Newton's gravitational constant. Gravitational constant measured using new methods

G= 6.67430(15) 10 −11 m 3 s −2 kg −1, or N m² kg −2.

The gravitational constant is the basis for converting other physical and astronomical quantities, such as the masses of the planets in the Universe, including the Earth, as well as other cosmic bodies, into traditional units of measurement, such as kilograms. Moreover, due to the weakness of gravitational interaction and the resulting low accuracy of measurements of the gravitational constant, the mass ratios of cosmic bodies are usually known much more accurately than individual masses in kilograms.

The gravitational constant is one of the basic units of measurement in the Planck system of units.

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✪ SCIENTISTS HAVE BEEN FOOLING US FROM BIRTH. 7 Seditious FACTS ABOUT GRAVITY. EXPOSING THE LIES OF NEWTON AND PHYSICISTS

✪ The Cavendish Experience (1985)

✪ Lesson 63. Overload. Body weight at the pole and equator

✪ Cavendish experience

✪ Lesson 52. Mass and its measurement. Force. Newton's second law. Resultant.

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7 seditious facts about gravity we all studied the law of universal gravitation in school but what do we really know about gravity besides the information put into our heads by school teachers let's update our knowledge 1 law of universal gravitation everyone knows the famous parable about the apple that fell on Newton's head well the fact is that Newton did not discover the law of universal gravitation, since this law is simply absent from his books, the mathematical principles of natural philosophy, in this work there is not a formula or formulation, which anyone can see for himself; moreover, the first mention of the gravitational constant appears only in the nineteenth century, accordingly, the formula could not have appeared earlier; by the way, the coefficient g, which reduces the result of calculations by 600 billion times, has no physical meaning and was introduced to hide the contradictions of all known fundamental constants, it is the numerical value of the gravitational constant that is determined with the least accuracy, although the importance of this value is difficult to overestimate all attempts to clarify the exact value of this constant were unsuccessful and all measurements remained in too large a range of possible values. The fact that the accuracy of the numerical value of the gravitational constant still does not exceed 1 five thousandth was now defined by the editor of the journal as a stain of shame on the face of physics in the early 80s. In the 1980s, Frank Stacey and his colleagues measured this constant in deep mines and boreholes in Australia and the value they obtained was approximately one percent higher than the official value. The currently accepted second laboratory confirmation is believed that Cavendish 1 demonstrated gravitational attraction in laboratory dummy using a horizontal torsion balance. a rocker with weights at the ends suspended on a thin string, the rocker could be rotated on a thin wire, according to the official version, Cavendish brought the temple of sla with a weight closer to a pair of blanks of one hundred and fifty-eight kilograms on opposite sides and the rocker turned at a small angle, however, the experimental methodology was incorrect and the results were falsified, which is convincing proven by the physicist Andrei Albertovich Grisha and you Cavendish spent a long time reworking and adjusting the installation so that the results fit the average density of the earth expressed by Newton; the methodology of the experiment itself involved the movement of the blanks several times and the reason for turning the rocker arm was micro vibrations from the movement of the blanks which were transmitted to the suspension; this is confirmed by the fact that such a simple an installation for educational purposes should be installed, if not in every school, then at least in the physics departments of universities in order to show students in practice the result of the law of universal gravitation, however, the Cavendish installation is not used in educational programs and schoolchildren and students take their word for it that 2 blanks attract each other friend third strangeness of the moon if you substitute reference data on the earth, moon and sun into the formula of the law of universal gravitation, then at the moment when the moon flies between the earth and the sun, for example at the moment of a solar eclipse, the force of attraction between the sun and the moon is more than twice as high as between the earth and the moon according to the formula, the moon should begin to revolve around the sun with the orbit of the earth; the moon, among other things, does not exhibit its attractive properties in relation to the earth; the steam; the earth; the moon does not move around the common center of mass, as it would be according to the law of universal gravitation; and the ellipsoidal orbit of the earth, contrary to this law, does not becomes zigzag, moreover, the parameters of the orbit of the moon itself do not remain constant, the orbit, according to scientific terminology, evolves and does this contrary to the law of universal gravitation, how can you say that, even schoolchildren know about the ocean tides on earth that occur due to the attraction of water to the sun and moon, according to theory the gravity of the moon forms a tidal ellipsoid in the ocean with 2 tidal humps that, due to daily rotation, move across the surface of the earth; however, practice shows the absurdity of these theories because, according to them, a tidal hump 1 meter high in six hours should move through the Drake Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic oceans because water If the mass of water is incompressible, it would raise the level to a height of about ten meters, which does not happen in practice, in practice, tidal phenomena occur autonomously in areas of 1000 to 2000 kilometers. Laplace was also amazed by the paradox of why in the seaports of France full water occurs consistently, although according to the concept of the tidal ellipsoid it should occur there at the same time the fourth dimension of gravity the principle of measuring gravity is simple grabbe miters measure the vertical components of the deviation from the weight shows the horizontal components the first attempt to test the theory of mass gravity was made by the British in the mid-18th century on the shores of the Indian Ocean where, on one side, there is the highest in the world

Measurement history

The gravitational constant appears in the modern notation of the law of universal gravitation, but was absent explicitly from Newton and the works of other scientists until the beginning of the 19th century. The gravitational constant in its current form was first introduced into the law of universal gravitation, apparently, only after the transition to a unified metric system of measures. Perhaps this was first done by the French physicist Poisson in his “Treatise on Mechanics” (1809), at least no earlier works in which the gravitational constant would appear have been identified by historians [ ] .

G= 6.67554(16) × 10 −11 m 3 s −2 kg −1 (standard relative error 25 ppm (or 0.0025%), the original published value differed slightly from the final value due to a calculation error and was later corrected by the authors).

Quantum relativistic formulation of the gravitational constant

In 1922, Chicago physicist Arthur Lunn ( Arthur C. Lunn) considered a possible connection between the gravitational constant and the fine structure constant through the relation G m e 2 e 2 = α 17 2048 π 6 , (\displaystyle (\frac (G(m_(e))^(2))(e^(2)))=(\frac (\alpha ^(17) )(2048\pi ^(6))),) where is the mass of the electron, e (\displaystyle e)- electron charge. Taking into account the modern approach to determining the intensities of interactions, this formula should be written in the following form:

G = 3 α 18 ℏ c m p a 2 , (\displaystyle G=(\sqrt (3))\alpha ^(18)(\frac (\hbar c)(m_(pa)^(2))),)

Where ℏ = h / 2 π (\displaystyle \hbar =h/2\pi )- Dirac constant (or reduced Planck constant), c (\displaystyle c)- the speed of light in vacuum, - the cosmological constant - the added mass of the proton. To get the exact value G (\displaystyle G) we believe m p a = 1.68082 ∗ 10 − 27 (\displaystyle m_(pa)=1.68082*10^(-27)), i.e. meaning m p a (\displaystyle m_(pa)) is only 9 electron masses greater than the mass of a proton.

So instead of G (\displaystyle G) a physically meaningful cosmological constant is introduced m p a (\displaystyle m_(pa)). The simplest interpretation is: the added mass of the proton m p a (\displaystyle m_(pa)) equal to the mass of a proton m p (\displaystyle m_(p)) and electron mass m e (\displaystyle m_(e))(i.e. the mass of a hydrogen atom), and their total kinetic energy is equal to 4 Mev (the mass of eight electrons). Stated this way, Newton's law tells us that, to a first approximation, the Universe consists primarily of hot hydrogen. As a second approximation, it should be taken into account that there are at least 20 billion photons per nucleon.

see also

Notes

1. In the general theory of relativity, notations using the letter G, are rarely used, since there this letter is usually used to denote the Einstein tensor.
2. By definition, the masses included in this equation are gravitational masses, but discrepancies between the magnitude of the gravitational and inertial mass of any body have not yet been discovered experimentally. Theoretically, within the framework of modern ideas, they are unlikely to differ. This has generally been the standard assumption since Newton's time.
3. New measurements of the gravitational constant confuse the situation even more // Elements.ru, 09.13.2013
4. CODATA Internationally recommended values of the Fundamental Physical Constants(English) . Retrieved May 20, 2019.
5. Different authors indicate different results, from 6.754⋅10−11 m²/kg² to (6.60 ± 0.04)⋅10−11 m³/(kg·s³) - see Cavendish experiment#Calculated value.
6. Igor Ivanov. New measurements of the gravitational constant further confuse the situation (undefined) (September 13, 2013). Retrieved September 14, 2013.
7. Is the gravitational constant constant? Archived copy dated July 14, 2014 on Wayback Machine Science news on the portal cnews.ru // publication dated September 26, 2002
8. Brooks, Michael Can Earth s magnetic field sway gravity? (undefined) . NewScientist (21 September 2002). [Archived copy on Wayback Machine Archived] February 8, 2011.
9. Eroshenko Yu. N.

After studying a physics course, students are left with all sorts of constants and their meanings in their heads. The topic of gravity and mechanics is no exception. Most often, they cannot answer the question of what value the gravitational constant has. But they will always answer unequivocally that it is present in the law of universal gravitation.

From the history of the gravitational constant

It is interesting that Newton's works do not contain such a value. It appeared in physics much later. To be more specific, only at the beginning of the nineteenth century. But that doesn't mean it didn't exist. Scientists just haven’t defined it and haven’t found out its exact meaning. By the way, about the meaning. The gravitational constant is constantly being refined because it is a decimal fraction with a large number of digits after the decimal point, preceded by a zero.

It is precisely the fact that this quantity takes such a small value that explains the fact that the effect of gravitational forces is imperceptible on small bodies. It’s just that because of this multiplier, the force of attraction turns out to be negligibly small.

For the first time, the value that the gravitational constant takes was established experimentally by physicist G. Cavendish. And this happened in 1788.

His experiments used a thin rod. It was suspended on a thin copper wire and was about 2 meters long. Two identical lead balls with a diameter of 5 cm were attached to the ends of this rod. Large lead balls were installed next to them. Their diameter was already 20 cm.

When the large and small balls came together, the rod rotated. This spoke of their attraction. Based on the known masses and distances, as well as the measured twisting force, it was possible to determine quite accurately what the gravitational constant is equal to.

It all started with the free fall of bodies

If you place bodies of different masses into a void, they will fall at the same time. Provided they fall from the same height and start at the same point in time. It was possible to calculate the acceleration with which all bodies fall to the Earth. It turned out to be approximately 9.8 m/s 2 .

Scientists have found that the force with which everything is attracted to the Earth is always present. Moreover, this does not depend on the height to which the body moves. One meter, a kilometer or hundreds of kilometers. No matter how far away the body is, it will be attracted to the Earth. Another question is how will its value depend on distance?

It was this question that the English physicist I. Newton found the answer to.

Decrease in the force of attraction of bodies as they move away

To begin with, he put forward the assumption that gravity is decreasing. And its value is inversely related to the distance squared. Moreover, this distance must be counted from the center of the planet. And carried out theoretical calculations.

Then this scientist used astronomers’ data on the movement of the Earth’s natural satellite, the Moon. Newton calculated the acceleration with which it revolves around the planet, and obtained the same results. This testified to the veracity of his reasoning and made it possible to formulate the law of universal gravitation. The gravitational constant was not yet in his formula. At this stage it was important to identify the dependency. Which is what was done. The force of gravity decreases in inverse proportion to the squared distance from the center of the planet.

Towards the law of universal gravitation

Newton continued his thoughts. Since the Earth attracts the Moon, it itself must be attracted to the Sun. Moreover, the force of such attraction must also obey the law described by him. And then Newton extended it to all bodies of the universe. Therefore, the name of the law includes the word “worldwide”.

The forces of universal gravity of bodies are defined as proportionally depending on the product of masses and inverse to the square of the distance. Later, when the coefficient was determined, the formula of the law took on the following form:

• F t = G (m 1 * x m 2) : r 2.

It introduces the following notations:

The formula for the gravitational constant follows from this law:

• G = (F t X r 2) : (m 1 x m 2).

The value of the gravitational constant

Now it's time for specific numbers. Since scientists are constantly refining this value, different numbers have been officially adopted in different years. For example, according to data for 2008, the gravitational constant is 6.6742 x 10 -11 Nˑm 2 /kg 2. Three years passed and the constant was recalculated. Now the gravitational constant is 6.6738 x 10 -11 Nˑm 2 /kg 2. But for schoolchildren, when solving problems, it is permissible to round it up to this value: 6.67 x 10 -11 Nˑm 2 /kg 2.

What is the physical meaning of this number?

If you substitute specific numbers into the formula given for the law of universal gravitation, you will get an interesting result. In the particular case, when the masses of the bodies are equal to 1 kilogram, and they are located at a distance of 1 meter, the gravitational force turns out to be equal to the very number that is known for the gravitational constant.

That is, the meaning of the gravitational constant is that it shows with what force such bodies will be attracted at a distance of one meter. The number shows how small this force is. After all, it is ten billion less than one. It's impossible to even notice it. Even if the bodies are magnified a hundred times, the result will not change significantly. It will still remain much less than one. Therefore, it becomes clear why the force of attraction is noticeable only in those situations if at least one body has a huge mass. For example, a planet or a star.

How is the gravitational constant related to the acceleration of gravity?

If you compare two formulas, one of which is for the force of gravity, and the other for the law of gravity of the Earth, you can see a simple pattern. The gravitational constant, the mass of the Earth and the square of the distance from the center of the planet form a coefficient that is equal to the acceleration of gravity. If we write this down as a formula, we get the following:

• g = (G x M) : r 2 .

Moreover, it uses the following notation:

By the way, the gravitational constant can also be found from this formula:

• G = (g x r 2) : M.

If you need to find out the acceleration of gravity at a certain height above the surface of the planet, then the following formula will be useful:

• g = (G x M) : (r + n) 2, where n is the height above the Earth’s surface.

Problems that require knowledge of the gravitational constant

Task one

Condition. What is the acceleration of gravity on one of the planets of the solar system, for example, on Mars? It is known that its mass is 6.23 10 23 kg, and the radius of the planet is 3.38 10 6 m.

Solution. You need to use the formula that was written down for the Earth. Just substitute the values ​​given in the problem into it. It turns out that the acceleration of gravity will be equal to the product of 6.67 x 10 -11 and 6.23 x 10 23, which then needs to be divided by the square of 3.38 x 10 6. The numerator gives the value 41.55 x 10 12. And the denominator will be 11.42 x 10 12. The powers will cancel, so to answer you just need to find out the quotient of two numbers.

Answer: 3.64 m/s 2.

Task two

Condition. What needs to be done with bodies to reduce their force of attraction by 100 times?

Solution. Since the mass of bodies cannot be changed, the force will decrease due to their distance from each other. A hundred is obtained by squaring 10. This means that the distance between them should become 10 times greater.

Answer: move them away to a distance 10 times greater than the original one.

Newton's gravitational constant was measured using atomic interferometry methods. The new technique is free from the disadvantages of purely mechanical experiments and may soon make it possible to study the effects of general relativity in the laboratory.

Fundamental physical constants such as the speed of light c, gravitational constant G, fine structure constant α, electron mass, and others, play an extremely important role in modern physics. A significant part of experimental physics is devoted to measuring their values ​​as accurately as possible and checking whether they change in time and space. Even the slightest suspicion of the instability of these constants can give rise to a whole stream of new theoretical studies and a revision of generally accepted principles of theoretical physics. (See the popular article by J. Barrow and J. Web, Variable Constants // In the World of Science, September 2005, as well as a selection of scientific articles devoted to the possible variability of interaction constants.)

Most of the fundamental constants are known today with extremely high accuracy. Thus, the electron mass is measured with an accuracy of 10 -7 (that is, a hundred thousandth of a percent), and the fine structure constant α, which characterizes the strength of electromagnetic interaction, is measured with an accuracy of 7 × 10 -10 (see the note The fine structure constant has been refined). In light of this, it may seem surprising that the value of the gravitational constant, which is included in the law of universal gravitation, is known with an accuracy worse than 10 -4, that is, one hundredth of a percent.

This state of affairs reflects the objective difficulties of gravitational experiments. If you try to determine G from the motion of planets and satellites, it is necessary to know the masses of the planets with high accuracy, but they are poorly known. If you conduct a mechanical experiment in a laboratory, for example, measure the force of attraction of two bodies with an accurately known mass, then such a measurement will have large errors due to the extreme weakness of gravitational interaction.

To explain the observed evolution of the Universe within the framework of existing theories, we have to assume that some fundamental constants are more constant than others

Among the fundamental physical constants - the speed of light, Planck's constant, charge and mass of the electron - the gravitational constant stands somehow apart. Even the history of its measurement is presented in the famous encyclopedias Britannica and Larousse, not to mention the "Physical Encyclopedia", with errors. From the relevant articles in them, the reader learns that its numerical value was first determined in precision experiments in 1797–1798 by the famous English physicist and chemist Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), Duke of Devonshire. In fact, Cavendish measured the average density of the Earth (his data, by the way, differs by only half a percent from the results of modern research). Having information about the density of the Earth, we can easily calculate its mass, and knowing the mass, determine the gravitational constant.

The intrigue is that at the time of Cavendish the concept of a gravitational constant did not yet exist, and the law of universal gravitation was not customary to be written in the form familiar to us. Let us recall that the gravitational force is proportional to the product of the masses of gravitating bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between these bodies, while the coefficient of proportionality is precisely the gravitational constant. This form of writing Newton's law appears only in the 19th century. And the first experiments in which the gravitational constant was measured were carried out already at the end of the century - in 1884.

As Russian science historian Konstantin Tomilin notes, the gravitational constant differs from other fundamental constants also in that the natural scale of any physical quantity is not associated with it. At the same time, the speed of light determines the maximum value of speed, and Planck's constant determines the minimum change in action.

And only in relation to the gravitational constant was it hypothesized that its numerical value may change with time. This idea was first formulated in 1933 by the English astrophysicist Edward Milne (Edward Arthur Milne, 1896–1950), and in 1937 by the famous English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac (1902–1984), within the framework of the so-called “large number hypothesis” , suggested that the gravitational constant decreases with the passage of cosmological time. The Dirac hypothesis occupies an important place in the history of theoretical physics of the twentieth century, but no more or less reliable experimental confirmation of it is known.

Directly related to the gravitational constant is the so-called "cosmological constant", which first appeared in the equations of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. Having discovered that these equations described either an expanding or contracting universe, Einstein artificially added a “cosmological term” to the equations, which ensured the existence of stationary solutions. Its physical meaning boiled down to the existence of a force that compensates for the forces of universal gravity and manifests itself only on very large scales. The inconsistency of the model of a stationary Universe became obvious to Einstein after the publication of the works of the American astronomer Edwin Hubble (Edwin Powell Hubble, 1889–1953) and the Soviet mathematician Alexander Friedman, who proved the validity of a different model, according to which the Universe is expanding in time. In 1931, Einstein abandoned the cosmological constant, calling it in a private conversation “the greatest mistake of his life.”

The story, however, did not end there. After it was established that the expansion of the Universe has been accelerating for the last five billion years, the question of the existence of antigravity again became relevant; along with it, the cosmological constant also returned to cosmology. At the same time, modern cosmologists associate antigravity with the presence of so-called “dark energy” in the Universe.

Both the gravitational constant, the cosmological constant, and "dark energy" were the subject of intense discussion at a recent conference at London Imperial College on unresolved problems in the standard model of cosmology. One of the most radical hypotheses was formulated in a report by Philip Mannheim, a particle physicist at the University of Connecticut in Storrs. In fact, Mannheim proposed depriving the gravitational constant of its status as a universal constant. According to his hypothesis, the “table value” of the gravitational constant was determined in a laboratory located on Earth, and it can only be used within the Solar System. On a cosmological scale, the gravitational constant has a different, significantly smaller numerical value, which can be calculated using the methods of elementary particle physics.

In presenting his hypothesis to his colleagues, Mannheim first of all sought to bring closer the solution to the “problem of the cosmological constant”, which was very relevant for cosmology. The essence of this problem is as follows. According to modern concepts, the cosmological constant characterizes the rate of expansion of the Universe. Its numerical value, found theoretically by quantum field theory methods, is 10,120 times higher than that obtained from observations. The theoretical value of the cosmological constant is so great that with the corresponding expansion rate of the Universe, stars and galaxies simply would not have time to form.

Mannheim justifies his hypothesis about the existence of two different gravitational constants - for the solar system and for intergalactic scales - as follows. According to him, what is actually determined in observations is not the cosmological constant itself, but a certain quantity proportional to the product of the cosmological constant and the gravitational constant. Let us assume that on an intergalactic scale the gravitational constant is very small, and the value of the cosmological constant corresponds to the calculated value and is very large. In this case, the product of two constants may well be small, which does not contradict observations. “Perhaps it’s time to stop thinking of the cosmological constant as small,” Mannheim says, “and just accept that it’s large and go from there.” In this case, the “cosmological constant problem” is solved.

Mannheim's proposed solution looks simple, but the price to pay for it is very high. As Zeeya Merali notes in the article “Two constants are better than one,” published by New scientist on April 28, 2007, by introducing two different numerical values ​​for the gravitational constant, Mannheim inevitably must abandon the equations of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. In addition, the Mannheim hypothesis makes the idea of ​​“dark energy” accepted by most cosmologists redundant, since a small value of the gravitational constant on cosmological scales is in itself equivalent to the assumption of the existence of antigravity.

Keith Horne from the British University of St. Andrew (University of St Andrew) welcomes Mannheim's hypothesis because it uses fundamental principles of particle physics: "It's very elegant and it would be wonderful if it were correct." According to Horn, in this case we could combine particle physics and gravity into one very attractive theory.

But not everyone agrees with her. New Scientist also cites the opinion of cosmologist Tom Shanks that some phenomena that fit very well into the standard model - for example, recent measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the movements of double pulsars - are unlikely to be as easily explained in Mannheim's theory.

Mannheim himself does not deny the problems that his hypothesis faces, noting that he considers them much less significant in comparison with the difficulties of the standard cosmological model: “It is being developed by hundreds of cosmologists, and yet it is unsatisfactory by 120 orders of magnitude.”

It should be noted that Mannheim found a number of supporters who supported him in order to rule out the worst. To the worst, they attributed the hypothesis put forward in 2006 by Paul Steinhardt from Princeton University and Neil Turok from Cambridge University, according to which the Universe is periodically born and disappears, and in each of the cycles ( lasting a trillion years) there is a Big Bang, and in each cycle the numerical value of the cosmological constant turns out to be less than in the previous one. The extremely insignificant value of the cosmological constant, recorded in observations, then means that our Universe is a very distant link in a very long chain of emerging and disappearing worlds...

Measurement history

The gravitational constant appears in the modern notation of the law of universal gravitation, but was absent explicitly from Newton and the work of other scientists until the beginning of the 19th century. The gravitational constant in its current form was first introduced into the law of universal gravitation, apparently, only after the transition to a unified metric system of measures. Perhaps this was first done by the French physicist Poisson in his “Treatise on Mechanics” (1809), at least no earlier works in which the gravitational constant would appear have been identified by historians. In 1798, Henry Cavendish conducted an experiment to determine the average density of the Earth using a torsion balance invented by John Michell (Philosophical Transactions 1798). Cavendish compared the pendulum oscillations of a test body under the influence of the gravity of balls of known mass and under the influence of the Earth's gravity. The numerical value of the gravitational constant was calculated later on the basis of the average density of the Earth. Measured value accuracy G since the time of Cavendish, it has increased, but his result was already quite close to the modern one.

see also

Notes

Links

• Gravitational constant- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

• Darwin (space project)
• Fast neutron multiplication factor

See what “Gravitational constant” is in other dictionaries:

GRAVITATION CONSTANT- (gravity constant) (γ, G) universal physical. constant included in the formula (see) ... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia

GRAVITATION CONSTANT- (denoted by G) proportionality coefficient in Newton’s law of gravitation (see Universal law of gravity), G = (6.67259.0.00085).10 11 N.m²/kg² … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

GRAVITATION CONSTANT- (designation G), coefficient of Newton's law of GRAVITY. Equal to 6.67259.10 11 N.m2.kg 2 ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

GRAVITATION CONSTANT- fundamental physics constant G, included in Newton's law of gravity F=GmM/r2, where m and M are the masses of attracting bodies (material points), r is the distance between them, F is the force of attraction, G= 6.6720(41)X10 11 N m2 kg 2 (as of 1980). The most accurate value of G. p.... ... Physical encyclopedia

gravitational constant- - Topics oil and gas industry EN gravitational constant ... Technical Translator's Guide

gravitational constant- gravitacijos konstanta statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: engl. gravity constant; gravity constant vok. Gravitations konstante, f rus. gravitational constant, f; constant of universal gravitation, f pranc. constante de la gravitation, f … Fizikos terminų žodynas

gravitational constant- (denoted by G), the proportionality coefficient in Newton’s law of gravitation (see Law of Universal Gravitation), G = (6.67259 + 0.00085)·10 11 N·m2/kg2. * * * GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT (denoted by G), coefficient... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

GRAVITATION CONSTANT- gravity constant, universal. physical constant G, included in the flu, expressing Newton’s law of gravity: G = (6.672 59 ± 0.000 85) * 10 11 N * m2 / kg2 ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

Gravitational constant- coefficient of proportionality G in the formula expressing Newton’s law of gravitation F = G mM / r2, where F is the force of attraction, M and m are the masses of attracting bodies, r is the distance between the bodies. Other designations for G. p.: γ or f (less often k2). Numeric... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

GRAVITATION CONSTANT- (denoted by G), coefficient. proportionality in Newton's law of gravitation (see Universal gravitation law), G = (6.67259±0.00085) x 10 11 N x m2/kg2 ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• The Universe and physics without “dark energy” (discoveries, ideas, hypotheses). In 2 volumes. Volume 1, O. G. Smirnov. The books are devoted to problems of physics and astronomy that have existed in science for tens and hundreds of years from G. Galileo, I. Newton, A. Einstein to the present day. The smallest particles of matter and planets, stars and...