” (but after “thousand” they are placed): “1 million”, but “23 thousand”. After abbreviations of units of measurement that are not standard, dots are added: “30 pcs., 12,000 rubles.”
The period after the abbreviation at the end of the sentence is not duplicated: “First, second, etc.” However, if an abbreviation with a period is enclosed in quotation marks or parentheses, a period is placed at the end of the sentence: “The complete set (8 pieces) must be installed.”
Punctuation marks dot (.), semicolon (;), comma (,), question mark (?), exclamation point (!), ellipsis (...) and colon (:) do not break away from the preceding text, but from the next one is separated by a space: “green, yellow, blue.”
As an ellipsis sign, you should use three separate period characters (when typing in Microsoft Word, you need to disable ellipsis autocorrect for this): “...”. When using an ellipsis together with a question mark or exclamation mark, these marks are placed first, and then two dots: “?..”. Ellipsis combined with interrogative And exclamation marks are typed in the following sequence: “?!.”.
Double spaces should be avoided in the text you type. To control the use of spaces in text when working in Microsoft Word, it is recommended to enable the mode for showing non-printing characters.
If an entire sentence (or several sentences) is enclosed in brackets, the period at the end of the sentence is placed inside the brackets: “Press the button Cancel. (If the data has been changed, the system will display a warning window.)." Otherwise, punctuation marks (if required) are placed after the closing bracket: “Select the required items (check the appropriate boxes).”
Only generally accepted abbreviations should be used.
In numbers with 5 or more digits, groups of digits are divided into threes and separated by non-breaking spaces (Alt + Num 0160): “35,000 rubles.” In four-digit numbers, division into groups is not made: “3200 pcs.”
When typing text, it is not allowed to use mixed registers, for example, instead of characters of the Russian alphabet, use characters of the Latin alphabet that are similar in style. This makes spell checking, searching, indexing, and other automated procedures difficult.
In Russian-language texts, the sign “№” (rather than “#”) should be used to indicate a number. The “No” sign is separated from the subsequent number by a non-breaking space: “No. 36”.
Only corner quotes should be used: " (Alt + Num 0171) and " (Alt + Num 0187). If necessary, you should use quotes like “ (Alt + Num 0147) and “ (Alt + Num 0148) as nested quotes: “Rainbow Project.” However, it is recommended to avoid nested quotes.
Only parentheses should be used as parentheses, regardless of nesting level. The parentheses are not separated from the text enclosed within them and are separated from external fragments, with the exception of punctuation marks: “The rent is 10,000 (ten thousand) US dollars”; "Press the button Exit(at the bottom of the dialog window), and then confirm saving the data."
In other cases, the letter “e” should be used.
Vladimir, you asked far from an idle question. The point is not a new fashion, but a certain vagueness of the old rules. If you follow the reference book by D.E. Rosenthal on spelling and style, there is no direct and unambiguous indication of whether it is necessary to put a period after the quotation marks closing direct speech, preceded by a question or exclamation mark. IN §119 the following is said:
It would seem that the paragraph indicates that a period is placed after the closing quotation mark. However, as we see, in the practical example from Lermontov there is no dot after the closing quotation mark. The same punctuation is used in other examples given in this paragraph.
Apparently, this sometimes confuses publishers.
However, in §135 Here is a rule that allows you to interpret the situation differently:
To be honest, I don’t see a fundamental difference between the example from Lermontov and the example about slogans on the sides of cars in terms of punctuation. Statements that there is direct speech, and here - something else, would be extremely far-fetched. After all, both there and here are direct reproductions of someone’s words (or text).
In conditions where the rules are not completely clear, I prefer to use common sense. A period is a punctuation mark that completes a declarative sentence. Let's compare two phrases:
(1) She asked me if I was hungry.
(2) She asked me: “Are you hungry?”
In both cases we are dealing with a declarative sentence of the form She asked me (something), and it is logical for this sentence to end with a period. The question mark refers to another phrase inserted into this sentence as a quotation, and it should not affect the punctuational completion of the main construction.
To summarize: in conditions of confusion, you need to give priority to logic. The absence of a period at the end of a declarative sentence that includes direct speech or a quotation deprives the sentence of completeness. Therefore, in such cases, I would still recommend putting an end to it, and if necessary, to justify this, refer to §135 of Rosenthal’s reference book, especially since the text of the instructions in §119 (except for the actual punctuation of the examples in this paragraph) does not formally contradict this.
