What is the Nobel Prize awarded for? Nobel Prize: who receives it and for what?

1. THE PRIZE WAS BORN TO DRIVE EYES AWAY FROM NOBEL’S DISCOVERIES

The creator of the prize, Alfred Nobel, was an avid pacifist, which did not stop him from amassing an impressive capital from the arms trade and the invention of dynamite. He believed that the very presence of dangerous weapons should intimidate the enemy, preventing wars, terrorist attacks and bloodshed. The epiphany was painful. When the newspapers buried Alfred Nobel ahead of schedule, confusing him with his brother Ludwig, who died in St. Petersburg, he was greatly surprised by the morning headlines: “Death Merchant,” “Bloody Rich Man,” “Dynamite King.” In order not to go down in history as a millionaire on blood, Alfred Nobel immediately called a lawyer and rewrote his will, which stated that after death, all multimillion-dollar property should be placed in a reliable bank and entrusted to a foundation that would divide the income from investments into five equal parts and award them annually as a bonus . The idea was a success: now few people remember who invented dynamite, but even a child knows about the Nobel Prize.

2. ECONOMY WAS NOT INCLUDED IN THE LIST OF PRIZES

Initially, the prize was awarded in five categories: chemistry, physics, medicine, literature and achievements in peacekeeping. Later, in 1969, the Swedish Bank also added an economics bonus to this list. Since the field of economics was not listed in the will, it is awarded not from the Nobel Foundation, but from the Swedish Bank Foundation, but at the Nobel Prize ceremony. Nobel's descendants do not support adding an economic field to the prize. “Firstly,” they say, “the whole meaning of the prize is destroyed. If it is named after Nobel, then it should be awarded only in those areas that Nobel himself listed in his will. Secondly, Nobel simply did not like economists and bypassed their attention in the will is not accidental."

3. PREMIUM IS DROPPING IN PRICE

In terms of current exchange rates, when converting Nobel's movable and immovable property into cash equivalent, the fund received about $250 million. Part of the capital was immediately invested in securities, and prizes were awarded to the laureates from the profits. The fund's current wealth is $3 billion. Despite the growth of the capital of the Nobel Prize fund, in 2012 it was decided to cut it by 20% (from 1.4 million to 1.1 million dollars). Such a move, according to the directors of the fund, will help create a reliable financial cushion and ensure a high monetary level of the bonus for many years.

4. UNUSUAL WINNERS AND NOMINEES

The prize was very rarely awarded to anyone a second time. In all the years of its existence, this happened only 4 times. Federic Segner received both prizes in chemistry, John Bardeen - in physics, Linus Pauling - in chemistry and the Peace Prize. The only woman to receive two Nobel Prizes was Marie Skłodowska-Curie.

Maria Skłodowska-Curie

Stanley Williams, leader of the Crips gang, was nominated for the Nobel Prize 9 times: as a writer and as a humanitarian. Initially, the Crips group opposed police lawlessness on the streets of Los Angeles, but when it grew, it was responsible for several police deaths and, for some reason, a bank robbery. Stanley Williams was arrested and sentenced to death. The books that Stanley wrote while in prison became bestsellers, and he even received a US Presidential Award. This still did not pity the heart of California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, and in 2005 the leader of the Crips gang was executed.

5. PRIZE IN MATHEMATICS

Many people know that the Nobel Prize is not awarded in the field of mathematics. Many are also sure that the reason for this is Nobel’s beloved, who went to see the mathematician. Indeed, in the will, mathematics was initially included in the list of fields in which the prize was awarded, but was later crossed out by Nobel himself. In fact, there is no evidence of a romantic story associated with Nobel's refusal to give a prize to mathematicians. It is more likely that the main contender for the prize in mathematics before Nobel's death was Mittag-Leffler, whom the founder of the prize had long disliked for his annoying solicitation of donations for Stockholm University. Deciding to be true to himself and not give Mittag-Leffler money, Nobel crossed mathematics off the list and replaced it with the Peace Prize.

6. BANQUET AFTER THE PRIZES

The banquet is held immediately after the awards ceremony in the Blue Hall of Stockholm City Hall. The chefs from the town hall restaurant and the best chefs, who were awarded the title “Chef of the Year” in the year of the award, are involved in preparing the festive dinner. Three months before the banquet, members of the Nobel Committee taste three types of menu and decide which one is worthy of being treated to guests at the banquet. Ice cream is traditionally served for dessert, but its type is kept a closely guarded secret until the evening of the ceremony.

The hall is decorated with more than 20,000 flowers from San Remo, and the movements of the waiters are rehearsed down to the second. Exactly at 7 pm, the guests of honor, led by the monarchs, descend into the Blue Hall. The Swedish king is holding a Nobel laureate on his arm, and if there is none, then the wife of a physics laureate.

The banquet service has its own unique design: it is made in three colors of the Swedish Empire style: blue, green and gold and consists of 6750 glasses, 9450 knives and forks, 9550 plates and one tea cup for Princess Liliana, who did not drink coffee. After the princess's death, the cup was kept in a special mahogany box with the princess's monogram. The saucer from the cup was stolen not long ago.

7. NOBEL IN SPACE

Most often, the name of Alfred Nobel is immortalized by astronauts. In 1970, the International Astronomical Union named a crater on the Moon after Alfred Nobel, albeit on its dark side. And in 1983, asteroid number 6032 was named in his honor.

8. WHEN PRIZES ARE NOT AWARDED

If there are no worthy candidates for a prize in any field, it is simply not awarded. This happened five times with the medicine prize, four times with the physics prize, and most of all with the Peace Prize. According to the rules adopted in 1974, the prize can only be awarded during the lifetime of the laureate. The rule was broken only once, in 2011, when medical laureate Ralph Stayman died of cancer two hours before the presentation.

9. CASH EQUIVALENT OF THE PRIZE AND STRANGE WAYS TO SPEND IT

The cash equivalent of the award is variable, but usually amounts to more than a million US dollars. Not every scientist spends such a sum on the development of his scientific research. Ivan Bunin, with all the scope of his Russian soul, spent money on parties. The poet René François Armand Sully-Prudhomme organized his own prize, which was not as successful as the Nobel Prize, but existed for six years and was awarded to masters of poetry. The Hungarian writer Irme Kertész gave his prize to his wife, thus appreciating her heroic loyalty to him in difficulties and poverty. “Let her buy herself dresses and jewelry,” the writer commented on his decision, “she deserves it.”

Paul Greengard, who researched the relationship between nerve cells, which later led to the creation of antidepressants, used the award money to create his own Pearl Meister Greengard award. It is often presented as an analogue of the Nobel Prize for women, because in the scientific world, according to Greenard, there is enormous discrimination against women. The scientist dedicated the award to his mother who died during childbirth.

10. PEACE PRIZE

The most controversial and politically charged of the six areas in which the prize is awarded is the Peace Prize. At different times, such undisputed villains as Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin were nominated for the award.

Last year, in 2014, Vladimir Putin was nominated for it. Seventeen-year-old Malala Yusufai from Pakistan, who took victory from Putin, became the youngest Nobel Prize winner. Her fight for girls' education in Islamic countries led to worldwide recognition and a prestigious award. Radical Islamic groups declared jihad (holy war) on the girl and immediately after the award they tried to kill her, but Malala survived and continues to fight for women’s rights to education.

Unlike all other areas, the Peace Prize is awarded not in Stockholm, but in Oslo.

According to Nobel himself, the honor of being awarded the Peace Prize should be to the person who made the “most significant contribution” to the abolition of slavery, the unification of nations, “the promotion of peace congresses” and the reduction of the number of world armies.

The Nobel Committee, located in Oslo, awards this prize by selecting the laureate from among nominees proposed by members of the committee itself - current and former, governments of various states, the International Court of Arbitration in The Hague, the Institute of International Law, other peace prize laureates, and professors from reputable universities. The selection process takes more than a year, and the potential winner of the award is not aware of his status, and information about candidates for the award is not disclosed for another half a century.

Special nomination

The Nobel Peace Prize is the only award that can be nominated not only by an individual, but also by a public organization.

The maximum number of awards to date awarded to one laureate was given in the “peace prize” category - the achievements of the International Committee of the Red Cross were noted three times.

The largest number of female laureates is represented in the field of peacekeeping and legal activities.

Fifteen times the Peace Prize was not awarded to any of the nominees, because the Nobel Committee did not see truly worthy candidates among them.

Peace Prize Laureates

The first award in this category in 1901 was shared between two figures. The first is Henri Dunant - a philanthropist, the actual founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross, opposed to slavery, defending the rights of prisoners of war - “for his contribution to the peaceful cooperation of peoples.” The second is Frédéric Passy, ​​a political economist who opposes any armed conflicts due to their economic inefficiency, calling for the resolution of international contradictions through arbitration - “for many years of peacekeeping efforts.”

The Nobel Peace Prize was received over the years by Martin Luther King, Andrei Sakharov, Mother Teresa, Henry Kissinger, the Dalai Lama, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Kofi Annan, Yasser Arafat, Jimmy Carter, Al Gore, and Barack Obama. Among the organizations whose activities were recognized with this award are UNICEF, IAEA, Doctors Without Borders, UN Peacekeeping Forces, EU, and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

Encouraging scientific activity has a venerable history. Monarchs and wealthy patrons periodically rewarded natural scientists with valuable gifts or lifelong pensions for their discoveries, which allowed them to continue work at a new level. However, such encouragement acquired a systematic character with the establishment of prizes awarded by scientific academies for solving special problems. The leadership here belongs to the British Royal Society. In 1709, Sir Godfrey Copley, a wealthy baronet landowner and public figure, before his death bequeathed the establishment of a fund from which one hundred pounds would be transferred annually to the society to finance experiments or other activities aimed at “the development of the knowledge of nature.”

After lengthy discussion, members of the society decided to use the funds for a prize that would be awarded for outstanding scientific achievement. The winner received not only one hundred pounds, but also the original Copley medal. The first recipient of the medal was determined in 1731: it was Stephen Gray for the discovery of the transmission of electricity over a distance. A year later, he also “took” the second prize - for fundamental experiments with electricity, which made it possible to divide all substances into conductors and insulators. The Copley Medal is still awarded today, and the prize money has increased to £5,000. Among its laureates were Russian scientists: Dmitry Mendeleev, Ilya Mechnikov and Ivan Pavlov.

Another famous prize emerged from the will. Her story is no less interesting.

Death Dealer is dead

Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in 1833 into the family of engineer Emmanuel Nobel. In 1842, the family moved from Stockholm to St. Petersburg, where Emmanuel began developing sea mines. It was in Russia that young Alfred first showed an inventive spirit and enlisted the support of authoritative scientists: on the advice of chemist Nikolai Zinin, his father sent him to study in France. The prosperity of the Nobel family was facilitated by the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1853; she also prompted Alfred to take up explosives. In the early 1860s, returning to St. Petersburg, he created explosives based on nitroglycerin and opened a plant for its production in Sweden. In 1865 he invented and patented a metal capsule for a cartridge, in 1867 - dynamite, called “Nobel’s safe explosive powder”. The business turned out to be profitable. Although Nobel later became involved in the transportation and production of iron, in the eyes of the public he remained a military-industrial magnate, because at that time he owned 93 enterprises in Europe and the United States, which were exclusively engaged in the production of explosives.

In 1888, an unpleasant incident occurred. The inventor's brother Ludwig died, but by mistake European newspapers published an obituary for Alfred. After reading a note in a French newspaper entitled “The Merchant of Death is Dead,” Nobel thought about what kind of glory he would leave behind and decided to change his will. It was drawn up on November 27, 1895, and announced in January 1897 (the inventor himself died on December 10, 1896). The will says:

All my movable and immovable property must be converted by my executors into liquid assets, and the capital thus collected must be placed in a reliable bank. The income from the investments should belong to a fund, which will distribute them annually in the form of bonuses to those who, during the previous year, have brought the greatest benefit to humanity ... The specified interest must be divided into five equal parts, which are intended: one part - to the one who makes the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the other - to the one who makes the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; the third - to the one who makes the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth - to the one who creates the most outstanding literary work of an idealistic direction; fifth, to the one who has made the most substantial contribution to the unity of nations, the abolition of slavery, or the reduction of existing armies, and the promotion of peace congresses... It is my particular wish that the nationality of the candidates shall not be taken into account in the awarding of prizes.

Although numerous relatives of the inventor tried to challenge the will, it came into force. The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901. Their laureates were Wilhelm Roentgen (physics), Jacob Hendrik van't Hoff (chemistry), Emil von Behring (physiology and medicine), René Sully-Prudhomme (literature), Jean Dunant and Frederic Passy (promoting world peace). The cash content of the awards in those years was 150,000 Swedish kronor, but has grown steadily, reaching today an amount of over a million in dollar equivalent. The laureates are also awarded a corresponding diploma and a medal with the image of Alfred Nobel. In 1969, on the initiative of the Swedish Bank, a nomination for achievements in the field of economic science was established, but the prize was not expanded further. The board of the Nobel Foundation decided not to increase the number of nominations.

Why are the awards given?

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the procedure and ceremony for awarding the prize have become more complex until they have reached a certain perfection. Every year, the Nobel Committee sends out over three thousand requests for nominations to specialists working in the relevant field, professors, rectors and former committee members. Based on the answers, a list of three hundred candidates is formed, which remains secret for fifty years. The final selection of laureates is carried out with the participation of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy and the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute. The names of the laureates are announced in advance in October, and the award ceremony is held on December 10 in the capitals of two countries - Sweden and Norway. In Stockholm, prizes are awarded in scientific and literary categories, in Oslo - a prize in the field of peace protection. In addition to the ceremony, lectures by the laureates, a banquet and a concert are held.

Nobel Media AB 2015

The 2016 Nobel Prize, as is customary, is awarded on December 10. The names of the laureates are traditionally announced in advance. It must be said that every year it becomes more and more difficult to explain to ordinary people why this or that discovery awarded a prize is of great importance for world science, because the specialization of research is growing, and many achievements have a very specific meaning. For example, in the “Physics” category, three British scientists became laureates: David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and John Kosterlitz - with the wording “for the theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter.” What does it mean? The question takes us back to the 1970s, when a series of papers written by the laureates stimulated the development of a new direction in the study of condensed matter. Such media are called collections of particles of the same type connected by strong interaction: liquids, crystals, amorphous bodies, etc. Their study showed that with the external simplicity of the structure, many dynamic effects can be identified that arise as a result of the “collective existence” of particles. The laureates' contribution was the development of a model of phase transitions (from crystal to liquid, from liquid to gas) inside condensed matter, and the occurrence of the transition, as they suggested, is determined by the geometry of the medium at the level of the relative position of individual particles. The model turned out to be convenient for describing the physics of very exotic processes: helium superfluidity in thin films, magnetism in layered materials, integer quantum Hall effect and many others. It was recently implemented in a direct experiment, which became the reason for the award.

Nobel Media AB 2016

Three scientists also became laureates in the Chemistry category: Frenchman Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Scotsman Sir James Stoddard and Dutchman Bernard Feringa. The prize was awarded "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines." We are talking here about molecules that are created from scratch to solve specific problems, without trying to imitate nature. Moreover, the current laureates have come up with several schemes that can be used to “assemble” arbitrarily complex molecular “constructions” in the future. For example, Sauvage and Stoddard made mechanically linked molecules: catenanes (rings rotating relative to each other) and rotaxanes (ring moving along a straight base). Based on these schemes, a “molecular elevator”, “molecular muscles” and even an artificial ribosome capable of synthesizing proteins were built. Feringa proposed a “molecular motor” in which two spinning parts of a molecule interact through a carbon-carbon covalent bond. The most spectacular use of a “motor” has been demonstrated in a “nanomachine” that is capable of driving independently on a gold substrate, carrying a complex molecule as a load.

Nobel Media AB 2016

The prize in the “Physiology and Medicine” category was received by the Japanese Yoshinori Ohsumi for the discovery and deciphering of the mechanism of autophagy (from the ancient Greek “eating oneself”) - the process of lysosomal processing of organelles and protein complexes inside a living cell. Having begun to study the phenomenon back in the 1980s, the scientist was able to reveal its biochemical and genetic nature, as well as prove the universality of the mechanism for any organisms. After his work, we can say that we now know how the process of recycling “spoiled” cell elements develops, and we can even control this process, which in the future may help in the fight against aging diseases.

Nobel Media AB 2016

In the “Economics” category, the award was “taken” by the American Oliver Hart and the Swede Bengt Holmström with the wording “for their contribution to the theory of contracts.” The work of these economists has wide practical application; on their basis, for example, modern European bankruptcy legislation was formed.

The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos Calderon, who ended the civil war in his country that lasted more than half a century. Probably, only this award does not raise questions.

In the Literature category, the famous American rock musician Bob Dylan (Robert Zimmerman) unexpectedly became the laureate. And here no long explanation is required: just listen to his wonderful composition Things Have Changed.

Nobel Media AB 2016

Since 1991, the Nobel Prize has had an evil twin - the “Ig Nobel Prize” for dubious achievements, which tabloids love to publish under the heading “British scientists have proven.” In 2016, among the laureates were Thomas Thwaites, who studied animal behavior and imitated them himself (grazing for three days with mountain goats), and the Volkswagen automobile company received the chemistry prize for its method of faking exhaust emissions tests. Despite this, the Nobel Prize still remains the most authoritative, recognizable and important scientific prize in the world - and all its winners will sooner or later influence our lives.

The Nobel Prize is the most prestigious scientific award in the world. Scientists from different fields dream of obtaining it. Every educated person should know about the latest achievements of mankind, marked by this award. How did it appear and in what areas of science can it be obtained?

What it is?

The annual award is named after the Swedish engineer, industrialist and inventor. Alfred Bernhard Nobel was its founder. In addition, he owns a fund from which money is allocated for the implementation. The history of the Nobel Prize begins in the twentieth century. Since 1901, a special commission has determined the winners in categories such as physics, medicine and physiology, chemistry, literature and peace protection. In 1969, a new science was added to the list. Since then, the commission has also recognized the best specialist in the field of economics. It is possible that new categories will appear in the future, but at the moment there is no discussion of such an event.

How did the award come about?

The history of the Nobel Prize is very interesting. It is connected with a very dark incident in the life of its founder. As you know, Alfred Nobel was When his brother Ludwig died in 1889, a journalist from one of the newspapers confused and indicated Alfred in his obituary. The text called him a merchant of death. Alfred Nobel was horrified by the prospect of remaining in the memory of mankind in such a capacity. He began to think about what he could leave behind, and composed a special will. With his help, he hoped to rectify the dynamite situation.

Alfred Nobel's will

The significant text was invented and signed in 1895 in Paris. According to the will, the executors must exchange all property remaining after it for securities on the basis of which a fund will be created. Interest from the resulting capital will go towards bonuses for scientists who have brought the greatest benefit to humanity. They must be divided into five parts: one for the one who discovered or invented something new in the field of physics, another for the most talented chemist, the third for the best doctor, the fourth for the creator of the main literary work of the year dedicated to human ideals, and the fifth for for someone who can help establish peace on the planet, fighting for the reduction of armies, the abolition of slavery and the friendship of peoples. According to the will, Nobel Prize laureates in the first two categories are determined by the Swedish Sciences. For medicine, the choice is made by the Royal Karolinska Institute, the literary one is chosen by the Swedish Academy, and the latter is chosen by a committee of five people. They are elected by the Norwegian Storting.

Award sizes

Since the bonus is determined as a percentage of the capital invested by Nobil, its size varies. Initially, it was provided in crowns, the first amount was 150 thousand. Now the size of the Nobel Prize has increased significantly and is awarded in US dollars. In recent years it has been about a million. As soon as the money in the fund runs out, the bonus will disappear. The Nobel prize initially amounted to almost 32 million Swedish kronor, so, taking into account successful investments, it has only increased over the years. However, recently interest has not made it possible to achieve a positive budget - the costs of the prize, the ceremony and the maintenance of the administration are too high. Several years ago, it was decided to reduce the size of the Nobel Prize in order to ensure the stability of the fund in the future. The administration is doing everything possible to maintain it as long as possible.

Family scandal

If history had gone differently, this prize might never have been born. The Nobel prize turned out to be so large that relatives could not come to terms with its loss. After the death of the inventor, one of the other began legal proceedings in which attempts were made to challenge the will. Nobel owned a mansion in Nice and a house in Paris, laboratories in Russia, Finland, Italy, Germany and England, many workshops and factories. All the heirs wanted to divide it among themselves. However, the Storting decided to recognize the will. The deceased's attorneys sold his property, and the timing and amount of the Nobel Prize were approved. The relatives received the sum of two million.

Foundation establishment

The Nobel Prize, whose history began with a scandal, was first awarded only when the Royal Council met on June 29, 1900, at which all the details were considered and the official fund was approved. Part of the money was used to purchase the building in which it is located. The first award ceremony was held in December 1901. The size of the Nobel Prize of one hundred and fifty thousand was the first and most modest. In 1968, the Swedish Bank proposed to nominate specialists in the field of economics. for this area are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It was first awarded in 1969.

Rules for the ceremony

The will indicated only the size of the Nobel Prize and the sciences for which scientists should be recognized for their achievements. The rules of conduct and selection had to be drawn up by the fund administration. They were developed at the beginning of the twentieth century and have remained virtually unchanged since then. According to the rules, the prize can be awarded to several people, but there cannot be more than three. If the nominee died at the time of the December ceremony but was alive when nominations were announced in October, he will receive the amount posthumously. The Nobel Foundation does not award prizes, entrusting this to special committees for each area. Their members can seek help from scientists from different scientific fields. The prize in the field of literature is given by the best specialists in linguistics. The laureate in the peace category is chosen with the consultation of scientists in the field of philosophy, law, political science, history, and is invited for discussion. Sometimes a specialist can personally propose a candidate. This right belongs to the laureates of previous years and members of the Swedish Academies of Sciences. All nominations are approved by February 1 of the year in which the award will be held. Until September, each proposal is evaluated and discussed. Thousands of specialists may be involved in the process. When preparations are complete, the committees send approved nominations to the official Nobel Prize scientists, who will make the final decision. In the field of physics, chemistry and economic sciences, the main ones are groups of representatives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, each of which has twenty-five people. Fifty participants from the Karolinska Institutet practice medicine. Literature - eighteen scientists from the Swedish Academy. The Peace Prize is awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. In October, the last statement is made, which is announced at a press conference in Stockholm to the whole world, accompanied by comments on the reasons for each decision. By December 10, the laureates and their families are invited to a ceremony.

Nobel Laureate Medal.

What is the Nobel Prize, why is it awarded and what is the history of its origin? These questions involuntarily arise when every year we hear and read in the media the names of the next Nobel Prize winners. Let's try to answer all these questions.

From the history

The prize was established by Alfred Nobel. It began to be awarded in 1901.

The ceremonies are held annually on December 10, with prizes for achievements in five sciences being awarded in Sweden, in Stockholm, and for strengthening peace in Norway, in Oslo.

Special commissions created in Sweden and Norway annually select applicants for this award.

The bonus amounts are impressive. They change slightly every year, but are always above 1 million US dollars.

There is a special ceremony for presenting the Nobel Prizes. It consists of three parts: the awards ceremony, the dinner and the Nobel concert, which is considered one of the main musical events of the year.

Who is Alfred Nobel

A. Nobel is from Sweden. He was a scientist, engaged in research in the field of chemistry, was an engineer and inventor.

Since 1984, Nobel became the owner of one of the largest arms production concerns - Bofors. He made many inventions in the military field, one of them was dynamite.

In 1888, a curious incident occurred in Nobel’s life. His brother died, but the press mistakenly wrote an obituary about Alfred Nobel, and not a very pleasant one at that. The obituary itself had the title: “The Merchant of Death is Dead.”

Nobel did not want to remain in people's memory in this capacity. And then he decided to leave his famous will (Nobel compiled it in 1895, two years before his death). He bequeathed his entire capital to the foundation, which will annually reward outstanding achievements in five areas of knowledge and in strengthening peace.

What are Nobel Prizes awarded for?

Prizes are awarded for outstanding achievements, for contributions to the development of the following sciences:

chemistry

Medicine

physicists

literature

Economics

For strengthening peace on Earth.

Thus, the Nobel Prizes are prestigious awards for the talent, hard work, and creativity of great figures - scientific, social, political. In Russia, many prominent people have been awarded this prize. At the moment there are 21 of them. You can read about them in a special article on this website: