Tactics of the Napoleonic army. Battle formations of the French troops

The theory and practice of warfare in the 18th-19th centuries, based on the use of a combat formation, which combines battalion columns of line infantry, operating with the support of light infantry (chasseurs) in loose formation. At the same time, the cavalry units and artillery were given the function of reinforcing and supporting the actions of infantry formations.

Tactics of columns and loose formation dominated the battlefields for nearly a century.

Story

Tactics of columns and loose formation originated in the Russian army during the Seven Years' War and was first used on the battlefield by Lieutenant General P. A. Rumyantsev during the siege of the Prussian fortress Kolberg in 1761. A. V. Suvorov had a significant influence on its theoretical development and implementation in practice. During the revolutionary wars in France at the end of the 18th century, the recognition and spread of in Western countries. It received its final development and design under the influence of the combat experience of the Napoleonic wars. A classic example of its use was the Battle of Borodino during Napoleon's invasion of the Russian Empire in 1812. During this battle, the order of battle of the Russian army included advanced skirmish lines, two lines of infantry columns, two lines of cavalry, and a reserve.

However, in the second half of the 19th century there was a qualitative leap in the firepower of infantry weapons and artillery. During the Crimean War of 1853-1856, the dense fire of the Anglo-French units, armed with rapid-fire rifles, quickly dispersed the Russian columns; which at first were forced to spontaneously crumble into rifle chains. Then the process of deploying dense columns into rare chains of shooters became organized in order to minimize their own losses from rifle and artillery fire when approaching the enemy for a bayonet attack.

In the west, this process was repeated during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. In the Russian army, the final rejection of the obsolete tactics of columns and loose formation took place during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. However, individual elements of this tactic lasted until the end of the 19th century, until the improvement of fire weapons made their use catastrophic.

For changing tactics of columns and loose formation came tactical formations in the form of rifle chains

Description

In accordance with the new tactics, the infantry began to be subdivided into linear infantry for operations in columns, and light infantry, to support columns in loose formation. The basis of the battle formation was two or three lines of battalion columns of linear infantry. Regimental artillery positions were established between the columns, field gun positions were placed on the flanks and in front of the main forces. Cavalry units were located behind the main forces and on the flanks. The reserve units were considered the most important element of the battle formation, which supported and consolidated success in the offensive, and were engaged in the elimination of crisis situations in the defense.

In front of the main forces, at a distance of several hundred meters, a loose formation of rangers advanced, whose task was to cover the main forces during the outbreak of the battle and, together with artillery, upset the enemy’s battle formation, thus creating favorable conditions for organizing an attack by columns of linear infantry. In the event of an unfortunate combination of circumstances during the attack, light infantry, together with the cavalry, provided an organized withdrawal of the main forces.

It is believed that the columnar formation of troops provided them with great power of the bayonet strike and allowed them to fight on any terrain, conduct maneuvers and orderly pursue the retreating enemy. Tactics of using columns and loose formation did not rule out an uneven distribution of forces along the front for the concentration of strike groups in key areas. Among its shortcomings, they point to the impossibility of combining fire and strike, since artillery was only engaged in preparing an attack by linear infantry, but could no longer provide direct support to it. In addition, a negative consequence of deep and dense battle formations was heavy losses in

“Oh, how this young Bonaparte walks! He is a hero, he is a miracle hero, he is a sorcerer!<...>

As soon as he embarked on the path of military leadership, he cut the Gordian knot of tactics.

Not caring about the number, he attacks the enemy everywhere and smashes him completely.

He knows the irresistible force of the onslaught - no more needed. His opponents will

to persist in their sluggish tactics, subordinated to armchair pens; and he has a military

advice in my head.<...>Here is my conclusion: as long as General Bonaparte maintains

presence of mind, he will be victorious.<...>But if, to his misfortune, he rushes

into a political whirlwind, if he betrays the unity of thought, he will perish!

Paradoxically, Napoleon himself brought little that was new to the art of war. The main ideas that distinguish Bonaparte as a commander originated in his head during his studies at the military school in Brienne, where he studied the experience of Frederick the Great from books, and also read the works of modern French military theorists who were looking for ways to fight the Prussians. But, borrowing other people's techniques, Napoleon had a brilliant ability to improvise in a constantly changing environment. Almost repeating the words of Suvorov, Napoleon said: "The main thing is to get into a fight, and then we'll see."

11 a.m. October 14, 1806. Auerstedt. The Prussian infantry has taken up defensive positions and is waiting for a French attack. A rumor has just passed - the commander-in-chief, the Duke of Brunswick, has been wounded. The soldiers clutch their guns as they watch the line of French light infantry approach. The faces of many are pale, their uniforms spattered with mud and the blood of their dead comrades - all morning they have been unsuccessfully attacking the village of Hassenhausen under the devastating fire of the French infantrymen who have settled among the houses and hedges. Prussian officers and non-commissioned officers carefully monitored that the companies kept the formation and fired according to all the rules of military science: lining up in a line of three ranks, approaching the enemy at a short distance and firing in volleys. So they won 50 years ago, under Frederick the Great. But now nothing worked. These French, whom the officers called nothing more than ragged sans-culottes, fought somehow not like that. They did everything against the rules - they fired from a distance, their voltigeurs surrounded the Prussian lines with a dense curtain, did not allow the Prussians to come closer and fire a concentrated salvo. French shots were snatched from the Prussian ranks one by one. The Prussians are good soldiers, they know it, they do not take courage, but, seeing how their ranks are thinning, they are no longer sure that they can stop these "ragamuffins".

Suddenly the chain of voltigeurs diverges to the sides, behind it a dense column of French infantry is shown. The Prussian infantrymen are tensely waiting for the command of the officers, taking their guns at the ready. The French are approaching to the beat of a drum, soon you will be able to see their faces. The command “Ready!” sounds, and the Prussians throw their guns up, cocking the hammers with fingers numb from the October wind. The French are getting closer, the officer shouts out a command - and the forest of guns descends, aimed at the French column. Swing a sword - and with a deafening roar a volley is heard, covering everything around. Fountains of flame fly out of the gun barrels, the French column is not visible in the bluish smoke, and only by the cries of the wounded does it become clear that the volley hit the target. Finally! Finally they do what they were taught! But the smoke clears, and it suddenly becomes clear that the French, ignoring the devastating volley, approached the Prussian line almost point-blank. Here they stop, and the Prussians realize with horror that the first line of the French opens fire - random, but no less deadly for this. The Prussian infantrymen fall as if they had been mowed down in the October mud, clutching their discharged guns. Suddenly the French stop firing and shouting Vive la France! rush into the center of the Prussian line, bristling with bayonets. In a matter of seconds, the line is pressed through and sags under the pressure of the enemy, who, it seems, did not notice the volley. The Prussians are trying to somehow keep the line, but the most frightened jump out of the line, throw their guns, run to the rear. A couple more minutes of fierce bayonet slaughter, and the entire Prussian line takes to flight ...

This episode of the battle of Jena and Auerstedt, as presented by the British historian David Chandler, clearly demonstrates the helplessness of linear tactics based on the concepts of Old Fritz, Frederick the Great, in front of the methods of the leading commander of that time - Napoleon Bonaparte.

The revolutionary wars of France, which gave the young artillery officer Napoleon Bonaparte the opportunity to prove himself, began in 1792. The armies of the French Republic, in contrast to the professional armies of Austria and Prussia, as well as the former royal army, consisted for the most part of volunteers - brave men who were sorely lacking in training.

The professionals of that time fought according to the canons of linear tactics, which consisted in deploying infantry battalions in a line and in conducting salvo fire on enemy units. Having caused significant damage with rifle fire, the battalions went on the attack, which rarely reached a bayonet fight - usually the enemy, unable to withstand heavy fire, rolled back on his own. In order to fight successfully in linear battle formations, a long and complex training of soldiers was required, which was precisely what the revolutionary armies did not have. The French generals were forced to seek opposition to linear tactics and invented the so-called battalion column. Due to the great depth of formation, the battalion column pierced the thin lines of battalions deployed in line, and was also less vulnerable to rifle fire from the front. The tactics of the soldiers of the revolution were simple: to get close to the minimum distance with the enemy, withstanding his fire, to answer with his own volley and then rush into the bayonet. This invariably worked against the Prussians and Austrians, but it required great courage and high morale, which the revolutionary soldiers had in abundance, which cannot be said about their opponents.

General Bonaparte skillfully combined linear battle formations with column tactics. He began to form columns from a larger number of formations, and actively used chains of light infantry to cover their deployment. The arrows, operating in chains, fired at the enemy’s linear formations, choosing officers and sergeants as their targets in the first place, in order to deprive the enemy of command and break his system. Then columns of line infantry appeared on the scene, breaking through enemy lines.

Images from the film by Sergei Bondarchuk "War and Peace".

1. Battalion square (left): enemy priority targets are hidden inside a living wall - a banner platoon, officers and musicians, without which control in the roar of battle is impossible

2. The battalion column is moving on the attack (right). In reality, the construction was much denser. In order not to get tired, the soldiers carried their guns on their shoulders until they entered the battle: the hammers were cocked only before the shot, even if the gun was loaded, so as not to weaken the lock spring. From the “on hand” position shown in the illustration, it is inconvenient to cock the trigger, since its spring is quite powerful.

An artilleryman by education, Napoleon quickly appreciated all the advantages that the massive use of guns gives. An integral part of his tactics was the use of colossal artillery batteries, numbering dozens, if not hundreds of guns. Few enemy were able to withstand the hurricane fire of so many guns. After a massive artillery preparation and a distracting flank maneuver, dense columns of infantry rushed into the center of the enemy army, wedging into the enemy's disordered battle formations, after which the cavalry rushed into the gap. Torn into two parts, the enemy army lost control, the soldiers and commanders were demoralized, losing the will to resist, and enemy formations either fled or were destroyed in parts.

However, Bonaparte did not stop at such a standard model. As the situation developed, so did the battle plan. A diversionary strike could become the main one, artillery was transferred from one sector of the front to another. This made Napoleon an extremely dangerous opponent, especially for the Prussian and Austrian generals, who were accustomed to detailed, unhurried maneuvers, long meetings and battles “by the rules”. Napoleon's victories made such a vivid impression that even his enemies tried to imitate him: his short hairstyle, borrowed from the tragedian Talma in the role of the tyrant-fighter Brutus, from about 1807 was forever established in all the armies of the world. It turned out to be more difficult to adopt the military art of Bonaparte.

No one before Napoleon formed such large-scale columns and collected so many infantry and cavalry in the direction of the main attack. In fact, Bonaparte created a huge living ram, which with its own mass pierced the enemy’s battle line.

But even such an indestructible force had a terrible enemy - artillery.

9 o'clock in the morning, August 26, 1812, Semyonovskie flushes. The yellow disk of the sun breaks through the gray veil of powder smoke. The Russian artillerymen crouched near their guns, watching through the embrasures how dense columns of enemy infantry were deployed in a wide, overgrown with high, unmowed grass space. Copper plaques sparkle in the sun, the wind sways multi-colored sultans. A young artillery lieutenant is studying the enemy through a telescope, leaning out almost halfway above the parapet. The gunners are ready and waiting for his command. "It's time guys! Pali!" - the officer shouts, and smoldering overcoats fall to the guns. Shots rumble and the cannons spit back in flames. Through a spyglass, you can see how the cannonballs, hitting the ground, raise fountains of dust and, ricocheting, fly further, crashing into a column of French infantry. Several people in the first line are blown clean, you can only see how the details of their ammunition scatter in all directions. The nuclei jump and jump like rubber balls, tearing off the legs, arms, heads of the French soldiers, making deep furrows in the columns from the dead and wounded. The French, struck by the cannonballs, fall as if they had been cut down, screaming in pain, shedding blood. Meanwhile, the gunners are rolling new charges into the barrels of their guns.

This description of the second attack on Bagration's flashes is reproduced from the memoirs of the Russian artilleryman Nikolai Lyubenkov, a participant in the Battle of Borodino. It would not be an exaggeration to say that cannons dominated the battlefields of those times. The range of a direct shot of the then ground guns rarely exceeded one and a half kilometers, but this did not make them any less formidable weapons. They did not act quite the way most of our contemporaries imagine. If today's gunners hit the target, achieving a direct hit on it by a projectile, then the gunners of the era of the Napoleonic Wars acted differently. They aimed their guns so that when fired, the cannonball hit the ground long before reaching the target, ricocheted like a stone thrown into water, and flew further in a large arc, sweeping away everything in its path. This allowed not only to increase the range of fire, but also to inflict significant losses on the enemy. Getting into the infantry formation, the core tore people in its path, tore off limbs and continued to jump further. The importance of ricochet shooting was so high that Napoleon postponed the start of the battle at Waterloo until the soil dries out, otherwise the firing of his artillery would be ineffective, the cannonballs would simply get stuck in the mud, not reaching the enemy. And on dry soil, even a stopped cannonball was dangerous: it still rotated by inertia and could tear off an arm or leg to anyone who touched it.

10 o'clock in the morning on August 26, 1812, between the village of Semyonovskoye and Kurgan height. The battalions of the Pernovsky regiment, built in columns, occupy the position intended for them. The soldiers were not yet in combat today, but they already saw an endless stream of wounded moving to the rear, to field hospitals. Everything around is drowning in a monstrous roar, the cannonballs are buzzing over the heads of the Russian infantrymen, some of the recruits crouches in fright, looking around. The soldiers are laughing: “What, are you bowing to the adversary?” Someone addresses the core, raising the shako: "Say hello back there!"

Suddenly, shouts are heard in the front ranks: “Brothers, cavalry!” Commands are not heard in the roar, but the non-commissioned officers begin to push the soldiers aside with the butts of their guns, shouts are heard: “In a square, in a square!” The battalion is being rebuilt, the head company is deployed in three lines, the other two are attached to its flanks, and the rear is built in the rear, forming a regular square - a square. It is located so that the corner is facing the front of the enemy - then the cavalry will not be able to break through it. In the center of the square, the battalion banner is lazily flapping, now fluttering, now curling up in a light breeze. The soldiers of the first ranks get on one knee, resting the butts of their rifles with fixed bayonets on the ground. In the rest of the ranks, without a command, they begin to load their guns - the soldiers do not need to be explained what to do when the cavalry appears. The command “Battle fire!” is passing along the ranks in a wave. This means that everyone can aim and shoot not on command, but at their own discretion. More and more cannonballs fly over the battalion, one of them passes very low, knocking the shako off the drummer. In the flank company it is not visible what is happening ahead, where the enemy should appear from, only one can hear how the rumble grows, the earth trembles under thousands of hooves - the enemy cavalry is approaching.

A young lieutenant in a cap, in a hurry, follows the line and repeats: “Brothers, let them come closer, let them come closer ...” The old gray-haired non-commissioned officer looks after him reproachfully: “It’s as if we don’t know ourselves!” The tramp of horses is getting closer, and even through the roar of gunfire, the sharp high notes of a cavalry trumpet break through. Somewhere from the other flank, a haze of shots appears, then the company from the front is also enveloped in smoke. The young soldiers are nervous, but noticing that the old soldiers are calm, they only tighten their grip on their guns. Suddenly, one rider with a pike in his hand appears near their bayonets, a second, a third ... Someone throws up a gun and shoots, the rider falls to one side with the horse. Immediately, the rumble of battle is blocked by the crackle of shots - the whole company begins to shoot at the approaching lancers, who, as if stumbling upon an invisible wall, suddenly fly out of their saddles or fall along with the horses. Some of the lancers are trying to get closer and get the infantrymen with a lance, but they pull him out of the saddle and finish him off with bayonets.

The cavalry has been spinning around the square for ten minutes now, trying to break through the formation, when suddenly Russian dragoons appear on the flank of the French, sparkling in the sun with copper helmets and steel broadswords. The lancers turn around and try to avoid the dragoons when one of the companies of the Pernovsky regiment begins to move. The infantrymen tilt their guns, and the line, exploding with cries of "Hurrah!", rushes to the lancers. The whole square rushes forward, a thunderous “hurray” is heard over the space littered with dead people and horses. Not reaching the fleeing cavalrymen with bayonets, the angry Pernovians begin to throw their guns at them like darts. The Lancers roll back in surprise and confusion.

This battle, known to us from the memoirs of the artilleryman Ilya Rodozhitsky, a participant in the Battle of Borodino, demonstrated how invulnerable to the attacking cavalry was the infantry, who managed to reorganize in a square in time.

The Russian infantry square was formed in the 18th century during clashes with the Turkish irregular cavalry - bashi-bazouks. The brave but poorly disciplined Turkish armies had something in common with the French. They taught the Russians to fast marches and long marches, and the threat to rear communications, which caused panic attacks in the Prussian or Austrian generals, was an everyday thing in the fight against the Turks. This Napoleon did not want to notice. In general, the main miscalculation of the great commander was that he denied the enemy the ability to learn.

However, in the Russian army of that time, everyone learned from mistakes, from junior officers to the emperor himself. Alexander I tried to lead the battle of Austerlitz, which led to fatal consequences. And a year and a half later, he already left the army at the complete disposal of the commander-in-chief Leonty Bennigsen and left for the capital, saying: "Do as you please." And Bennigsen on February 8, 1807, at Preussisch-Eylau, lined up his troops in columns, like the French. The commander of horse artillery, Alexander Kutaisov, unexpectedly for the enemy, assembled a battery of 36 guns in the sharpest direction, no less than the French "large batteries". And if at Austerlitz only the heroic counterattacks of the Russian guards saved the Allied army from complete annihilation, then the battle of Preussisch-Eylau ended in a draw. The steadfastness of the Russians in a bayonet battle impressed Napoleon, who said that it was not enough to kill a Russian soldier - you also had to knock him down.

The most disastrous for Bonaparte's tactics was the Battle of Borodino. Kutuzov took all possible measures to force Napoleon to act in a way that was most beneficial to the Russian troops. Relying on the natural terrain, which did not allow the enemy to organize a united front of attack, as well as on the system of earthen fortifications that provided cross artillery fire, the Russian army forced the French to storm its positions in the forehead, dooming the enemy to huge losses.

The result of the battle was ambiguous, however, Bonaparte failed to achieve the desired goal - to break through the Russian line and thereby defeat the enemy. The "big batteries", so beloved by Napoleon, had to be deployed under fire. The massive cavalry attacks did not help to break through - one after another they crashed against the walls of the bayonets of Russian infantry squares. Thus, Borodino became the first general battle during which Napoleon failed to fulfill any of his primary tasks. This battle was the beginning of the decline of his military star. On the Borodino field, the entire color of the Great Army fell. The loss of experienced soldiers and veterans was irreplaceable for Napoleon. Losses at Borodino were unprecedented, up to a third of each of the opposing armies. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the best military minds of Russia, analyzing the experience of past battles, came to the conclusion that the tactics used in the recent past require significant revision. Despite their effectiveness, the columns with each battle became more vulnerable to both rifle and artillery fire, although the weapons used themselves remained, in general, the same. The scale of wars has changed radically. If even in the 18th century the size of the army rarely exceeded 50,000-60,000 people, then in 1814 it was no longer just troops that fought, but, in fact, armed nations. The Allies in 1815 put up an unheard of number of soldiers against France - up to a million people. The density of fire on the battlefields increased, and the battalion columns began to suffer too heavy losses, before they even had time to get close to the enemy.

The value of a soldier who had been trained for years was too high to waste his life in vain. Having studied the experience of the campaigns of 1812-1814, Barclay de Tolly in 1818 proposed to Emperor Alexander I to replace the battalion columns on the battlefields with dense rifle chains, more mobile, more maneuverable and, most importantly, not such a good target. However, Barclay did not have time to implement such a radical change in tactics - he soon died. There was no other such far-sighted and influential commander in Russia, so the Russian infantry continued to be trained according to the old charters. The idea of ​​Barclay de Tolly was implemented by the British and French in the Crimean War, and it cost the Russian army dearly.

Rear Admiral Bradley Allen Fiske, the founder of American naval strategy of the 20th century, the "father" of naval aviation, at one time actually headed all the operational planning of the US Navy, led the modernization of the fleet and its preparation for war. In the book, he examines the principles of military art, paying particular attention to strategy, explaining the purpose of his work as the concentration of the necessary knowledge for the correct formation and training of the army and navy, managing them in order to protect his country in turbulent years and ensure the preservation of peaceful positions at any other time.

Chapter 13 NAPOLEON

NAPOLEON

On October 15, 1793, a young and ill-dressed captain of artillery vehemently opposed the plan for the expulsion of the British from the French city and harbor of Toulon, which was drawn up by an illustrious engineer and approved by the Committee for Fortifications. Instead, he proposed a much simpler plan, which was to set up some cannons at a point he would indicate on the shore of the harbor and force the British fleet to withdraw. He remarked that after the departure of the fleet, the English army would also have to leave, and that this result could be achieved without causing much damage to the city. His plan was eventually accepted and carried out. It was carried out mainly by the same artillery captain who drafted and proposed it, since it was he who installed the guns in the right place, and then directed their fire. His name was Napoleon Bonaparte.

In none of his later campaigns did Napoleon show a clearer vision of the problem before him, or more energy and courage in solving it, than in his first trial at Toulon, when he was only twenty-four years old and he was poor, inexperienced. and had no friends.

At Toulon, as later, he displayed the same rare combination of great imagination, enthusiasm and mathematical precision. He was a dreamer in Toulon, and remained so afterwards; but his dreams were not vague, or dreams of vague projects, or derived from vague knowledge. His dreams were clearly framed and based on accurate knowledge; they were aimed as definitely at the final result as the calculations of an engineer or the drawings of a draftsman.

The service he served in Toulon was so obvious and important that he was given the rank of brigadier general, and in the spring of 1794 he was sent to the army stationed in Italy to command artillery. That Italian contingent of troops was under the command of an old and incompetent general, but Bonaparte managed to get some of his proposals accepted, which brought some important successes. During his stay in Italy, he conceived a plan for a campaign to expel the Austrians from there and submitted it to the Committee of Public Safety in Paris. The committee rejected it then, but accepted it in its main outline later.

Around September 1794, Bonaparte went to Paris. At this time, the government of the republic was in a precarious position. At the beginning of October, the National Guard of 30,000 suddenly rose in revolt, threatening the government with death. In an emergency situation, Bonaparte was given command of all the troops, totaling 5,000 men, who were subordinate to the government; and with them he was to put down a rebellion of 30,000 guardsmen. With these 5,000 soldiers and 40 guns, which Bonaparte knew how to use, he dispersed the rebels after a short but energetic bombardment with large grapeshot at the cost of the lives of only 400 people.

It was a small war compared to the wars he fought later, but it was won thanks to the same thing as these wars - thanks to a quick but correct assessment of the situation, a quick and correct decision, and extraordinary swiftness of action. It was also won by thoroughness, and to use a modern colloquial expression, he "succeeded in the task." Napoleon, like any great strategist, understood that just fighting, just fighting, just working can be absolutely fruitless; in order to obtain convincing results, certain losses must be inflicted at a certain place and at a certain time for a certain purpose. He, like any great strategist, understood that his work could not be considered complete until everything that was necessary and possible was done. By the time Napoleon had finished with the National Guard mutiny, there was nothing else to do, and the mutiny was put down once and for all. It is often said that Napoleon ruined France. It should not be forgotten that in this case Napoleon saved France, and did so several times afterwards.

Since the state of affairs in northern Italy was very unsatisfactory due to the presence there of the combined forces of Austria and Piedmont (Sardinian kingdom) and due to the ineffective fighting against them by the general in command of the French army, Napoleon was sent to take his place and carry out the plan of action, which he initially submitted to the government. According to this plan, Jourdan and Moreau were to conduct military operations separately, but at the same time interacting, in Germany, while Napoleon was to separate the Austrians and Piedmontese in Italy, drive the Austrians out of it, pass through the Austrian Tyrol to Germany and join Moro and Jourdan to advance on Vienna.

Napoleon reached Nice on March 27, 1796, and found the French army highly dispersed, devoid of will, almost helpless (an exaggeration of the author. - Ed.), and its lines of communication with France, running along the Mediterranean coast parallel to those of the enemy, are vulnerable everywhere. He immediately delivered a persuasive speech to his soldiers, promising to immediately lead them to victory and meet all their needs. The soldiers of France were ardent patriots and were ready to endure all hardships and face all dangers, provided that they were led by an experienced commander. He responded immediately and sincerely to Napoleon's appeal.

To meet this enthusiastic army, led and inspired by the ardent but unmistakable genius of Napoleon, came the indecisive Austrian army under the command of an old, stupid and inactive general (Field Marshal Beaulieu, 1725-1819, had previously fought successfully against the French on several occasions. - Ed.). A natural result followed. April 12, two days after the Austrians descended from the Apennines, Napoleon defeated them in battle, and the next day he defeated the troops of Piedmont (Sardinian kingdom). Then there were several more decisive victories, after which the Sardinian king withdrew from the coalition against France and left the Austrians alone to fight Napoleon.

Napoleon immediately went on the offensive against the Austrians. On May 10, he appeared in front of the city of Lodi, which was held by 10,000 Austrians. To get to the city, he had to cross a bridge, which was defended by twenty artillery pieces; this crossing could have been prevented by the Austrians if they had been nimble enough. Napoleon turned out to be more agile than the Austrian general and crossed the bridge before the path was cut off; he himself went ahead, inspiring his soldiers by personal example. As a result, the French column rushed over the bridge, despite the terrible artillery fire, crushed the resistance and took the enemy batteries in a bayonet attack. The enemy immediately retreated to the east, and Napoleon entered Milan at the head of his victorious army.

In Milan, Napoleon Bonaparte immediately took over the affairs of state administration and tried to consolidate his gains. But the news of his success aroused the envy of the French government, which sent an order to Bonaparte to divide his army into two parts, transfer the command of one half to Kellermann, who was supposed to remain in Northern Italy and watch the Austrians, and Napoleon himself with the remaining half of the army to go to Rome, and then Naples. Seeing that the division of the army and the dispersion of forces would be suicidal, Napoleon resigned. While awaiting a response from the government, he made the decision to expel the Austrians from Italy, and to this end he immediately attacked them after addressing his soldiers with one of the most striking military proclamations in history. But on the day he left Milan, a mutiny arose in his rear, Pavia was captured, and its garrison was slaughtered. Without a moment's hesitation and without stopping the movement of his army, Napoleon Bonaparte hastened to Pavia with a small but sufficient detachment. At the head of this detachment, he broke open the gates, entered the city, gave it to his detachment for plunder, ordered the municipal officials to be shot, and immediately stopped the rebellion. In two other places he resorted to the same measures and achieved the same results.

The Austrians under Beaulieu now lined up across the river Mincio in a line running approximately north to south, facing west; on the right flank they had Lake Garda, and on the left - the fortress of Mantua. Since the enemy's flanks were thus protected, Napoleon struck in the center, making feints in the direction of his retreat. Remembering the terrible attack at Lodi, the Austrians very soon retreated, and the Austrian commander, fearing an attack on his communications, withdrew with his army across the Adige River. However, part of his left flank dispersed, and the remnants took refuge in Mantua. Napoleon immediately decided to lay siege to Mantua. While this city was held by a strong 13,000-strong army, Napoleon could not bypass it to go to Vienna, because then he would leave an armed enemy in his rear. Moreover, he could not rely on the support of the Italians who lived in the vicinity, because they understood the danger they would face if they took a side that might eventually fail.

In July, the Austrians sent an army of 60,000 men to help Mantua (43,000 - two columns, 18,000 and 25,000. - Ed.) under the command of General Wurmser. Against him, Napoleon had only 30,000 soldiers, 10,000 of whom were besieging 13,000 men at Mantua. He immediately lifted the siege and marched against the Austrians. They moved forward in two columns west and east of Lake Garda. Napoleon, having 30,000, attacked a weaker column (18,000 Austrians) and defeated it in the battles of July 31 - August 1, and then attacked a stronger one (about 25,000) and threw it back with the loss of 50 guns and 12,000 soldiers ( the Austrians lost 3,000 men and 20 guns, the French over 1,000 men. Ed.). Thus, Napoleon defeated (in parts) the army that went to the rescue of Mantua.

The following month, the second army under the command of the same Wurmser set out on a campaign - this time also in two columns. Napoleon again, on September 5 at Rovereto and September 8 at Bassano, defeated one column after another, but this time the defeated column under the command of Wurmser himself was forced to take refuge in Mantua, thereby adding to its garrison about 10,000 more mouths that needed was to feed. (At Rovereto, Davidovich's corps was defeated, 19,000, on which Napoleon's 33,000 fell. At Bassano, Wurmser himself was defeated (26,000). - Ed.)

Napoleon now insistently asked for more troops and guns, because he saw that Austria understood the need to raise the siege of Mantua. Six weeks later, Austria made its third and most determined attempt. Over a six-week period, Napoleon used all his talent as a statesman to spread the propaganda ideas of freedom in Italy. He opposed the stupid plan of the French government to start a war with Rome and Naples and forced (but did not convince) him to continue the war against Austria as vigorously as possible, in which the capture of Mantua was to be the first achievement.

The third Austrian army, sent to relieve the siege of Mantua, also marched in two columns, but it was under the command of General Alvintzi, who was much wiser and more agile than Wurmser and resisted Napoleon so skillfully and stubbornly that the forces of Napoleon and his tattered, but inspired armies were severely tested. However, in the decisive battle of 15–17 November at Arcola, Napoleon Bonaparte defeated Alvintzi, who withdrew with the loss of about 7,000 men (French 4,500).

In January 1797 the fourth and last army was sent to the aid of Mantua, again under the command of Alvinzi. He launched a decisive attack on January 13-14 at Rivoli, having a numerical superiority (28,000 against 22,000 for the French). The Austrians, bypassing the plateau from the flanks, put the French in a critical position. However, the landing of Murat, who landed in the rear of the right-flank column of the Austrians, and the approaching division of Ray came to the rescue - they almost completely destroyed this column of the Austrians. In the conditions of the ensuing darkness and having received news of the death of the right-flank column, the troops of the center and left flank of the Austrians began to retreat to the north. On February 2, 1797, the flag of the republic flew over Mantua, the north of Italy was cleared of the Austrians, and Napoleon could leave Italy and begin his march on Vienna.

Napoleon moved to the northeast and won a series of victories over a demoralized enemy who was easy to defeat. He eventually signed an armistice with Austria at Leoben, less than a hundred miles (161 km) from Vienna. This time, Napoleon knew when to exercise restraint, although in later years of his life he did not. He showed it at the signing of the truce in Leoben on April 18 and introduced into it a provision according to which Austria was withdrawing from the coalition against France and leaving Great Britain its only enemy. The defeat of Austria and the subsequent abolition of its hostile attitude towards France (for a short time, until the creation in 1798 of the 2nd anti-French coalition. - Ed.) saved the Republic and the cause of freedom in Europe. France owed this entirely to Napoleon's strategy.

The final peace treaty was signed at Campo Formio on October 17, 1797. Now, of the six enemies of the republic, only one remained, but the most powerful of all - Great Britain. Napoleon understood that there would be a life-and-death struggle between her and France, and he made a plan to attack her through the invasion of Egypt, thereby threatening communications between England and India and India itself. He submitted his plan to the Directory and received its approval, which suggests that neither Napoleon nor the Directory properly appreciated the importance of the fact that Great Britain had superiority at sea. Except for brief periods of time, the British fleet outnumbered that of France for several centuries and had a great advantage at that time. The revolution undermined the discipline, patient thoroughness, and skill required in the handling of navigational instruments and equipment; in addition, most of the knowledgeable officers, who belonged to noble families, were expelled from service, and some were beheaded. On the other hand, the British fleet as a whole had a completeness and efficiency that no one could ever surpass. Her Mediterranean squadron was under Nelson's command.

Napoleon sailed from Toulon on May 19, 1798, with approximately 38,000 battle-hardened soldiers, a large corps of mathematicians, geologists, antiquaries, chemists, etc., who were stationed in 309 transport ships guarded by 13 ships of the line and 4 frigates. It is interesting to note that this expedition had the dual purpose of conquest and exploration, and that Napoleon deviated from his usual line of conduct and tried to do two things at the same time. Fortunately, he managed to get to Egypt without falling into the hands of Nelson, and arrived in Alexandria on July 1. Napoleon Bonaparte immediately marched on Cairo and was soon confronted by the Mamluks, who attacked him with their usual swiftness, but suffered the same fate as cavalry attacking properly trained infantry and artillery under the right command. Napoleon immediately set about his plan to win over the Egyptians to the side of the French Republic by various false promises, when he suddenly received a message (which should not have surprised him) that the squadron he had left in the Gulf of Abu Qir (Aboukir) was under attack squadron of Rear Admiral Nelson (14 battleships) and was destroyed on August 1-2, 1798 (only 2 battleships and 2 frigates broke through and left).

Now Napoleon was in a position that was not only humiliating and dangerous, but also ridiculous. He would not forgive a single general who was in such a position in ground operations. His communications were cut off due to circumstances that were almost inevitable. This shows that Napoleon was one of the greatest military strategists who ever lived, but he was an extremely poor naval strategist. It also points to something immeasurably more important, namely that no one can be a strategist in one area of ​​strategy unless he fully understands all the factors of the problem he faces in that area. Napoleon could apply as much intelligence, energy and zeal to naval strategy as to land; but he understood exactly, clearly, and thoroughly all the factors involved in land strategy, while he did not understand almost any of those that had to do with naval strategy. Undoubtedly, Napoleon listened to the advice of naval officers in naval matters, but since he himself decided what should be done, he was no more competent in actions than an amateur who would try to do a surgical operation, guided by the advice of a surgeon. This sheds light on the attempts of civilians to direct maritime and land military operations and explains the futility of the losses they caused.

Then Napoleon led a military campaign in Syria, which was unsuccessful due to the British fleet, which acted in conjunction with the Turks, when Napoleon laid siege to Akka (Acre). After failure in Acre (2 months of siege and an unsuccessful assault on May 21), he hastily retreated to Egypt, where he managed to destroy the Turkish (Anglo-Turkish. - Ed.) an army that landed in Abu Kira.

Some time before, he had received word that war had broken out again on the Continent and that Russia, Austria, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and Naples had joined in a coalition with Great Britain against the French Republic. Realizing that his Egyptian campaign had failed, and in search of an opportunity to regain his fortune, Napoleon sailed for France on August 24, 1799, with several of his best officers, abandoning the soldiers to whom he had promised so much and who for his sake endured hunger, thirst, tormented from wounds and met death.

At this time, the position of France was precarious. Military operations did not bring success (in April - August 1799, the Russian-Austrian troops of A.V. Suvorov repeatedly defeated the French in Northern Italy, the Russian squadron of F.F. Ushakov successfully operated in the Ionian Islands and in southern Italy. - Ed.). Discontent spread throughout the country, and Napoleon was the only person who had authority among the public. He was met with great enthusiasm and soon managed to carry out a coup d'etat, during which the Directory was abolished and a consular form of government was established in its place, headed by him - the first consul. In carrying out his duties in this position, which was practically dictatorial, Napoleon demonstrated the same command of the situation, the talent for delving into details, energy, ardor, industriousness and fortitude that he showed when performing the duties of a general. He also displayed the same despotism and the same great self-confidence and achieved for France a success of the same order and significance.

Soon he made an attempt to make peace with Great Britain and Austria, but both these states rejected these encroachments. After similar initiatives directed towards Russia, which at that time was experiencing strong dissatisfaction with Great Britain and Austria, Russia's withdrawal from the coalition followed. As a result, Great Britain and Austria remained the only serious enemies of France. At that moment, a large French army under the command of Moreau was operating in Germany. The French under the command of Massena were in Genoa besieged by the Austrians.

In the meantime, the war in Germany was going in favor of the French, mainly due to insufficient interaction between parts of the Austrian troops; but no decisive results were achieved. In this state of affairs, Napoleon decided to take part in the hostilities himself. To this end, he concentrated an army of about 40,000 near Dijon, from where he could move either to Austria or to Italy. On May 6 he left Paris, and on the 14th, at the head of his army, he began to move through the Great St. Bernard Pass, dragging cannon barrels through the snow. He made his way with his courage, energy and ingenuity and suddenly appeared in northern Italy with artillery, which caused great surprise to the Austrian generals who were there. Napoleon arrived in Milan on June 2, and on June 14 the Battle of Marengo took place.

Napoleon took a big risk by spreading his forces, which could have been fatal if the Austrian general had been as enterprising as himself. But Napoleon would not have taken this risk if he had not known about the inability of the Austrian to competently command the troops. The Austrians fought with the bravery and determination that could be expected of them, and they did not flinch until they received a sudden and unexpected blow from the cavalry, supported by artillery. Then they turned into a disorderly flight; the nightmare and the carnage began. (The author understood the course of the battle very approximately. At its beginning, the Austrians (40,000) practically defeated the French army (28,000). After a 5-hour battle, the left wing of the French was defeated, the center and right wing slowly retreated. , handed over command to the chief of staff, General Tsakh and left. However, at 15 o’clock a fresh French division of Desaix arrived on the battlefield. The French found the strength to counterattack and push the Austrians back to their original positions, across the Bormida River, through which the Austrians crossed at dawn to strike As a result, the Austrians lost 12,000 (including 4,000 prisoners led by Zach), the French lost 7,000. - Ed.) This battle forced the Austrians to retreat again to the east bank of the Mincio River.

Meanwhile, Great Britain's maritime dominion, which ultimately underlay European resistance to Napoleon, aroused great envy among the maritime powers of Europe, who again (as in 1780) united in a League of Neutral States, pursuing a policy of armed neutrality to counterbalance it. The outcome of the confrontation between Great Britain and these countries was decided in the naval battle near Copenhagen, in which Vice Admiral Lord Nelson on April 2, 1801 actually destroyed all the fortifications of the city, both stationary and floating. This victory led to the almost immediate collapse of this alliance (the main reason was the assassination of Emperor Paul I, carried out by court circles oriented towards England. - Ed.).

The turning point in the hostilities between the French and Austrian armies in Germany did not come until after the Battle of Hohenlinden on December 3, 1800. An interesting feature of this military campaign was that Napoleon sent an order to the French General Moreau to follow a certain plan of military operations. Moreau objected, suggested another plan, and asked to be demoted if Napoleon persisted with his plan. Napoleon, with the prudence of a true strategist, yielded to Moreau. The battle of Hohenlinden (approx. 60,000 Austrians against 56,000 French) ended in the defeat of the Austrians, who lost approx. 14,000, including 9,000 prisoners, and 87 guns. The French lost 2,500. The battle was followed by the signing of the peace treaty at Luneville on February 9, 1801. As a result, Great Britain remained the only surviving member of the coalition. Bonaparte realized that Nelson's victory at Copenhagen and the subsequent disintegration of the alliance of neutrals made it impossible for him to harm Britain's trade. In the circumstances then prevailing, Great Britain and France signed a treaty in March 1802 at Amiens. (It was England, left alone, who was forced to conclude the Treaty of Amiens. - Ed.)

According to the treaties signed at Luneville and Amiens, the French Republic became recognized throughout Europe. It is worth noting that the weak leadership was replaced by a strong republic, and France was saved from the attack of the combined forces of the largest monarchies of Europe thanks only to the strategy of Napoleon.

The Treaty of Amiens contained a provision according to which England had to give up the island of Malta. The British did not give up Malta, and Napoleon attacked England with sharp accusations in this regard. But the British can hardly be blamed, because it soon became apparent that Napoleon was actively working on plans for Egypt and India, that he himself did not believe in many provisions of the treaty, and his huge success in building up France's naval and naval power was threatened English dominance on the seas. He even sent an expedition that captured St. Domingo, he took a large territory called Louisiana from Spain and sold it to the United States. All in all, he gave good reason to suspect that he was planning an aggressive maritime policy. When, finally, Napoleon sent an expedition to India (albeit for purely exploratory purposes), when the French newspapers began to talk about the ease with which Egypt could be reconquered, and when the growth of French authority became evident throughout continental Europe, the British Cabinet decided not to cede Malta. War between Great Britain and France was declared in May 1803. Then a struggle began that lasted until the Battle of Waterloo and in which virtually all the powers of Europe, although not always simultaneously, fought against Napoleon.

After the declaration of war, the invasion of England became Napoleon's main concern, and to carry it out he embarked on the largest and most daring strategic enterprise that anyone had ever undertaken. Of course, he realized that he could not send an occupying army across the English Channel, except perhaps with the support of the French fleet, which was superior to the British fleet, which could be in the strait at that moment. He understood that he should greatly increase the French fleet, including through the construction of a large flotilla of transport ships. The task of increasing the fleet was more difficult. In the end, he gathered about 15,000 transport ships and about 150,000 soldiers near Boulogne. The British, of course, were informed of these preparations, and many of them were greatly alarmed, but the government itself, judging the danger, took countermeasures which showed that it did not regard the situation as truly dangerous. Eventually Napoleon adopted a plan to try and lure the bulk of the British fleet out of the English Channel by sending a large fleet westward to threaten the English possessions in the West Indies. It was a plan similar to that of many strategic operations on land. But Napoleon understood all the factors involved in land campaigns and did not understand those involved in naval campaigns. For this reason, he greatly interfered with the fighting of Admiral Villeneuve with unreasonable instructions. However, it is difficult to decide whether they interfered with the actions of the admiral so much that they became the main reason for the final failure.

Villeneuve went to the West Indies, and Nelson set off in pursuit. In the meantime, Napoleon was speeding up preparations at Boulogne so that he could rush across the English Channel as soon as the French fleet returned, leaving Nelson in the West Indies. Villeneuve returned, but allowed himself to be drawn into the battle on June 22, 1805, which ended with him going to Cadiz for repairs, from where he left on August 20. Napoleon immediately realized that his plan to invade England had collapsed. He also realized that it was the same Nelson who had thwarted his campaign in Egypt and destroyed the alliance of neutral countries that led to his failure, and that these three events demonstrated the supremacy of Great Britain on the seas, which excluded any hope of conquering England. However, there is no reason to assume that Napoleon realized that this British supremacy on the seas would be a serious threat to his success on the Continent. And it is certain that he did not fully realize the significance of the predominance of British sea power.

Napoleon was criticized by many for seriously entertaining the idea of ​​invading England. It has also often been stated that he did not really intend to do so, and that the concentration of large forces near Boulogne and the maneuvers of his fleet were simply part of a ruse to hide his real intentions of marching into Germany. But it should not be forgotten that even if his plan failed, Napoleon did not suffer much damage, because his army could be used - it was used - for other purposes. In other words, Napoleon had two plans to choose from, as he often did.

As soon as Napoleon learned that Villeneuve had gone to Cadiz, he moved as quickly as possible against the Austrians under the command of General Mack, who was about to advance through the Black Forest to the French border. Napoleon's movement was so swift, and General Mack was so ignorant and received so little information from his intelligence, that he was taken by surprise at Ulm, and his army was surrounded. As a result, on October 20, he was forced to surrender with his entire army.

The next day, the Battle of Trafalgar took place, in which the British under the command of Admiral Nelson defeated the combined Franco-Spanish squadron, and, although it was not yet realized by anyone, it became a harbinger of the end of Napoleon's empire.

Making a trip to Ulm, Napoleon violated the neutrality of Prussia, passing through its territory. These audacious actions, combined with many other causes - one of which was the gradual growth of Prussian indignation at the vague position of neutrality held by their king - led the King of Prussia to defend the rights of Prussia, make an alliance with the Russian Tsar, and then declare war on Napoleon. But the inaction of the king preceding this step put the Prussian army and country in such conditions that they were completely unprepared for it. So now, to his criminal unpreparedness for war, was added the criminal declaration of war in a state of unpreparedness for it.

Russia and Austria now joined forces and soon assembled an allied army of about 100,000 men at Austerlitz, while the French army numbered about 80,000 (at Austerlitz the Russo-Austrian army numbered 86,000, Napoleon's had 73,000. - Ed.). The actions of the allies this time were marked by an elusive haste rather than accuracy and speed, since a short wait would allow their forces to be increased by the armies of the archdukes and Charles John, as well as the Russian corps of Bennigsen, which was marching to join the corps of Archduke Ferdinand (10,000). The Allied army would have been greatly enlarged if the Allies had avoided fighting until the Prussian army was ready and moved to join them. This haste, apparently, was induced mainly by the Russian tsar (advised by the Austrian command. - Ed.), who was determined to fight a pitched battle. This battle took place on December 2, 1805 near Austerlitz.

The French had about 80,000 (73,000 and 250 guns. - Ed.) soldiers, and the allies - 100,000 (86,000 and 350 guns. - Ed.), but Napoleon commanded the French, and he had generals Lannes, Soult, Bernadotte and Murat under his command. The battle was fought with extraordinary bravery on both sides, but with strategic and tactical skill on one side only. As a result, the Russian troops in the center were thrown from the heights (they left the Iratsen heights themselves on the orders of Alexander I. - Ed.), on which they occupied a position, and the Russian left flank, which attacked the French right flank, was attacked from the flank and rear. (The Allies lost 27,000 and 155 guns in the battle, the French 12,000. - Ed.)

The Russians retreated within their country (but did not conclude a peace treaty) to the north. Austria signed a humiliating peace, and Napoleon reigned in southern Germany and Italy. His authority had now grown so much that he was able to marry several of his relatives with representatives of royal or aristocratic families, make his brother Louis king of Holland, and his brother Joseph king of Naples and the Kingdom of Tan (in 1808 he was replaced by Joachim Murat. - Ed.), form the Confederation of the Rhine and abolish the Holy Roman Empire. However, against one state he was powerless, and that state was Great Britain, because Nelson brutally defeated Villeneuve at the Battle of Trafalgar on October 21, which destroyed his hopes of defeating Great Britain at sea and controlling her trade routes. Then Napoleon resorted to such measures as declaring a blockade, which in the end had little effect, but only caused no small difficulties for the people of England and the same or in some cases even greater difficulties for the maritime countries of the continent.

Finally, the King of Prussia led his ill-trained and poorly commanded army against Napoleon's well-trained and excellently commanded army.

As a result, on October 12, the Prussian king suddenly discovered that the French army corps was between his army and his supply base. He attempted to push the French back from his lines of communication, but Napoleon brought down a numerically superior force on most of his army at Jena, while Davout attacked his main force at Auerstadt, which was nearby. Both battles took place on October 14, ended in complete victory for the French and forced the Prussians to sign peace terms that were not only humiliating but almost fatal. One of the most humiliating moments that followed from this situation was that Napoleon entered Berlin, and it was in Berlin that he issued his famous first "Berlin Decree" on November 21, 1806, in which he declared a blockade against the British Isles and forbade any trade and correspondence.

However, the peace treaty was signed only after the Russians entered the fight. The Russian army could not be drawn into a decisive battle immediately, but in the end the French met with it and defeated it, although not completely, on February 8 at Eylau. (The Battle of Preussisch-Eylau between the Russian army (78,000, including 8,000 Prussians and 400 guns) and Napoleon's army (70,000, 450 guns) ended in a draw. Both sides suffered heavy losses - the Russians 26,000 killed and wounded, the French approx. .30,000 (according to other sources - 23,000). - Ed.). After this battle, Napoleon was left with an army demoralized by hardship, surrounded by hostile forces in a foreign country during the winter, under conditions that were getting worse every day. Fortunately for Napoleon, the Russian commander Benigsen made a strategic miscalculation that gave Napoleon the opportunity to fight him at Friedland on June 14, with a large numerical superiority (80,000–82,000 for the French against about 60,000 Russians; the Russians lost, according to various sources, from 10,000 to 15,000 killed and wounded, the French from 8,000 to 14,000. - Ed.). The victory was so complete that it completely discouraged the Russian Emperor Alexander I and forced him on June 8 to join the King of Prussia in signing a treaty with Napoleon at Tilsit in a pavilion built on a raft in the middle of the Neman River. According to this agreement, the tsar became practically an ally of Napoleon, and the king of Prussia lost almost half of his possessions.

In preparing this and other treaties, and during the discussion of all treaties, Napoleon showed that speed of decision-making, the ability at the right moment to flatter, threaten or persuade, which is characteristic of great diplomats; without this ability, of course, he would not have been able to conclude such advantageous contracts. Napoleon owed his success entirely to the combination of all these qualities; and Napoleon Bonaparte would never have entered history if he had not been a diplomat and statesman as well as a strategist. However, this fact should not close our eyes to a more important fact: in fact, his power rested not on his diplomacy or ability to govern the state, but on his strategy and military skill. In other words, the most important element in the career of Napoleon, as well as Thutmose III, Alexander, Caesar and other people whose names are titled parts of this book, was the strategy and skill of the commander. These people have contributed more to the establishment of a stable government in the world than an equal number of other people.

Perhaps it would be illogical to conclude from this that the most important factor in establishing a stable government was strategy. But it would be logical to conclude that strategy is a factor so important that it is immeasurable, and there is no reason to argue that any other factor is more important. The form of government in any civilized country was originally established by military force directed by strategy, and then maintained by skillful administration of state affairs and diplomacy by strategy. Which of the three was more important is useless to discuss, but it cannot be denied that of the three the strategy acted first and the others followed.

Napoleon had then reached the climax of his rapid and tremendous rise, and now the gradual fall was about to begin, which ended so abruptly at Waterloo. After the Treaty of Tilsit, France and Russia seemed to be the most important countries in the world, and England seemed to be in danger of catastrophe, because her excessive self-confidence on the seas turned all the countries of continental Europe against her. Napoleon's first step in the long series of steps that led to his final downfall was his invasion of Spain and Portugal.

To complete the continental blockade of England, Napoleon considered it necessary to make Portugal - in view of its long coastline and geographical position - under the control of France. Therefore, he took measures to invade Portugal: he made a conspiracy, with the help of which he received real help from Spain, and with it, of course, her permission to pass the invasion army through its territory. At this time, the government in Spain was extremely corrupt; the queen's favorite was the true ruler of the kingdom, and her son, who, as she once declared, was not the king's son, won a fame in Spain that he did not deserve at all. Napoleon sent an army under Junot who took Lisbon on November 30, 1807, but was too late to seize the royal family, who had already set foot on the deck of a British ship.

In support of this expedition, Napoleon sent five armies to Spain; and, only when the French captured the main fortress in northern Spain, and Murat began to advance on Madrid, did the Spanish government realize the situation. Then the king, queen and the real ruler of Spain Godoy decided to fight, but they were prevented by an uprising, and the king was forced to abdicate in favor of his alleged son. This son was not only a scoundrel, but a coward: instead of rallying the nation in defense, which he could have done, he tried to come to terms with Napoleon. As a result of all this, in June, Napoleon installed his own brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spanish people started a revolt, which for some time was very successful. Meanwhile, in Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal, Austria saw a threat to the Catholic Church and the Bourbon dynasty and, taking advantage of the fact that Napoleon needed to keep a large army there, in the spring of 1809 declared war on him.

Noticing the gathering clouds before the start of the storm, foreseeing that he would have to fight with Austria, and realizing the desirability of defeating all hostile forces in his rear, Napoleon himself went to Spain and, thanks to a series of skillful and quick movements characteristic of him, suppressed all the uprisings, at least temporarily. He then hastened to Paris and prepared to turn his arms against Austria.

He learned of the Austrian declaration of war in April 1809, while in Paris, and left it the next day to join his forces in Germany. This time Berthier, who was an excellent chief of staff but not a great commander-in-chief, was in command of the French units near Augsburg, while Davout was in Regensburg, about seventy-six miles (122 km) away. On April 16, the Austrian Archduke Karl, led by a 126,000-strong army, crossed the Isar River (in total, the Austrians near Regensburg had 195,000 against Napoleon's 200,000 troops. - Ed.). If he had the strategic skills of Napoleon, he would have instantly crushed Davout, who had only 60,000 soldiers, before Berthier could come to his aid, and then crushed Berthier. Instead, he did not take decisive action. Napoleon appeared at the theater of operations at four o'clock in the morning of the next day, April 17. He instantly united the disparate forces of his army. For three victorious battles that took place over the next three days - April 20, 21 and 22, he divided the Austrian army into parts and threw them back to the Danube. The next day, 23 April, after an extraordinary five-day military campaign, the Austrians withdrew across the Danube, leaving 50,000 prisoners. (Incorrect - the total losses of the Austrians (killed, wounded, captured) amounted to about 45,000 people and 100 guns, the French - 16,000. The Austrians withdrew, maintaining their combat capability, which Napoleon soon became convinced of. - Ed.) Three weeks later, Napoleon was already asleep in the palace of the Austrian emperor in Vienna.

But on May 21 and 23, he fought the Austrians near the villages of Aspern and Esling. These battles did not bring him victory, inflicted heavy losses on him and not only greatly weakened him, but also spoiled his reputation and authority. On the night of May 21, facing a strong army, he crossed the Danube on temporary bridges at the point where the river is divided by the island of Lobau. For a whole day, the French (40,000, 50 guns) fought desperately with superior enemy forces (80,000, 288 guns). Reinforcements arrived at night (French forces increased to 70,000 and 144 guns), but not enough, so that after another day of fighting with 105,000 Austrians with 288 guns, Napoleon had to retreat from the left, or northern, bank of the Danube to the island of Lobau (and the bridges from Lobau Island to the south coast were burned by the Austrians with fire-ships). He left defeated, knowing in the depths of his soul - and his officers knew it - that he had not planned this military operation with his usual foresight, and he himself had left the battlefield under circumstances that suggested flight. (The French lost here killed and wounded 37,000 people, the Austrians - 20,000. The Austrians missed the chance to completely defeat Napoleon. - Ed.)

The French and Austrian armies stood opposite each other for six weeks, separated only by the sixty yard (55 m) wide Danube arm that runs north of Lobau Island. The Austrians fortified their position and prepared to repulse the French, assuming that they would cross the river on the bridge opposite Essling, which Napoleon ordered to be rebuilt. But Napoleon ordered the bridge repaired to deceive the Austrians, because he intended to cross the river downstream on temporary bridges he had built. He crossed the river on the night of July 4-5, caught the Austrians at an unfavorable moment and forced them to change their plans and dispositions. (The Austrian army of Archduke Charles totaled 110,000 and 452 guns, Napoleon had 170,000 and 584 guns. Another Austrian army of Archduke John was expected to approach. - Ed.) The day of July 5 passed in the attacks of the French troops, but at dawn on July 6, the culmination of a two-day battle, known as Wagramskaya, began. The Austrians succeeded in pushing back the French left flank and almost pushing back the right, but Napoleon realized that in order to do this they had to weaken their center. And he attacked the center of the Austrians with artillery, infantry, cavalry and broke through their battle formations. The Austrians withdrew from the battlefield, but the French lost 35,000 killed and wounded and were unable to pursue. (The French lost 27,000 killed and wounded, the Austrians - 32,000. The outcome of the battle would have been different if John's army approached the battlefield in the middle of the day. It was not much late at all - it approached when the Austrian army of Charles was already retreating. - Ed.)

And although this battle, like the previous one, was not truly decisive, Napoleon and Austria decided to end the war. On October 14, 1809, a treaty was signed by which the Austrians agreed to break off all trade relations with England and recognize all changes that had or could occur in Spain and Portugal. On March 10, 1810, the daughter of the Emperor of Austria became the wife of the Emperor of France.

Meanwhile, the continental blockade of England created serious difficulties not only for England, but also for certain states on the mainland, especially Russia. This and some other circumstances arising from the Treaty of Tilsit led to a gradual but clear change for the worse in the relationship between Tsar Alexander I and Napoleon. After two years of preparation for war, a break occurred, which on March 24, 1812 was preceded by the conclusion of an allied treaty between Russia and Sweden. On May 9, Napoleon left Paris for Dresden, the meeting place of the allies (France, Austria and Prussia) and began negotiations with the tsar. In view of the fact that they did not bear fruit, on June 22 he declared war and left for the army.

This army was the best and largest that France had ever sent outside its borders, and numbered almost half a million soldiers and 1200 artillery pieces (444,000 people, 940 guns in the first echelon of the invasion. In the second echelon (between the Vistula and Oder rivers) was 170,000 and 432 guns, as well as a reserve (Augereau Corps, etc.) In total, more than 600,000 enemy soldiers and officers were brought into Russia during the war. Ed.). On June 24, the French army crossed the Neman River unopposed, and on the 28th entered Vilna, the ancient capital of Lithuania, and continued to move forward, still meeting no resistance until July 28, it entered Vitebsk (Russian the army (at the beginning of the war 220,000–240,000 and 942 guns) fought heavy rearguard action from the very beginning, often counterattacking. Ed.). Most of Napoleon's generals advised him not to go any further, but Napoleon could not be dissuaded. Here he spent the first two weeks of August, during which time the two Russian armies, which Napoleon managed to separate, united in Smolensk, a large city on the Dnieper River, surrounded by fortifications. In this strong position, the commander-in-chief of the Russian troops (M.B. Barclay de Tolly, who is also the commander of the 1st Russian army) decided to give battle. Napoleon tried to capture Smolensk before the Russians, but for some reason, perhaps because Napoleon himself had lost some of his youthful impetuosity, he did not succeed (due to the skilful rearguard battles of the Russian troops, such as the battle on August 2 (14) near Krasnoe Neverovsky's divisions against Ney's infantry and Murat's cavalry. Ed.). And now it became necessary to take this city, overcoming strong resistance. The Russians fought back for one day, but retreated at night, and before that they set fire to the city and several huge ammunition depots. (The heroic defense of Smolensk continued on August 4–6 (16–18), 1812. All French attempts to capture the city were repulsed. On the night of August 6 (18), Russian troops left the city by order, from which the entire population left. All day 6 In August, Dokhturov's corps repelled French attempts to cross, covering the retreat.In the battles for Smolensk, the French army lost 20,000 people, the Russian army - about 10,000 killed and wounded. Ed.) Napoleon took possession of the city, but his soldiers were greatly disappointed to find only piles of ruins where they expected to find good housing.

It was the middle of August, and almost all of Napoleon's generals advised him to stop at Smolensk, reorganize the army, bring in food and reinforcements, and wait until spring before resuming the campaign. Knowing Napoleon from previous campaigns, it seems incredible that Napoleon did not assess the situation correctly and did not understand that the Russian strategy was to wait and see, and their intention was to lure him further and further in the hope that his army would eventually weaken from sickness, depression and hunger. But it seems clear that by this point Napoleon's initially almost flawless insight had been marred by his overconfidence, and his inherent self-discipline had been greatly weakened. So he went to Moscow. On September 7 (August 26, old style), he entered the battle with the Russians, located on the hills near the village of Borodino, covered with field fortifications and redoubts. The forces were almost equal in numbers - each army had approximately 130,000 soldiers. The Russians had the advantage of position, while the French had better command and experience. The battle was fierce, but at its end the Russians were forced to leave the battlefield, defeated on all counts. (Napoleon brought to the battlefield about 135,000 people with 587 guns. They were experienced and simply selected soldiers. Kutuzov had 132,000 people with 640 guns. But this number included 15,000 hastily trained recruits who did not participate in battles and 21,000 militia (only 10,000 militia participated in the battle).The battle of Borodino lasted 12 hours.Russian troops in the battle of Borodino lost 44,000 killed and wounded and 23 generals.The French, according to them, lost about 30,000 and 47 generals.The main reason why he retreated Kutuzov, after the quite successful completion of the battle, - the lack of reserves, while significant reinforcements approached (and could approach from the Smolensk region, etc.) The reserves, as it turned out later, did not approach Kutuzov during the retreat to Moscow, and only after her departure, already in the Tarutino camp, the Russian army began to really replenish and strengthen. Ed.)

On September 2 (14), the French entered Moscow, and Napoleon settled in the Kremlin, which in ancient times was the residence of Russian tsars. Suddenly, fires broke out in all parts of the city. At first, no importance was attached to them, and only the next day serious measures were taken to extinguish them. They proved useless, and by 16 September the fire had intensified. In the following days, it kept growing, and by the evening of September 20, nine-tenths of Moscow lay in ruins. (The soldiers of the Napoleonic army (from all over Europe) who occupied the ancient Russian capital behaved like cattle. In front of Napoleon himself, in the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin, a furnace arranged here burned, in which gold and silver items were melted into ingots: dishes, robes, crosses, and other church utensils etc. The Archangel Cathedral was turned into a wine warehouse, a stable was built in the Assumption Cathedral. All over Moscow, the screams of drunken and outrageous, robbing and killing soldiers of the Napoleonic army and the screams of their victims were heard. And soon fires began ... - Ed.)

Apparently, now Napoleon realized the extent of the danger. His decision was truly Napoleonic - to immediately go to St. Petersburg. But his generals did not agree with this: on the contrary, they advised to retreat. As a result, neither plan was adopted, and the French remained in Moscow until October 19! (They left the capital immediately after they received news of the Tarutino battle on October 6 (18), where the Russians defeated the 26,000th French vanguard under the command of Murat, located on the Chernishnia River. The French lost up to 2500 people killed, 2000 prisoners, 38 guns out of 187. The Russians lost 300 people killed and 904 people wounded.. General Baggovut, commander of the 2nd Corps of the Russian army, was killed. Ed.) On this day, Napoleon withdrew his troops from Moscow and began to retreat - there is no need to dwell on the horrors of this retreat. It is simply necessary to understand that only a small part of Napoleon's army crossed back across the Neman River (about 10,000 ragged and demoralized soldiers and officers crossed from the central grouping of Napoleon Neman. To a large extent, the flank groups that entered into negotiations with the Russians, MacDonald's corps (in mostly Prussians) and Schwarzenberg (mostly Austrians). In total, Napoleon lost 550,000–570,000 people in Russia, including 150,000 prisoners, 850 cannons and all cavalry. He lost the best soldiers of France and Western Europe, with many years, in large part he will never have such a victorious experience.The irretrievable losses of the Russian army in the campaign of 1812 amounted to about 120,000, of which 46,000 were killed and died of wounds, the rest died of disease ( Urlanis. Human losses of the armed forces in European wars). And in Napoleon's army, sanitary losses were three times higher than combat losses. - Ed.), the entire military campaign suffered a disastrous failure, the main reason for which was Napoleon's refusal (or, perhaps, his inability) to assess the situation impartially. Even after he was trapped in Moscow, and almost to the day he left it, he constantly expected a favorable response to the offer of peace he sent to the Tsar.

Napoleon arrived in Paris on 18 December. He learned that the war in Spain was still going on, and not always to the detriment of the French, and that the senate, court and capital, though shocked by the failure of the war in Russia, still seemed loyal and obedient. Recruitment for the army of 1813 was announced, and a formidable army was soon to be at his disposal to stop any Russian advance.

But the catastrophe of Napoleon in Russia awakened hope and courage in the intimidated but outraged governments of all the countries of the continent. Emperor Alexander, in an appeal dated February 10, 1813, called on the countries that were members of the Confederation of the Rhine to throw off the yoke of France. And twelve days later, in another proclamation, he called on the people of Germany to rise as one against Napoleon. Prussia responded almost immediately, followed by Sweden. France immediately raised a large army for the coming war, developing a frenzied energy. However, the soldiers of the new army were young and untrained.

Napoleon immediately launched an offensive, and on May 2 he entered the battle with the Allied forces at Lützen. In this battle, as in almost all previous ones, Napoleon's talent as a tactician and his ability to understand with all clarity and accuracy, even in the excitement of the decisive moment of the battle, what the real situation is and what should be done, brought victory to his banners. The battle was won chiefly by artillery, which had always been Napoleon's weapon of choice, but the victory could not be exploited, as it would have been otherwise, for lack of sufficient cavalry. Some military historians regard the victory at Lützen as one of Napoleon's greatest achievements, because he achieved it with an army most of whose soldiers were unfired, half-trained recruits, and many of them boys. (Under Lützen, Napoleon had 150,000–160,000 men and 350 guns, while the allies, Russians and Prussians, had 92,000 and 650 guns. Emperor Alexander I and King Friedrich-Wilhelm of Prussia were present on the battlefield, which fettered the initiative of Wittgenstein, the commander of the allied army "Napoleon succeeded in pushing the allies out with superior forces, threatening to envelop from the flanks. At night, the Russian and Prussian monarchs gave the order to retreat. The lack of combat-ready cavalry (which died in 1812 in Russia) and the exhaustion of the recruits did not allow Napoleon to organize an effective pursuit. Losses of the French - 15 000 killed and wounded, allies - 12,000. - Ed.)

Napoleon then occupied Dresden, threw a bridge across the Elbe River, and marched across it to attack the Russians and Prussians at Bautzen, where they were positioned on a range of hills. The whole day of May 20 was spent in maneuvers and small battles (unfortunate for the French. - Ed.), and on May 21 the real battle took place. Napoleon began it by simultaneously attacking both enemy flanks, but due to the long front line and the many wedged hills, he could not follow the movements or send orders to the troops under his direct command to advance until he received word that the actions flanks are successful. While he was waiting for him, he fell asleep, broken by fatigue. Finally, hearing new sounds of artillery, his escorts woke him up, after which Napoleon, noting the direction of movement of the sounds, realized that the attack had been successful, and instantly ordered the center to go on the offensive. This attack decided the fate of the battle, but the enemy retreated in an orderly manner, leaving neither guns nor prisoners in the hands of the French, which they managed to achieve thanks to their superiority in cavalry and partly in position. (Under Bautzen, Napoleon had 143,000 men and 350 guns, the Allies (commander Wittgenstein) 96,000 men and 636 guns. The French lost 18,000 men killed and wounded, the Allies 12,000. – Ed.)

Napoleon achieved two victories (with more losses than the enemy), but his army and even his generals were tired of the war; all of Europe was at war with him, and it was clear that he needed serious reinforcements, or defeat awaited him. Under these conditions, on June 4, he agreed to a short truce, which was then extended until August 10. Reinforcements came to him and he reorganized his army, but so did his opponents - and to a greater extent. On August 12, Austria announced its entry into the anti-French coalition, supporting Russia and Prussia (Sweden did the same. - Ed.). Napoleon settled in Dresden and prepared to repel attacks, which, as he believed, should have come from three directions - south, east and north: the main Allied army under the command of Schwarzenberg was to attack from the south; the Prussians under the command of Blucher - from the east, and the Swedes under the command of Bernadotte (former marshal of France, adopted in 1810 by the Swedish king, who became the king of Sweden (1818-1844) and the founder of the ruling dynasty and now there. - Ed.) - from North. The Allies had about half a million soldiers (492,000. - Ed.), and Napoleon had about half that number (incorrect, he had 440,000. – Ed.).

The allies by this time already knew a lot about Napoleon's tactics, and their generals had already gained experience in waging war. They also learned that it is far better to fight Napoleon's generals than Napoleon himself. With his generals they could fight on an equal footing, but none of the Allied generals could compare with Napoleon in that extraordinary speed and correctness in making decisions and carrying out actions that gave him the opportunity to move large masses of soldiers faster than they themselves did, and faster concentrate them at given points.

Napoleon sent Oudinot and then Ney to meet the armies in the north. Oudinot was defeated by Bernadotte's army (Ney was defeated later, a week after Kulm). Napoleon himself went east to fight Blucher, who later defeated MacDonald at the Katzbach. The main Allied army immediately set out from the south, hoping to reach Dresden before Napoleon returned. (Blucher simply retreated without accepting the battle. - Ed.) But Napoleon defeated Blucher, returned with incredible swiftness to Dresden, and on August 14-15 (26-27) threw back the allies. Unfortunately for Napoleon, on August 28 he suddenly fell ill and was forced to entrust the pursuit of the allies to General Vandamme, after which Vandamme himself was surrounded and defeated, and the allies slipped away.

Napoleon's army was now reduced to a dangerous limit, and threatened by three powerful enemies, against whom he demonstrated his excellent tactician ability by making a number of attempts to meet one enemy army one on one, but without success. In the end, he was convinced that Schwarzenberg was bypassing him in order to wedge between him and Paris, and Blucher was marching to connect with Bernadotte north of Napoleon's troops, so that he could join Schwarzenberg together with Bernadotte. Seeing the danger, Napoleon first sent Murat to Leipzig to hold off Schwarzenberg while he advanced on Blucher. But he could not overtake Blucher, so on October 12, after several days of delay, he changed his plan and moved to Leipzig in the hope of finding Schwarzenberg there before Bernadotte and Blucher joined him. On October 15, he entered Leipzig, and on October 16 he entered into battle with Schwarzenberg. But it was too late, because during the battle, Bernadotte and Blucher came up and joined forces, and Napoleon had to fight them all. He did not suffer a tactical defeat (according to the author - in fact, a crushing defeat of Napoleon. - Ed.) in the terrible battle of Leipzig, which took place on October 18 (and October 19), but since from the point of view of tactics he did not succeed, he suffered a strategic defeat, because he needed a tactical victory to save himself from future defeat when he was surrounded by numerically superior enemy forces. On October 17, instead of retreating, which at that moment he could have done calmly, he sent a letter to the Emperor of Austria, hinting at concessions. But it was too late: his enemies realized that he was in their power. His initiatives were not responded to, and the allies, who received reinforcements, defeated Napoleon on October 18 and forced him to retreat towards Paris. (On the night of October 7 (19), Napoleon ordered to start a retreat along the only surviving bridge across the Elster River. The Polish and French units of Marshals Poniatowski and MacDonald covered the withdrawal. Only in the middle of the day did the Allies manage to drive the French and Poles out of the city. At that moment, sappers, seeing the Russian cavalry breaking through, shouting "Hurrah, they blew up the bridge over the Elster. By this time, 28,000 people of the Napoleonic army had not managed to cross. Many threw themselves into the water and drowned (like Marshal Poniatowski), some swam up (like Marshal Madonald). Napoleon was defeated His army lost 80,000 killed, wounded and captured (20,000 prisoners), 325 guns.The Allies lost 54,000 killed and wounded, including 22,000 Russians.— Ed.)

At this time, all of France, except for Napoleon, was inclined towards peace. If Napoleon had not lost his ability to accurately assess the military situation, if he had not been poisoned by success and was a true patriot, he could have saved his throne by agreeing to the proposals that the Allies made to him in December 1813 and February 1814. In fact On February 4 in Paris, he gave Caulaincourt carte blanche to negotiate with the Allies, but, unfortunately, soon after that he learned that the Allies had divided their forces, and he seized, as it seemed to him, the opportunity to destroy the army under the command of Blucher, which then moved to Paris. At first he was successful, because with incredible speed and strength he achieved three victories in three battles, held on February 10, 11 and 14, and stopped the advance of Blucher. But conditions were too unfavorable even for Napoleon of genius to celebrate victory, and after seven weeks of astoundingly quick and skillful movements, strategically designed to cut Allied lines of communication, he learned that the invaders were closing in on Paris and turned to fight the decisive battle. in front of its walls. But the enemy was ahead of him by three days, and before Napoleon reached Paris, the city surrendered. It happened on March 31st.

Even then, this immeasurably strong and determined man refused to accept that he had been defeated and wanted to continue the fight. But his marshals were no longer willing to support him and forced him to accept terms of unconditional surrender, which they tried in vain to soften. On April 6, Napoleon abdicated the thrones of France and Italy, and five days later an agreement was signed under which he received power over the small island of Elba, a bodyguard and income. Napoleon traveled south across France, meeting bitterly resentful people everywhere, and settled on the island of Elba off the coast of Italy.

The reign of Louis XVIII began with a policy that was so saturated with the atmosphere of the old regime that it offended most people almost from the very beginning and instilled in them the suspicion that all the evils they fought during the revolution were about to return, and all the victims of the people were in vain. This caused such a spirit of opposition to the government that in less than a year Napoleon was able to leave Elba and travel in triumph through France, not only without opposition, but hearing loud greetings, and settled in the Tuileries. On March 20, 1815, a crowd of people carried him there on their shoulders, and the king and his courtiers fled from there that morning.

With his usual energy, skill and success, Napoleon began to reassert himself on the imperial throne. To secure his position, he took on the guise of a champion of peace and freedom, ordered the drafting of a new constitution, secured a colossal majority in favor of its adoption, and on June 1, in the presence of a huge crowd of people, swore to obey it.

But Europe took up arms. Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia pledged to supply 150,000 soldiers each. Soon their forces began to assemble, first in Belgium, where in June the Duke of Wellington, commander of the combined army of the English, Dutch, Belgians and Hanoverians, and Blücher, commander of the Prussian army, held a long and disorderly front. Napoleon had by this time assembled an army of about 125,000 men, which was inferior to the combined forces of Wellington and Blucher, whom he nevertheless decided to attack. True to his strategic principles, he acted with the greatest speed, recognizing the need to defeat Wellington and Blucher before the Russians and Austrians entered the battlefield, and also to defeat either Wellington or Blucher before they could unite.

To this end, he took up position near the city of Charleroi on the north bank of the Sambre River - but on June 15, although he hoped to be there on the 14th. He was ready to give battle on the 16th, but by this time his approach had already become known, and the English and Prussian armies were moving to link up with each other, so that by noon Blucher concentrated 90,000 people at Ligny, about fifteen miles (24 km) northeast of Charleroi, while Wellington urged the troops to reach Quatre Bras as soon as possible, about fifteen miles (32 km) northwest of Ligny and perhaps twenty miles north of Charleroi.

Brussels is almost thirty miles (48 km) north of Quatre Bras. Napoleon did not know that Blucher was so close and with such an army, and thought that the Prussians were dispersed. He, accordingly, divided his army into two parts, giving the left flank to Ney with the order to break through to Quatre Bras, and the left to Grouchy with the order to advance on Ligny. Meanwhile, he himself remained in command of a large reserve, with which he could strengthen the forces of either Ney or Blucher, according to circumstances. His calculations were shattered when Grouchy discovered the presence of Blucher with his army. Napoleon immediately decided to destroy Blucher, assisting Grusha with additional troops, which he ordered Ney to send. In the battle with Blucher at Ligny on June 16, Napoleon was successful, but not enough - mainly due to the fact that the detachment he ordered Ney to send was withdrawn before he entered the battle. Napoleon then overestimated the danger and did not show the speed of reaction that he would have shown under other circumstances in attacking Wellington, who withdrew to positions at Waterloo, located about halfway between Brussels and Quatre Bras and about twelve miles (19 km) west of Wavre, where Blucher retreated. In the current situation, this was unfavorable for him, because Blucher retreated not to the east and in disorder, as Napoleon assumed, but to the north - towards Wellington, but not away from it. As a result, at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, Blucher strengthened Wellington's forces at a decisive moment, and the scales finally and forever swung against Napoleon.

Napoleon saved the republican form of government in France, and therefore in Europe. And although after him France became smaller than when he received it, and impoverished in every respect, he made France a great and unconquered state, and it would have been different if not for Napoleon. Many condemn Napoleon for all the wars he fought. These people forget that although Napoleon was responsible for the later wars, they were originally caused by the French Revolution, and the revolution was caused by the mismanagement of France and the French people who rebelled against him.

Napoleon's career is a stunning illustration of the fact that a man who is originally a great strategist may not leave a lasting monument to his strategy, but many indestructible monuments to his art of government; that a man can exercise strategy (or any art) with consummate skill and yet bring nothing new or useful to the art itself; that a man can achieve all that the world can give and end his life in prison, in exile from the world; that the life of man as a whole can be a shameful failure from the point of view of the individual, and yet be supremely successful from the objective point of view of the achievements and development of mankind; that a person can be almost completely devoid of any kind of morality and at the same time bring more good to the world than evil!

The influence of a brilliant personality ultimately depends not so much on the character of the person himself, but on the cause that his talent serves.

Fortunately for the world, the efforts of talented people have generally served the cause of establishing a good form of government and achieving the greatest good for the greatest possible number of people.

In the history of mankind thousands of years ago, there were a great many brilliant commanders and a huge number of major battles. Most of these battles have been preserved in chronology only by the name of the area where they took place. Others, more large-scale, had, in addition to this, another sonorous name. The Battle of the Nations at Leipzig in 1813 is one of those. Among all the battles of the era of the Napoleonic wars, this is the largest in terms of the number of countries participating in it. It was near Leipzig that another coalition of European powers made a new desperate attempt to stop the victorious march of the French army across the continent.

Background and prerequisites for the creation of the 6th coalition

The star of a talented commander originally from the island of Corsica lit up brightly during the French Revolution. It was the events in the country, as well as the intervention of the European powers, that significantly facilitated the rapid advancement of Napoleon's career. His confident victories on the battlefield made him so popular among the citizens that he did not hesitate to use his influence to interfere in the internal affairs of the country. His role in decision-making on state issues increased. The tenure of the First Consul was short-lived, and did not correspond to his ambitions. As a result, in 1804 he declared France an empire, and himself - emperor.

This state of affairs initially caused fear and anxiety among neighboring countries. Even during the French Revolution, anti-French coalitions were created. Basically, the initiators of their formation were 3 states - England, Austria and Russia. Each of the member countries of the alliance pursued its own goals. The first 2 coalitions, organized before the coronation of Napoleon, fought with varying degrees of success. If during the period of the First Coalition success accompanied the French army under the leadership of their future emperor, then during the existence of the second coalition of European empires, the scales tipped in favor of the alliance. The main merit in the victories belonged to the Russian army under the leadership of the eminent commander A.V. Suvorov. The Italian campaign ended with a confident victory over the French. The Swiss campaign was less successful. The British and Austrians attributed the successes of the Russians to themselves, supplementing them with territorial acquisitions. Such an ungrateful act brought discord between the allies. Russian Emperor Paul I responded to such an ugly gesture with a peace agreement with France and began to make plans against yesterday's partners. However, Alexander I, who replaced him on the throne in 1801, returned Russia to the anti-French camp.

III coalition began to form some time after the coronation of Napoleon and the declaration of France as an empire. Sweden and the Kingdom of Naples joined the union. The members of the alliance were extremely concerned about the aggressive plans of the Emperor of France. Therefore, this coalition was of a defensive nature. There was no talk of any territorial acquisitions during the hostilities. The main emphasis was on the defense of their own borders. Starting from 1805 and ending in 1815, the confrontations with France were of a completely different nature, turning from anti-French into Napoleonic wars.

Unfortunately, the III Coalition failed to achieve its goal. Austria was particularly hard hit. In October 1805, the French defeated the Austrians at Ulm, and a month later Napoleon solemnly entered Vienna. In early December, the "Battle of the Three Emperors" at Austerlitz took place, culminating in the defeat of the Russian-Austrian army, which outnumbered the opponent. The Austrian sovereign Franz I personally arrived at Napoleon's headquarters to discuss the peace agreement signed in Pressburg. Austria recognized the French conquests and was forced to pay an indemnity. He also had to give up the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Under the patronage of Napoleon, the Confederation of the Rhine was created. Only Prussia refused to obey and went over to the side of the coalition. Thus, almost a thousand years of existence of a formal empire came to an end. The allies were consoled by the defeat of the Franco-Spanish fleet by the British at Cape Trafalgar in October 1805. Napoleon had to say goodbye to the idea of ​​capturing England.

The 5th coalition was actually a confrontation between France and Austria, which had returned to the ranks, which was assisted by England. However, the war between the parties lasted no more than six months (from April to October 1809). The outcome of the confrontation was decided already in the summer of 1809 in the Battle of Wagram, which ended in the defeat of the Austrians, a further retreat, and then the signing of the Schonbrunn Agreement.

Thus, none of the coalitions managed to succeed in the battles against Napoleon's army. Each time, the emperor of France made tactically correct decisions and prevailed over the enemy. The only rival preventing the dominance of Bonaparte was England. It seemed that the French army was invincible. However, this myth was destroyed in 1812. Russia, which did not agree with the blockade of England, began to follow the terms of the Tilsit peace less and less. Relations between the Russian Empire and France gradually cooled until they turned into a war. The Austrians and Prussians took the side of the French army and were promised some territorial gains if the campaign was successful. Napoleon's campaign with almost half a million army began in June 1812. Having lost most of his soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, he began a hasty retreat back home. The campaign for Bonaparte in Russia ended in a complete fiasco. Almost all of his huge army perished both in battles with the enemy and during a hasty retreat, finished off by partisan detachments. The myth of the invincibility of the French army was dispelled.

Preparation of the parties for war. VI coalition

Russia's success in the war with France gave her allies confidence in the final victory over Bonaparte. Alexander I was not going to rest on his laurels. One expulsion of the enemy from the territory of his state was not enough for him. He intended to fight until the complete defeat of the opponent on his territory. The Russian emperor wanted to lead the Sixth Coalition in the new war.

Napoleon Bonaparte also did not sit idle. Reaching Paris with the handful left of his large army in the second half of December 1812, he immediately issued a decree on general mobilization. The number of conscripts gathered from all over the empire was 140 thousand people, another 100 thousand were transferred from the National Guard to the regular army. Several thousand soldiers returned from Spain. Thus, the total number of the new army amounted to almost 300 thousand people. In April 1813, the emperor of France sent part of the newly assembled armada to his stepson Eugene Beauharnais to contain the united Russian-Prussian army at the Elbe. The war of the Sixth Coalition with Napoleon was already inevitable.

As for the Prussians, King Frederick William III did not initially intend to go to war against France. But the advance of the Russian army in East Prussia and the friendly offer of Alexander I to join the fight against the common enemy contributed to the change in decision. It was impossible to miss the chance to get even with the French for past defeats. Friedrich Wilhelm III went to Silesia, where by the end of January 1813 he managed to gather more than a hundred thousand soldiers.

Meanwhile, having occupied Poland, the Russian army under the command of the hero of the Battle of Borodino Kutuzov headed for Kapisch, where in mid-February they defeated a small Saxon army under the leadership of Rainier. It was here that the Russian camp was later located, and at the end of the month an agreement was signed with the Prussians on cooperation. And at the end of March, Frederick William III officially declared war on France. By mid-March, Berlin and Dresden were liberated. All of central Germany was occupied by the Russian-Prussian army. In early April, the Allies captured Leipzig.

However, the success ended there. The new commander of the Russian army, General Wittgenstein, acted extremely unconvincingly. In early May, Napoleon's army went on the offensive and won the general battle of Lützen. Dresden and all of Saxony were again occupied by the French. At the end of the month, another major battle took place at Bautzen, in which the French army again celebrated Victoria. However, both victories were given to Napoleon at the cost of losses that were 2 times higher than the losses of the allies. The new commander of the Russian army, Barclay de Tolly, unlike his predecessor, did not seek to engage in battle with the enemy, preferring a retreat, alternating with small skirmishes. This tactic paid off. Exhausted by constant movements and losses, the French army needed a pause. Moreover, cases of desertion have become more frequent. In early June, the parties in Poischwitz signed a short-term truce. This treaty played into the hands of the Allies. By mid-June, Sweden joined the coalition, and England promised financial assistance. Austria initially acted as a mediator in the upcoming peace negotiations. However, Napoleon was not going to lose, let alone share the occupied territories. Therefore, Emperor Franz II accepted the Allied Trachenberg Plan. On August 12, Austria moved into the coalition camp. The end of August passed with varying success of the parties, but Napoleon's army was significantly thinned both from losses in battles, and from diseases and desertion. September passed quietly, there were no major battles. Both camps were pulling up reserves and preparing for a decisive battle.

The alignment of forces before the battle

In early October, the Russians unexpectedly attacked and captured Westphalia, where the king was Napoleon's younger brother Jerome. Bavaria, taking advantage of the opportunity, went over to the Allied camp. The situation escalated. A major battle seemed imminent.

By the beginning of the battle of VI, the coalition, according to various sources, managed to assemble an army of almost a million people along with numerous reserves. This whole huge armada was divided into several armies:

1. Bohemian was led by Schwarzenberg.
2. Silesian was commanded by Blucher.
3. The heir to the Swedish throne, Bernadotte, was at the head of the Northern army.
4. The Polish army was led by Bennigsen.

About 300 thousand people gathered on the plain near Leipzig with 1400 guns. Prince Schwarzenberg was appointed commander-in-chief of the coalition forces, who carried out the orders of the three monarchs. They planned to encircle and destroy Napoleon's army. The army of the emperor of France and its allies was 1.5 times inferior in number and 2 times in firepower to the opponent. Some of the German states of the Confederation of the Rhine, Poles and Danes acted as part of his army. Bonaparte planned to give battle to the Bohemian and Silesian armies even before the rest of the units approached. The fate of Europe was to be decided in Leipzig.

First day of battle

In the early morning of October 16, 1813, the opponents met on a plain near the city. It is this day that is considered the official date of the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig. At 7 o'clock the coalition forces were the first to launch the offensive. Their destination was the village of Wachau. However, Napoleon's divisions in this direction managed to push the opponent back. Meanwhile, part of the Bohemian army attempted to cross to the opposite bank of the Place River in order to attack the left wing of the French army, but was driven back by heavy artillery fire. Until noon, the parties could not move forward a meter. Napoleon in the afternoon prepared a plan to break through the weakened center of the coalition army. Carefully disguised French artillery (160 guns), led by A. Drouot, opened heavy fire on the enemy's most vulnerable zone. By 15 o'clock in the afternoon, infantry and cavalry under the leadership of Murat entered the battle. They were opposed by the Prussian-Russian army under the command of the Prince of Wurtenberg, which had already been weakened by the artillery of General Drouot. The French cavalry, with the help of infantry, easily broke through the center of the allied army. The road to the camp of the three monarchs was open, there were some miserable 800 meters left. Napoleon prepared to celebrate his victory. However, the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig could not end so easily and quickly. The Russian Emperor Alexander I expected such a move from the enemy and therefore, at an important moment, he ordered the Russian-Prussian reserve forces of Sukhozanet and Raevsky, as well as the Kleist detachment, to cut across the French. From his camp on a hill near Tonberg, Napoleon watched the battle progress and, realizing that the coalition had practically taken away his victory, sent cavalry and infantry to that very hot spot. Bonaparte was going to decide the outcome of the battle before the arrival of the reserve armies of Bernadotte and Benigsen. But the Austrians threw their forces to meet his help. Then Napoleon sent his reserve to his ally - the Polish prince Poniatowski, who was pressed by the division of the Austrian Merveld. As a result, the latter were driven back, and the Austrian general was taken prisoner. At the same time, on the opposite side, Blucher fought with the 24,000-strong army of Marshal Marmont. But the real courage was shown by the Prussians, led by Gorn. To the sound of drumming, they went into bayonet fighting against the French and drove them back. Only the villages of Mekern and Viderich were captured several times by one side or the other. The first day of the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig ended in a fighting draw with heavy losses for both the coalition (about 40 thousand people) and Napoleon's army (about 30 thousand soldiers and officers). Towards the morning of the next day, the reserve armies of Bernadotte and Benigsen arrived. Only 15,000 people joined the emperor of France. A numerical superiority of 2 times gave the allies an advantage for further attacks.

Second day

On October 17, no battles took place. The parties were busy healing wounds and burying the dead. Napoleon understood that with the advent of the coalition reserves, it would be almost impossible to win the battle. Using the inaction in the enemy camp, he asked Merveld, who had been captured by him, to return to the allies and convey that Bonaparte was ready to conclude a truce. The captured general left with an assignment. However, Napoleon did not wait for an answer. And this meant only one thing - the battle is inevitable.

Day three. Fracture in battle

During the night, the Emperor of France gave the order to bring all units of the army closer to the city. In the early morning of October 18, the coalition forces went on the attack. Despite the clear superiority in manpower and artillery, the French army skillfully held back the onslaught of the enemy. Fights went literally for every meter. Strategically important points passed first to one, then to another. At the left wing of Napoleon's army, the Russian division of Langeron fought, trying to capture the village of Shelfeld. The first two attempts were unsuccessful. However, for the third time, the count led his forces into a bayonet battle and with great difficulty captured the stronghold, but Marmont's reserves again threw the enemy back. An equally fierce battle was fought near the village of Probsteid (Probstgate), where the center of the French army was located. The forces of Kleist and Gorchakov entered the village by noon and proceeded to storm the houses where the enemies were located. Napoleon decided to use his main trump card - the famous Old Guard, which he personally led into battle. The opponent was thrown back. The French attacked the Austrians. The ranks of the coalition forces began to burst at the seams. However, at the decisive moment, something unexpected happened that changed the whole course of the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig. The Saxons in full force betrayed Napoleon, turned around and opened fire on the French. This act gave an advantage to the allies. It became more and more difficult for Bonaparte to hold the position of the army. The Emperor of France knew that he could not withstand another powerful attack. At night, the French began to retreat. The army began crossing the Elster River.

Day four. Final victory

On the morning of October 19, the coalition troops saw that the enemy had cleared the plain and was hastily retreating. The allies began to storm the city, in which the units of Poniatowski and MacDonald were located, covering the retreat of Napoleon's army. Only by noon did they manage to capture the city, knocking out the enemy from there. In the confusion, someone accidentally set fire to the bridge over the Elster, over which all the French forces had not yet had time to cross. Nearly 30,000 people remained on this side of the river. Panic began, the soldiers stopped listening to the commanders and tried to swim across the river. Others died from enemy bullets. Poniatowski's attempt to rally the remaining forces failed. Twice wounded, he threw himself with his horse into the river, where he accepted his death. The French soldiers who remained on the coast and in the city were destroyed by the enemy. The battle of peoples near Leipzig ended with a landslide victory.

The meaning of the battle for the parties

Briefly, the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig can be interpreted as the greatest event of the first half of the 19th century. For the first time in the long history of the Napoleonic Wars, a turning point came in favor of the Allies. After all, the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig in 1813 is the first major victory over the enemy and, in fact, revenge for the shameful defeat at Austerlitz in 1805. Now with regard to the losses of the parties. The results of the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig can be considered disappointing. The Allies lost 60,000 killed, Napoleon 65,000. The price of victory over the French was high, but these sacrifices were not in vain.

Events after the battle

Napoleon in the battle of Leipzig was given a rather offensive slap in the face. Returning to Paris in November 1813, he rallied his strength and decided to hunt down and destroy the enemy armies one by one. A 25,000-strong army remained in the capital under the command of marshals Marmont and Mortier. The emperor himself, with almost 100,000 troops, went to Germany, and then to Spain. Until March 1814, he managed to win several impressive victories and even persuade the coalition forces to sign a peace agreement, but then they acted in a completely different way. Leaving Napoleon to fight with his insignificant units far from France, the Allies sent an army of 100,000 to Paris. At the end of March, they defeated the troops of marshals Marmont and Mortier and took the capital of the country under their control. Bonaparte returned too late. On March 30, Napoleon signed a decree on renunciation of power, and then he was exiled to Elba. True, he did not stay there for long ...

The battle of nations in the memory of descendants

The Battle of Leipzig was a fateful event in the 19th century and, of course, was not forgotten by future generations. So, in 1913, a national monument to the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig was erected. The Russians living in the city also did not forget about the descendants who participated in the battle. In memory of them, an Orthodox memorial church was consecrated. Also, in honor of the centenary of the victory, coins with a memorable date were minted.

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HUMPCHYS HRTBCHMEOYS. rTETSDE YUEN RETEKFIY L YHHYUEOYA UFTBFEZYY Y FBLFILY OBRPMEPOB, OEPVIPDYNP PVTBFYFSH CHOYNBOYE ABOUT HUMPCHYS HRTBCHMEOYS CHPKULBNY EZP LRPIY. eDIOUFCHEOOOSCHN UTEDUFCHPN UCH SCHMSMBUSH RPUSCHMLB LPOOSCHI PTDYOBTGECH; PRFYUEULYK FEMEZTBZH IPFS Y VSCHM HCE YЪPVTEFEO, OP RTEDUFBCHMSM UTEDUFCHP, FTEVHAEEEE OBYUYFEMSHOPZP READING DMS OBMBTSYCHBOYS YOE RTYNEOYNPE CH HUMPCHYSI NBOECHTEOOPK CHPKOSHCHP. fBLYN PVTBPN, VSHCHUFTBS DPUFBCHLB VPECHSCHI RTILBCHI VSCHMB PVEUREYUEOB FPMSHLP CH FPN UMHYUBE, EUMY LPTRHUB BTNYY OBIPDYMYUSH ABOUT TBUUFPSOY RTPVEZB IPTPYEZP PTDYOBT LYUEULPZP. lBTFSCH, OBIPDYCHYYEUS CH TBURPTSEOY oBRPMEPOB, OE CHSHCHDETSYCHBAF UBNPK ULTPNOPK UPCHTENEOOOPK LTYFYLY; ABOUT OII RTPTEDEOSH FPMSHLP PYUEOSH VPMSHYE DPTPZY, TEMSHEZH RPYUFY CHCHUE OE CHSHCHTBTSEO, DBTSE LTHROSCHE UEMEOIS RPDRYUBOSCHOE RPMOPUFSHHA. iBTBLFET LBTF OBRPNYOBM UPCTENEOOHA, OEEVTETSOP UPUFBCHMEOOHA UIENH. RP FBLYN LBTFBN ЪBZMBOP TBURPTSTSBFSHUS VShchMP CHEUSHNB PRBUOP; RPMShPCHBOYE YNY FTEVPCHBMP RTPY'CHPDUFCHB NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHI DPVBCHPYUOSCHI TELPZOPUGYTPCHPL. rPUMPCHYGB oBRPMEPCHULPK LRPIY ZMBUIMB: UBNSCHK ULCHETOSHCHK RTPCHPDOYL MKHYUY UBNPK IPTPYEK LBTFSCH.

OP IBTBLFET oBRPMEPOB VSCHM FBLPC, YuFP EZP RPDYOEOOOSCHN RTEDPUFBCHMSMBUSH, NYOYNBMSHOBS DPMS FChPTYUEULPK YOYGIYBFICHSCHCHCH; NBTYBMSCH SCHMSMYUSHOE UPFTKHDOILBNY, B YURPMOYFEMSNY RTILBBOYK YNRETBFPTB. UBNPUFPFSFEMSHOPUFSH UCHPA POY NPZMY RTPSCHMSFSH FPMSHLP CH URPUPVBI YURPMOEOYS; FCHPTYUEULBS YUBUFSH PUFBCHBMBUSH GEMILPN CH THLBI oBRPMEPOB. h MYGE UCHPEZP OBYUBMSHOILB YFBVB, VETFSHE, OBRMEPO YNEM OE RPNPEOYLB RP PRETBFICHOPK YUBUFY, B FPMSHLP OBYUBMSHOILB UCHSY, LPFPTSCHK DPVTPUPCHEUFOP PVEUREYUYCHBM TBUUUSHMLPHOYOB OBAYOP OBA MEPOB Y REFINERY CHUEZDB DPMPTSYFSH URTBCHLH P TBURPMPTSEOY YUBUFEK BTNY RP RPUMEDOYIN UCHEDEOYSN. oBRMEPO DYLFPCHBM ENH TBURPTSEOIS, OP OE RPPUCHSEBM EZP CH IPD UCHPEK NSHUMY. oETBMHYuOP U OBRPMEPOPN CH EZP LBVYOEFE ABOUT RPIPDE VSCM FPRPZTBZH vBLMET D "bMShV, TBUUFBCHMSCHYK ABOUT LBTFE YNRETBFPTB ZHMBTSLY, PVP-BYUBCHYE DBOOSHE P UCHPYI YCH OERTYSFEMSHULTYBYYBYKULBI FSHUS RP LBTFE H DPOEYEOISI.IPTPYK TYUPCHBMSHEIL, vBLMET D "bMShV VSHM MYYEO LBLPZP VSH FP OY VSHCHMP CHPEOOPZP PVTBCHBOYS Y VSHCHM DBMEL PF FPZP, YUFPVSHCH CHSHKFY YЪ TPMY NEIBOYUEULPZP RPNPEOILB Y UFBFSH OBUFPSEIN PZHYGETPN ZEOETBMShOPZP YFBVB. fBLYN PVTBPN, HRTBCCHMEOYE VSMP DP YUTECHSHCHYUBKOPUFY GEOPTBMYЪPCHBOP, Y OBRPMEPO PVIPDYMUS VE PRETBFICHOSCHI RPNPEOYLPC, VE OBUFPSEEZP ZEOETBMShOPZP YFBVB. h RTYUHFUFCHYY EZP RPDBCHMSAEEK MYUOPUFY UPFTHDOYLY PVTBEBMYUSH CH RYUBTEK. PO CHIPDYM CH NEMPYUY, VSCHM UBN UCHPYN OBYUBMSHOILPN CHPEOOSCHI UPPVEEOIK, OE FPMSHLP UFBCHYM FSHCHMKH OBDBYUY, OP UBN CHSHVYTBM RHOLFSH DMS TBURPMPTSEOIS LTHROSCHI FFBRCH Y PRTEDEMSM, LBLBLYE BLUE Y ZDE UPUTEDPFPYUYFSH.

obrpmepo OE Vshchm OBUFBCHOYLPN. fPMSHLP ABOUT dBCH NPTsOP HLBBFSH, LBL ABOUT EZP HUEOILB CH PRETBFICHOPN YULKHUUFCHE. RTY IOETZYY OBRPMEPOB, CH TBUGCHEFE EZP ZHYYYYUEULYY Y KHNUFCHEOOSHI UYM, LPZDB RTYIPDYMPUSH TBURPTSTSBFSHUS PFOPUYFEMSHOP NBMSCHNY BTNNYSNY, OB FEUOSCHIE FEBFTBI CHPKOSHCH, ENTBKH HDBCHEBMYSHOY ABOUT LPFPTSCHI MPTSYMUS PFREYUBFPL EDYOUFCHB NSCHUMY Y CHPMY, RTPOILBCHYEZP CHUE TBURPTSEOIS. OP LPZDB, RTYVMYTSBSUSH L 40 ZPDBN, OERTEUFBOOSCHN OETCHCHN OBRTSEOYEN PO TBUYBFBM UCHPK PTZBOYN, LPZDB UPUFBCH BTNYY OBYUBM RTYVMYTSBFSHUS L RPMHNYMMMYPOKH, B FEBFT CHPEOOSHCHI PNOSHCHI TBNETCH (1812-1813 ZZ.), OCHCHZPDOSH UFPTPOSCH UTENETOPK GEOPHTMBMYBGYY HRTBCHMEOYS OBYUBMY STLP ULBSHCHCHBFSHUS YCH TEHMSHFBFE RTYCHEMY YNRETYA L ZYVEMY.

iBTBLFET UFTBFEZYY OBRPMEPOB PVCUMPCHMYCHBEFUS, PE-RETCHI, DPUFBCHYNYYUS ENH H OBUMEDUFCHP PF ZHTBOGKHULPK TECHPMAGYY PZTPNOSCHNY NPTBMSHOSHCHNY Y NBFETYBMSHOSHCHNY UYMBNY; TECHPMAGYS HOYUFPTSYMB CHUE ZHEPDBMSHOSHCHE RETEZPTPDLY NETSDH ZTBTSDBOYOPN Y ZPUHDBTUFCHPN Y RTEDPUFBCHYMB H TBURPTSEOYE RPUMEDOEZP Y CHUA LTPCHSH, Y Chue RMBFETSOSCHE URPUPVOPUFY OBUEMEOIS; Y, ChP-CHFPTSCHI, OEPVIPDYNPUFSHHA DMS obrpmepob GEOPHTMBMYЪPCHBFSH HRTBCHMEOYE, CH CHYDH RMPIYI UTEDUFCH UCHSY.

VKHDHYU NBFETYBMSHOP Y NPTBMSHOP ZPTBDP UYMSHOEE UCHPYI RTPFICHOYELPCH, OBRMEPO RPTCHBM U NEFPDPN CHEDEOYS RPZTBOYUOPK ChPKOSHCH, UP UFTBFEZYEK YЪNPTB, UFPMSH IBTBLFETOPK DMS CHELB, Y FYOMSHCHI L RPUFBOPCLE TOYFEMSHOSHI GEMEK: OILPZDB obrpmepo OE DKhNBM P FPN, YuFPVShch PFPVTBFSH H RTPFICHOILB YOFETEUKHAEKHA EZP RTPCHYOGYA Y HDETTSBFSHUS CH OEK. BDBYuEK LBTsDPK LBNRBOYY ON UFBCHYM RPMOPE UPLTKHYOYE CHTBZB, MYYEOOYE EZP CHPNPTSOPUFY PLBSCHCHBFSH LBLPE-MYVP UPRTPFYCHMEOYE, RPDYOYOEOYE EZP RPMOPUFSHHA UCHPEK CHPME. rHFSH L LFPNH CHUEZDB VSCHM FPF CE - RPMOSHCHK TBZTPN EZP ChPPTKhTSOOOPK UYMSCH Y BBFEN BICHBF EZP UFPMYGSCHCH. UTTBTSEOYE, LPFPTPE, RTY CHPKOBI XVIII CHELB ABOUT CHSHCHDETSLKH, YNEMP OBBYEOOYE FPMSHLP PDOPZP Yb NEFPDCH DMS DPUFYTSEOIS PLPOYUBFEMSHOPZP KHUREIB, X oBRMEPOB RPMKHYUYMP YULMAYUYFEMSHOPE LFEBLYEY CH PKOB PYASCHMEOB, CHPKULB UPUTEDPFPYUYCHBAFUS Y DCHYZBAFUS U EDYOUFCHEOOPA GEMSHA - DPUFYUSH Y TBYZTPNYFSH OERTYSFEMS. u TELYN DCHYTSEOYEN oBRPMEPOPCHULPK BTNYY DMS OBEUEOYS RTPFICHOYLH HDBTB CH UETDGE, CHPKOB HFTBFYMB IBTBLFET HFPOYUEOOPZP ZHEIFPCHBOYS. uFTBFEZYS oBRPMEPOB, OCHPЪNPTSOBS CH XVIII PEOPLE, UFBMB PUKHEEUFCHYNPK FPMSHLP RPUME ZHTBOGKHULPK TECHPMAGYY, FBL LBL FPMSHLP FERESH BTNYY UFBMY YUYUMEOOP Y OEUEOYEN CHTBZH UNETFEMSHOPZP HDBTB. rTEDYUFCHEOOILPN. obRPMEPOB, RP UNEMPUFY PVYTOPUFY UFTTBFEZYYUEULPZP ЪBNSCHUMB, VSCHM lBTM XII, OP CH PVUFBOPCLE NBMSHI BTNYK XVIII CHELB YCHEDULYK LPTPMSh, EUFEUFCHEOOP, DPMTSEO VSCHM OBKFY UCHPA RPMFCHPA. rPMYFYYUEULIE, UPGYBMSHOSHCHE Y PTZBOYBGYPOOSCHE RTEDRPUSHMLY ChPKO DPTECHPMAGYPOOPK LRPI UFBCHYMY PZTPNOSCHE RTERSFUFCHYS TBBNBIKH, VSHCHUFTPFE Y UCHPVPDOPNKh CHSHVPTH OBRTBCHMEOYS PRETBGYK. oEMSHS RPLHYBFSHUS ABOUT RPDYOEOYE UEV ZPUHDBTUFCHB U DEUSFLBNY NYMMYPOCH OBUEMEOIS, RTY UDPTPCHSCHI OBYUBMBI EZP ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOPK TSOYOY, U BTNYEK CH DCHB DEUSFLB FSHCHUSU UPMDBF. dBCE YEUFYUPFFSHCHUSYUOBS NBUUB MADEK, PTZBOY'PCHBOOBS oBRPMEPOPN DMS RPIPDB CH tPUUYA, PLBMBUSH OEDPUFBFPYuOPK DMS RTPCHEDEOYS EZP UFTBFEZYY RTY ZYZBOFULPN NBUYFBVE THUULPK PVTPOSCH. CHPEOOBS FEPTYS, PFDBCHBS UEVE OEDPUFBFPYUOSCHK PFUEF CH, YUFPTYYUEULYI HUMPCHYSI, RTCHPZMBUYMB HTPDUFCHPN Y UBVMHTSDEOYEN UFTBFEZYUEULYE DPUFYTSEOIS XVII M XVIII RTBUFCHEY EDY YUBAEEK CHEYUOSCHN Y OEJSHVMENSCHN, blpobn ChPEOOPZP YULKHUUFCHB, UFTBFEZYA oBRPMEPOB. rPUMEDOSS NYTPCHBS CHPKOB, CH LPFPTPK ZETNBOIS, RP PFOPPEOYA L EE RTPFICHOYLBN, OE TBURPMBZBMB RTEINKHEUFCHBNY oBRPMEPOPCHULPK zhTBOGYY - VPZBFPK, PVOPCMEOOOPK TECHPMAGYEK - RP PFOPYEFTUYA L ZPUHD , CHOPCHSH RPUFBCHYMB RPD UPNOOYE OBYUBMB oBRPMEPOCHULPK UFTBFEZYY, LBL EDYOUFCHEOOP CHETOHA FEPTYA, FBL LBL RPVEDH DBMY OE UNEFEMSHOSHE PRETBFICHOSCHE HDBTSCH, B CHSHDETSLB H VPTSHVE ABOUT YЪNPT.

teyyfemshope UTBTSOEYE - LFP FB EDYOUFCHEOOBS GEMSh, LPFPTHA UVBCHYM RETED UPVPK oBRPMMEPO. EZP RTPFYCHOYLY, LBL Y ZHTBOGKHULYE BTNYY CH RETYPD TECHPMAGYY, DMS MHYUYEZP RTYLTSHCHFIS ZTBOYGSCH, DMS PVEUREYUEOYS UCHPEK VBSHCH, DMS VPMEE HDPVOZP UOBVTSEOYS CHPKUL, PVSCHLOPCHEOOP UTMBSHP UTBBL THRR, B RTY TBURPMPTSEOY H ZPTBI Y CHCHUE RETEIPDYMY L LPTDPOOPNKH TBURPMPTSEOYA. x oBRMEPOB DPNYOYTPCHBMB NSHCHUMSH - OE TBVTBUSCHCHBFSH, OE CHCHDEMSFSH DBMELP LTHROSCHI YUBUFEK, LPFPTSHCHNY RTY FPZDBYOYI UTEDUFCHBI HRTBCHMEOYS PO OE CH UIMBI VSCHM OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP THLPCHPDYFSH. oBRMEPO UFTENYMUS UPVTBFSH CHUE, UFP NPTsOP, CH LKHMBL, PVTBICHBFSH, RP EZP CHSHCHTBTSEOIA ChP CHTENS YEOULPK PRETBGYY, "VBFBMSHPOOPE LBTE CH 200 FSHCHUSYU YuEMPCHEL" Y YULBFSH U UPVTBOOPK FBUUPKHI VPS , RP CHPNPTSOPUFY, LPOYUYFSH CHUA LBNRBOYA PDOIN HDBTPN. VEMYF RTEDUFPSMB ChPKOB OB OEULPMSHLYI FEBFTBI - OBRTYNET, ZETNBOULPN Y YFBMShSOULPN, PFDEMEOOSHHI DTHZ PF DTHZB NBUUYCHPN yCHEKGBTULYI bMSHR, FP CHUE CHOYNBOYE, CHEUSH GEOPFUCHOY OBT FSCEOPLT BSHCHCHBEFUSS RETEOEOOOSCHN ABOUT FPF FEBFT CHPEOOSHHI DECUFCHYK, ZDE THLPCHPDYFSH PRETBGYSNY VHDEF ON UBN OBRPMEPO OE PUFBOCHYMUS RETED FEN, YuFPVSHCH CH 1805 Z. RTPFICHPRPUFBCHYFSH BCHUFTYKGBN CH yFBMYY NEOSHIYE UYMSCH, U GEMSHA PVEUREYUIFSH UEVE VPMSHYE, YUEN FTPKOPE YUYUMEOOPE RTECHPUIPDUFCHP CH hMSHNULPK PRETBGYY RTPFICH nBLB

RTPFYCH TBVTPUBCHYEZPUS, TBDEMYCHYEZPUS OB YUBUFY OERTYSFEMS oBRPMMEPO RTYNEOSM UFTBFEZYUEULYK RTPTSCHCH, HDBTSS UPVTBOOPK NBUUPK OB GEOFT OERTYSFEMSHULPZP TBURMPMPTSEOIS, BLTBLPZP FPMShPZP MB OERTYSFEMS ABOUT YOUBUFY, OBRMEPO PVOBTHTSYCHBM HDYCHYFEMSHOPE NBUFETUFCHP CH DEKUFCHYSI RP CHOHFTEOOYN PRETBGYPOOSCHN MYOYSN, PVTHYYCHBSUSH CHUEK NBUUPK RP PUETEDY ABOUT PFDEMSHOSHCHE OERTYSFEMSHUPOSHCHE . rTY OEVPMSHYPK YUYUMEOOPUFY BTNYY (1796, 1814 ZZ.) PRETBGYY RP CHOKHFTEOOYN MYOYSN RTYCHPDYMY L VMEUFSEIN KHUREIBN; OP RTY FTSEMSHCHI, NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHI Y OCHSHCHUPLPK VPEURPUPVOPUFY BTNYSI (1813 Z.) obrpmohoe HDBCHBMPUSH TBYFSH OEPVVIPDYNPK VSHCHUFTPFSHCH Y IOETZYY, Y CHOHFTEOOOYE PRETBGYPOOSCHY MYYUSHY YOPK MERGYZULPK LBFBUFTPZHSHCH.

eUMY RTPFICHOYL DETTSBM UCHPY UYMSCH UPUTEDPFPYUEOOP, FP obRPMEPO UFTENIMUS YЪVETSBFSH PTDYOBTOPZP UTBTSEOIS; ON UFBCHYM VPTSHVH H FBLYE HUMPCHYS, YUFPVSCH RPVEDB Y RPTBTSEOYE VSCHMY RPMOSHNY, YUFPVSHCH CHUE UFPSMP ABOUT LBTFE FFPZP UTBTSEOIS - Y RTYVEZBM L NEFPDH, LPFPTSCHK tsPNYOY OBSKCHCHBEF "UFTBFEZ" UFTBLEZ NBUUB CHEDEFUS OE OB OERTYSFEMS, B NYNP OEZP; NYOPCHBCH RTPFYCHOILB, OBRPMEPO UCHPTBYUYCHBEF BTNYA OB UPPVEEOIS OERTYSFEMS, RETETESHCHCHBEF ENH RHFSH PFUFHRMEOYS, RTPYUIPDYF UTBTSEOYE U RETECHETOHFSHCHNY ZHTPOFMSTNY, OBYVPMEE LPPW BL RKhFY PFUFHRMEOYS OEF, Y UBNBS OEGOBYUYFEMSHOBS FBLFYUEULBS OEHDBYUB SCHMSEFUS UFTBFEZYUEULPK LBFBUFTPZHPK (nBTEOZP) fBLPE "LLUFTBPTDYOBTOPE" UTBTSEOYE - GEMSH CHUEK OBRPMEPCHULPK UFTBFEZYY.

uFTBFEZYS XVIII CHELB, TBUUUYFSHCHCHBCHYBS CHЪSFSH RTPFICHOYLB YЪNPTPN, RTEDUFBCHMSMBUSH UTEEKCHSHCHYUBKOP UMPTSOPK; L GEMY NPTsOP VSHMP RPDPKFY OEULPMSHLYNY RHFSNY, Y OEMEZLP VSCHMP PUFBOPCHYFSH CHSHVPT ABOUT PDOPN YЪ OYI OBRPMEPO, PTYEOFYTHS CHUE UCHPE NSHCHYMEOYE, CHUE UCHPY UYMSCHY UTEDUFTSEYTB OB RTEDUFPSEESHOE U CH U U UFTFEZYA OEPVSHCHYUBKOHA RTPUFPFFH Y SUOPUFSH - OBOEUFY RTPFYCHOYLH RPMOPE RPTBTSEOYE Y OBFEN RTEUMEDPCHBFSH Y DPVYCHBFSH, RPLB PO OE RPDYOYFUS OBYEK CHPME.

Lyubs, RTPPTBUBS Puopchobs NSHUMSh RPIPDB Cheb FPNH, YuFP Chus Feiyuyuyulbs TBVPFB RP RP RPMuylpch UMPPZPZP NEMPLENB BNMB I FSHMB TBGIPOBMSHOP, RTSNPMIOPOP, COME.

GEOFT FSTSEUFY UFTTBFEZY OBRPMEPOB VSHM OBUFPMSHLP RETEOEUEO ABOUT PRETBGYA RTPFYCH TSYCHPK UYMSCH CHTBZB, YUFP VB CHUA UCHPA DMYOOKHA CHPEOOHA LBTSHETH, OBYUBFHA CHЪSFYEN fKhMPUBL - PO PUBTSB DM nBOFHA - CH 1796 Z. Y dBOGYZ - CH 1807 Z., Y FP CHUMEDUFCHYE CHSHCHOCHTSDEOOOPK CH FY RETYPDSCH PUFBOPCHLY CH TBCHYFYY CHPEOOSHCHI DECUFCHYK Y CHTENEOOPZP RETEIPDB L PVPTPOE.

fBLFIELB. uFPK UFTTBFEZYY, RPUFTPEOOOPK FBL, YUFPVSCH PFLTSCHFSH RPMOSHCHK RTPUFPT ZPURPDUFCHH OBD PRETBGYEK EDYOPK CHPMY RPMLCHPDGB, PFCHEYUBMB Y UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOBS FBLFILB. fBLFYUEULBS NSHCHUMSH oBRPMEPOB SCHMSMBUSH OERPUTEDUFCHEOOOSCHN RTPPMTSEOOYEN EZP UFTBFEZYUEULPZP NSHCHYMEOYS, Y RMBO VPK, CHSHCHFELBM Y RMBOB LBNRBOY.

ABOUT RPIPDE RTYIPDYMPUSH PZTPNOSCHE NBUUSCH CHPKUL RETEVTBUSCHCHBFSH ABOUT HHLPN ZHTPOFE, RTEUMEDHS Y VSHCHUFTPFH DCHYTSEOIS, Y VSHCHUFTPFH TBCHETFSHCHCHBOIS. chPKULB oBRPMEPOB HNEMY DCHYZBFSHUS, OE TBUFSZYCHBAUSH H ZMHVYOH. RTY TBUYUEFBI, ABOUT LPTRKHU CH 30 FNU. Yuempchel PFCCHPDYMPUSH YUBUFP OE VPMEE 8 LIMPNEFT, ZMHVYOSCH RPIPDOPC LPMPOOSCH: RTY RPDIPDE L RPMA UTBTSEOIS PYO LPTRHU DCHYZBKUS IB DTKHZYN YUETE DCHB YUBUB CHTENEOY. fBLBS ZMHVYOB SCHMSMBUSH ChPJNPTSOPK RPFPNKh, UFP, Ch UMHYUBSI LPOGEOFTYTPCHBOOPZP RPDIPDB L RPMA UTBTSEOIS, RP DPTPZE CHShFSZYCHBMBUSH FPMSHLP BTFYMMETYS, B REIPFB Y LBCHBMETYCHPLOSHCHI CHUPPO CHUP OBI, DCHYZBMYUSH, EUMY OE VSCHMP LTHROSCHI RTERSFUFCHYK, RP UFPTPOBN DPTPZY.

RETED UTBTSEOYEN, UFPVShch FCHETDP CHЪSFSH CH THLY HRTBCHMEOYE, OBRMEPO RPDFSZYCHBM Y UPUTEDPFPYUYCHBM CHUA BTNYA; CHUE LPTRHUB, CH TEETCHOSCHI RPTSDLBI, DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY VSHCHFSH RPD THLPK X oBRPMEPOB. rty PFUHFUFCHY FEMEZTBZHB Y FEMEZHPOB Y OCHPЪNPTSOPUFY VSHCHUFTP UOPUYFSHUS U PFDBMEOOOSCHN LPTRHUOSCHN LPNBODYTPN, oBRMEPO YЪVEZBM OBRTBCHMEOYS LPMPOO RP UIPDSEYNUUS OBRTBCHBOYSNME RTS. FFPF OSHCHEY Y'MAVMEOOSCHK RTYEN DMS DPUFYTSEOIS PICHBFB Y PLTHTSEOIS RTEDUFBCHMSMUS OBRPMEPOH PRBUOSCHN, FBL LBL RTY RMPIPK UCHSH PFLTSCHCHBM YTPLYK RTPUFPT UMHYUBKOPUFY PZTBCHEOPUYUYCHBM P CHPDECUFCHYS. LPOEYUOP, CHUE UTEDUFCHB DMS obrpmepob, Yufpvshch DPUFYZOHFSH RPVESHCH, VSCHMY IPTPY, Y OBRPMEPO OE VSCM FBLYN DPLFTYOETPN, UFPVSHCH OE CHLMAYUIFSH CH RMBO UTBTSEOIS HDBYuOP PVTBBPCHBCHYOPKHOZHYE ZHMRTOKHBL NBT E RTPFYCHOILB. ChP CHTENS lNAMSHULPZP UTBTSEOIS (1809 Z.) CH FBLPN RPMPTSEOYY, ABOUT ZHMBOSE OERTYSFEMS, PLBBMUS UBN obRPMEPO U ZMBCHOSCHNY UYMBNY Y, TBHNEEFUS, ZHPTUITPCHBOOSCHN 40-CHETUFOSHCHN DPHFZ RETEIP N UCHPYN CHPKULBN, B UTBYKH VTPUYMUS ABOUT OERTYSFEMSHULYK ZHMBOZ. FP TSE UBNPE YNEMP NEUFP CH UTBTSEOY RTY RTEKUYY-KMBKH (1807 Z.): ABOUT NBTIE LPTRHU dBCH PLBBMUS CH CHZZPDOPN YUIPDOPN RPMPTSEOY DMS HDBTB CH PICBF MECHPZP THUULPZCHP ZHMBOZB, Y, LPOEYUOP, o REDBOFYNB, UFPVSCH UOBYUBMB RPDFSOHFSH EZP L BTNYY , B RPFPN CHSHUMBFSH CHOPCHSH CH PICHF. RPD vBKhGEOPN (1813 Z.) FBLBS TSE ЪBDBYUB, CH VPMEE YITPLYI TBNLBI, CHSHCHRBMB OB ZTHRRH oES, LPFPTPNH ABOUT RPIPDE VSCHMB RPUFBCHMEOB BDBYUB - PVTKHYYFSHUS ABOUT THUULYK FSHCHM Y ZHMBOZ. pDOBLP, LFY UMHYUBY RTEDUFBCHMSAF FPMSHLP YULMAYUEOYS; PUOPCHOPE CE RTBCHYMP, LPFPTSCHN THLPCHPDYMUS OBRPMEPO, VSMP RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOPE UPUTEDPFPYEOOYE CHUEI UYM RETED UTBTSEOYEN.

eUMMY UTBTSEOYE CHEMPUSHOE U RETECHETOHFSCHN ZHTPOFPN, FP obrpmepo UFTENYMUS OBCHETUFBFSH PICHBFPN FPF HDBT RP UPPVEEOSN, LPFPTSCHK OE HDBMEK UFTTBFEZYY; ZPURPDUFCHP OBD OERTYSFEMSHULYN FSHMPN OKHTSOP VSCHMP oBRPMEPOKH, YUFPVSCH CHPNPTsOP TBOSHIE RPDPTCHBFSH NPTBMSHOSHCHE UYMSCH OERTYSFEMS Y YYTE YURPMSH'PCHBFSH KHUREI H VPA. OP, UPUTEDPFPYUYCH DP VPS RETED OERTYSFEMSHULYN ZHTPOFPN ABOUT FEUOPN RTPFTSEOYY UCHPY ZMBCHOSCHE UYMSCH, OBRPMEPO, TBKHNEEFUS, DPMTSEO VSCHM RETEOYUFY GEOFT FSTEUCHY DEKUFCHYK CH VPK OB ZHTPOFESHY - RTPTSCHCH OERTYSFEMSHULPZP GEOFTB, RTPFICH LPFPTPZP PLBSCCHCHBMYUSH OBZTPNPTSDEOOOSCHNY ZHTBOGKHULYE CHPKULB.

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rTEPDPMECH H FEYUEOYE 10 MILKING UPRTPFYCHMEOYE BCHUFTP-RSHENPOFULPZP LPTDPOB, Y CHSHCHEDS Y ChPKOSH UMBVEKYYZP UPAOYLB, vPOBRBTF PCHMBDEM CH NBE Y YAYOE VPZBFPK mPNVBTDYEK; BCHUFTYKGSCH, RPFETREC OEHDBYUH RTY MPDY Y VPTZEFP. PFUFKHRYMY CH FYTPMSH. 4 YAOS vPOBRBTF PVMPTSYM UIMSHOKHA LTERPUFSH nBOFHA. fPMSHLP CH YAME ZHTBOGKHBN HDBMPUSH UZHPTNYTPCHBFSH YЪ BTFYMMETYY DTHZYI BICHBYOOOSCHI LTERPUFEK PUBDOSHCHK RBTL. bCHUFTYKGSCH 4 TBB RSHCHFBMYUSH CHSHCHTHYUYFSH nBOFHA. pFTTBTSEOYE LFYI RPRSCHFPL DBMP vPOBRBTFKh CHPNPTSOPUFSH RTPSCHYFSH CHSHCHUYHA UFKHREOSH YULKHUUFCHB NBOECHTYTPCHBOYS RP CHOKHFTEOOYN MYOYSN.

1-PE OBUFHRMEOYE. vPOBRBTF YNEM PLPMP 32 FSC. DMS PRETBGYK CH RPME Y, ACCOUNTING FPZP, 10 FSC. UETATSHE PUBTSDBMY nBOFHA. 20 FCU. ZHTBOGHJPCH VSHCHMY TBUFSOKHFSCH RP T. Yu. 5 FCU. - L ЪBRBDKh PF ПЪ. ZBTDB, 7 FCU. - H TEETCHE L AZKh PF Pb. zBTDB. bCHUFTYKULYK RPMLCHPDEG, 70-FYMEFOIK CHHTNET, TBURPMBZBM 46 FSC.; YЪ OYI ON CHSHDEMM 17 FNU. LCHBTsDBOPCHYUB DMS CHSHIPDB ABOUT UPPVEEOIS OBRPMEPOB UPPVEEOIS oBRPMEPOB YuETE VTEUYUYA, L BRBDKh PF Pb. zBTDB; ZMBCHOSCHE UYMSCH CHKHTNETB, 24 FSCU., OBUFHRBMY U UCHETB DPMYOPK YouB; 5 FCU. NEUUBTPYB - DENPOUFTBGYS - OBUFHRBMY U CHPUFPLB ABOUT THAT.

h FEYUEOYE 28, 29, 30 YAMS BCHUFTYKGSCH ABOUT CHUEN ZHTPOFE DPUFYZMY OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHI KHUREIPCH. vPOBRBTF RYOSM TEYOYE: USFSH PUBDH nBOFHY; DYCHYYY UETATSHE - VTPUYFSH RTPFYCHOYLH CHUA PUBDOKHA NBFETYIBMSHOHA YUBUFSH Y DEKUFCHPCHBFSH H RPME; ZMBCHOSCHN UYMBN ZHTBOGHЪPCH - UPUTEDPFPYUYFSHUS NETsDH lCHBTsDBOPCHYUEN Y chHTNETPN, YUFPVSH OE RPЪCHPMYFSH YN UPEDYOYFSHUS; RETCHSHCHK HDBT OBRTBCHYFSH ABOUT PRBUOEKYEZP Y OBUFHRBAEEZP VPMEE DETLP lCHBTsDBOPCHYUB.

31 YAMS 1, 2, 3 ChKhTNET, ChNEUFP FPZP, YuFPVshch Ureyyfsh ENH ABOUT RPNPESH, UOBYUBMB KHUFTPYM FPTTSEUFCHEOOOSCHK CHIPD Ch nBOFHA, KHUIMYM EE ZBTOYYPO DP 15 FSHCHU. RTPFYCH vPOBRBTFB. b FFP CHTENS LCHBTsDBOPCHYU KHUREM TB'PYUBTPCHBFSHUS CH CHPNPTSOPUFY RTPVYFSHUS ULCHPSH RTECHPUIPDOSHCH ZHTBOGHHCH L CHTHTNIETH Y, OE RTEUMEDKHENSCHK, KHYEM 7 BCHZHUFB PVTBFOP CH FYTPMSh. 8 BCHZHUFB chHTNETH RTYYMPUSH U 20 FSC. CHUFHRIFSH CH UTBTSEOYE RTY LBUFYMSHPOE RTPFYCH RPYUFY CHUEI UYM oBRPMEPOB. rPUME HRPTOPOZP VPS, HZTPTSBENSCHK PICHBFPN U DHHI UFPTPO chkhtnet VSCHM CHSHCHOKHTSDEO L RPUFEREOOPNKH PFUFHRMEOYA, LPFPTPE BLPOYUYMPUSH 12 BCHZHUFB.

2-PE OBUFHRMEOYE. l OBYUBMH UEOFSVTS chKhTNET KHUYMYMUS CH FYTPME DP 40 FSC. Y RTEDRPMBZBM OBUFHRBFSH DChKHNS ZTHRRBNY TBCHOPK UYMSCH: dBCHIDPCHYU - DPMYOPK YuB, RTYFSZYCHBS L UEVE CHOYNBOYE ZHTBOGHHHCHPCH; CHTHNET - PF CHETIOEK vTEOFSC DPMTSEO VSCHM DCHYZBFSHUS RTSNP ABOUT nBOFHA, CH PVIPD ZHTBOGHHCHPCH.

vPOBRBTF, PUCHEDPNMEOOSHCHK PV LFPN RMBOIE UCHPEK FBKOPK TB'CHEDLPK Y TBURPMBZBCHYYK 30 FSC. DMS BLFICHOSCHI PRETBGYK, VTPUYMUS ABOUT dBCHYDPCHYUB, 2-5 UEOFSVTS OBOEU ENH RPTBTSEOYE Y ЪBICHBFIYM fTYEOF; ЪBFEN PO RPUREYYM CHUMED ЪB DCHYZBCHYYNUS L nBOFKHE CHTNETPN. x vBUBOP vPOBRBTF DPZOBM ICHPUF BCHUFTYKULPK LPMPOOSCH, BUFBCHYM 8 FSC. BCHUFTYKGECCH CHUFHRIFSH H UTBTSEOIE U RETECHETOHFSHCHN ZHTPOFPN Y OBOEU YN RPTBTSEOIE. ChKhTNET RTPDPMTSBM CHSHCHRPMOSFSH UCHPK RMBO RTPVYFSHUS L nBOFHE; OP FP HCE SCHYMPUSHOE PUCHPVTCDEOYEN LTERPUFY, B VEZUFCHPN CH OEE PUFBFLCH BTNYY. vMBZPDBTS UYUBUFMICHSHCHN UMHYUBKOPUFSN, 12 FSC. ChKhTNETB 11 UEOFSVTS KHUREMY RTPULPYUYFSH nBOFHA; ZBTOYPO LTERPUFY, LPFPTHA NPZMY PVPTPOSFSH 2 F., ChPTPU DP 28 FSHCHU., PUBTSDEOOOSCHI OBYUBMY LPUYFSH VPMEOYOY.

3rd OBUFHRMEOYE. fBL LBL ZHTBOGKHULYE BTNYY TSHTDBOB Y nPTP, DEKUFCHPCHBCHYYE OB ZETNBOULPN FEBFTE, VSCHMY TBVYFSCH LTG-ZETGPZPN lBTMPN, FP L OBYUBMKH OPSVTS BCHUFTYKGSCH PLBBUYMBYUSCH CHU EOIS nBOFHY OPCHA (47 FSHU.). BTNYA bMSCHYOYUY. x vPOBRBTFB, LTPNE 9 FSC., VMPLYTPCHBCHYI nBOFHA, YNEMPUSH 32 FSC. bMSHCHYOYU RPMBZBM ZMBCHOSCHNY UYMBNY (F. 29), UPUTEDPFPYOOOSCHNY CH zhTYHME, OBUFHRBFSH ABOUT CHETPOH U ChPUFPLB, B PFTSDPN dBCHYDPCHYUB (18 FSHCHU.) - J fYTPMS RP DPMYOE JUB. h FAST LPMPOOSCH DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY UPEDYOYFSHUS. obyubmp PRETBGYY UMPTSYMPUSH H RPMSh BCHUFTYKGECH: U 1 RP 7 OPSVTS dBCHYDPCHYU KHUREYOP FEUOYM CH FYTPME DYCHYYA chPVKhB (10 FSHCHU.), LPFPTBS U RPFETSNY VSHMB PFVTPYOB L tychpmy; vPOBRBTFFH RTYYMPUSH KHUYMYFSH chPVHB 5 FGU. tsHVETB. NETsDH FEN, RPMPTSEOYE UBNPZP vPOBRBTFB VSHMP OEMEZLPE; ON DCHBTsDSH RSHCHFBMUS VTPUIFSHUS OBCHUFTEYUKH bMSCHCHYOYUY, OP 6 OPSVTS VSCHM PFVIF OB T. vTEOFE U RPFETEK 5 FSC., B 12 OPSVTS X lBMShDYETP U RPFETEK 2 FSC.

yuYUMEOOPE RTECHPUIPDUFCHP BCHUFTYKGECH DEMBMPUSH CHUE PEHFYFEMSHOEE. vPOBRBTF, OBIPDYCHYKUS H CHETPOE, VSCHM FERETSH FBL UFEUOEEO BCHUFTYKGBNY, UFP UFP UFTFEZYUEULIE EIRGSH RPUMEDOOYI ZTPYMY PVTBFYFSHUS CH FBLFYUEULIE. fPZDB obrmepo ChPURPMShЪPCHBMUS FEN PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHPN, UFP RKhFSH bMShCHYYUY YЪ lBMShDYETP CH CHETPOKH METSBM RP DEZHYME NETSDH PFTPZBNY ZPT Y VPMPFBNY MECHPZP VETEZB T. DMS NBOECTYTPCHBOYS HUMPCHYS. vPOBRBTF PUFBCHYM CH CHETPOE FPMSHLP 3 FSHCHU., KHUYMYMUS bUYUEF chPVHB Y VMPLYTPCHBCHYEZP nBOFHA LPTRKHUB Y TEYIM RETEOYUFY VPK CH VPMPFB, RETERTBCHYCHYUSH YuETEJUH tPOLY BFYBLAH WHAT IS HER MECHSHCHK ZHMBOZ.

15 16 H. vPY, RTPFELBCHYYE UTEDY VMPMF, RP UHEEUFCHH UCHPENKh OE NPZMY YNEFSH TEYYFEMSHOPZP IBTBLFETB; BCHUFTYKGSCH OE NPZMY YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH UCHPEZP YUYUMEOOPZP RETECHEUB. h FP TSE CHTENS bMSHCHYOYUY OE NPZ RTPDPMTSBFSH NBTYB ABOUT CHETPOKH, RPD TYULPN VSHCHFSH BRETFSCHN H FKHRYLE NETSDH CHETPOPK Y VPMPFBNY H FSHCHMH. ABOUT FTEFIK DEOSH PRETBGYY vPOBRBTF ZTPYYM TBURTPUFTBOYFSH UCHPK PVIPD CHRTBCHP Y CHSHKFY, ABOUT UPPVEEOIS bMSCHCHYOYUY. RPUMEDOYK, RPRBCH CH RPMPTSEOYE, CH LPFPTPN PO OE REFINERY OBDBFSHUS OILBLLPK RPMPTSYFEMSHOPK GEMSHA, 17 OPSVTS TEYIM OBYUBFSH PFIPD. LBL TB H FFPF NPNEOF dBCHYDPCHYU, VEDEKUFCHPCHBCHYYK 10 milkings, RETEYEM H OBUFHRMEOYE Y PRTPLYOHM chPVHB. OP vPOBRBTF OBVTPUYMUS FERESH ABOUT dBCHYDPCHYUB ZMBCHOSCHNY UYMBNY Y RPEDBM EZP H ZMHVSH FYTPMS. l NPNEOFKH, LPZDB dBCHYDPCHYU VSHCHM RPVIF, bMSHCHYOYUY UOPCHB BIPPFEM RTPDCHYOHFSHUS CHRETED, DP, VKHDHYU RTEDPUFBCHMEO UYMBN, VSHCHM CHSHCHOHTSDEO PFPKFY. 23 OPSVTS obRPMEPO ChPCHTBFYM VMPLBDOPNKH LPTRKHUKH RPBYNUFCHPCHBOOSCHE Y OEZP YUBUFY - Y LBL TB B H FFPF NPNEOF VEDEKUFCHPCHBCHYK DP FPZP chKhTNET RPRSHFBMUS UDEMBPSHH VSHCHMBY PFVIF RPDPIYEDYNY RPDLTTERMEOYSNY.

4-PE OBUFHRMEOYE. h SOCHBTE 1797 Z. BCHUFTYKGSCH UDEMBMY RPUMEDOAA, RPRSHCHFLH URBUFY nBOFHA. x vPOBRBTFB YNEMPUSH 36 FSC. DMS BLFYCHOSHI DECUFCHYK, Y 9 FSC. VMPLYTPCHBMP LTERPUFSH. bMSHCHOYUY TEYIM ZMBCHOSCHNY UYMBNY (28 FSC.) - DENPOUFTYTPCHBFSH U, CHPUFPLB ABOUT CHETPOH, 9 FNU. rTPCHETSCH OBRTBCHYFSH YJ zhTYHMS RTSNP ABOUT nBTFHA DMS OERPUTEDUFCHEOOOPK CHSHCHTHYULY Y UOBVTSEOYS LTERPUFY.

vPOBRBTF PRSFSH PLBBMUS PE CHOHFTEOOEN RPMPTSEOY RP PFOPIEOYA L BCHUFTYKULYN LPMPOOBN. 13 SOCHBTS PO HOBM P DCHYTSEOYY bMSCHYOYY Y UREYOP OBYUBM UPUTEDPFPYUYCHBFSH CHUE UYMSCH L TYCHPMY, ZDE bCHUFTYKGBN VSCHMP OEPVSHCHUBKOP FTHDOP TBCHETOCHFSHUS, FBL LBL LBCHBMETYS Y BTFYMMETYS OYNPK CH LFYI ZPTBI NPZMY UMEDPCHBFSH FPMSHLP RP DPTPZE , YDHEEK CH DPMYOE YUB, PFLHDB YN VSHMP LTBKOE FTHDOP RPDOSFSHUS Y CHSCVTBFSHUS ABOUT TYCHPMYKULPE RMBFP rPFPNH bMShCHYOYUY VSCHM CHSHCHOKHTSDEO CHSHCHDEMYFSH 5 YUYUFP REIPFOSHCHI LPMPPTOSHCHU OBRFTCHMPTOSHCHU, LPFPCHOMOSCHU OBRFTCHOMOSCHU FTPRBNY, YUFPVSCH, CHSCHKFY U TBOSCHI UFPTPO ABOUT TYCHPMYKULPE RMBFP Y RPNPYUSH PUOPCHOPK LPMPOOE TBCHETOCHFSHUS ABOUT OEN. UYMSCH vPOBRBTFB UPUTEDPFPYUYCHBMYUSH PE CHTENS UBNPZP UTBTSEOIS, RTYUEN ENH HDBMPUSH, DEKUFCHHS FTENS TPDBNY CHPKUL, PRTPLYDSCHCHBFSH PFDEMSHOSHCHE REIPFOSHCHE LPMPOOSCH, RSHCHFBCHYYEUS CHSCHKFY OBYBFT OBT. LTBKOK Pvipdopk LPMPOOOE MHYOSHOSHOSH (RTBCHP LTSHMP Bchuftikge) HDBMPUSH URCHUFIFSHUS at ITEVFB NBMSHDP CFM VPOBRBTFB, OP FNA DTHMPOOSHED PFMEM, PUFPUSH FFMSHLP.

rTEDPUFBCHYCH TSHVETH RTEUMEDPCBFSH bMSCHYOYUY, RPOEUYEZP 60 RTPGEOPCH RPFETSH, vPOBRBTF VTPUYMUS ABOUT CHSHCHTHYULKH VMPLYTHAEEK nBOFHA DYCHYYY UETATSE. 16 SOCHBTS rTPCHETB RPDPYEM CHRMPFOKHA L UETATSHE, LPFPTSHK PLBMBMUS UFYUOHFSCHN NETsDH LTERPUFSHHA Y CHSHCHTHYULPK. OP CHTNET VOLUME OEEPVIPDINSCHN RPDZPPCHYFSH HDBT ABOUT UETATSHHE U DCHHI UFPTPO, Y PFMPTSYM CHSHCHMBLKH Y VPK U OIN ABOUT 16 SOCHBTS. OP 16 SOCHBTS CH 10 YuBU. HFTB, LPZDB BCHUFTYKGSCH CHSMY UETATSHE H FYULY, HCE RPDPIYEM OBRPMEPO U TEETCHBNY PF TYCHPMY, Y rtpchetb VSCHM CHSHCHOKHTSDEO UDBFSHUS, OE RTPVYCHYUSH H nBOFHA. nBOFHS, LPFPTHA vPOBRBTF RPUME RPFETY UCHPEZP PUBDOPZP RBTLB NPZ CHSKFSh FPMSHLP ZPMPDPN, UDBMBUSH 2 ZHECHTBMS; ZHTBOGKHSHCH BICHBFIYMY 16 FSHCHUSYu RMEOOSCHI Y 1500 RHYEL. PUFBMSHOBS YUBUFSH BCHUFTYKULPZP ZBTOYPOB CHSCHNETMB PF VPMEJOEK.

CHUE DEKUFCHYS BCHUFTYKGECH (ЪB YULMAYUEOYEN 3-ZP OBUFHRMEOYS) RTPOOYJSCHCHBEF PVEBS PYYVLB: BDBYUB YI NPTCEF VSHFSH TBTEYEOB FPMSHLP RPVEDPK OBD vPOBRBTFPN H RPME; OP VPK HOYI OE OB RETCHPN RMBOE, POI LBCDSCHK TB VPMSHYE DHNBAF P ZEPZTBJYUEULPN RHOLFE - nBOFHE, YUEN P RPVEDE OBD ZhTBOGHBNY Y FPMSHLP BLZTPNPTSDBAF LTERPUFOSHCHE ZPURYFBDVYYB LMB. fTHDOPUFSH TBCHETFSHCHCHBOYS RTY OBUFHRMEOYS PDOK ZPTOPK DPTPZPK ЪBUFBCHMSMB YI DTPVYFSH UYMSCH ABOUT OEULPMSHLP LPMPOO. rty UHEEUFCHPCHBCHYI CH LPOGE XVIII CH. obRPMEPO RTYOGYRYBMSHOP BOINBM CHOKHFTEOOOE RPMPTSEOYE NETsDH BCHUFTYKULYNY LPMPOOBNY, CHTENEOBNY FETREM OEHDBYUY, OP CHSHTSYDBM NPNEOF, LPZDB ENKH HDBUFUS ЪBOEUFY RPTBTSOE LYPMOYE YêPM BL RPD bTLPME, IPFS VSC PFPZOBFSH OBPKMYCHSHCHNY DEKUFCHYSNY PDOH LPMPOOKH, YUFPVSH YNEFSH ChPNPTSOPUFSH CHUENY UYMBNY PVTKHYYFSHUS ABOUT DTHZHA

dekufchys oBRPMEPOB CH 1796 ZPDKh RTEDUFBCHMSAF CHSHCHUPYUBKYIE RTPSCHMEOYE CHPEOOOPZP YULKHUUFCHB, PDOBLP CH FPK ZHPTNE PRETBGYK RP CHOKHFTEOOYN MYOYSN ABOUT OEVPMSHHYPN FEBFTE, LPFPTBS CH OBUFPSEY, YEYYEE TBZHB, EDCHB MY HCE RTYNEOINB. lPZDB UBN obrpmepo RETEYEM L DEKUFCHYSN VPMEE LTHROSCHNY UYMBNY, Y ENH DEKUFCHYS RP CHOHFTEOOIN MYOYSN HDBCHBMYUSH DBMELP OE UFPMSh VMEUFSEE. OP ABOUT THVETS XVIII Y XIX CHELB ECHTPREKULBS CHPEOOBS NSCHUMSH VSCHMB RPTBTSEOB FYN OPCHSHCHN RTPSCHMEOYEN CHPEOOPZP YULKHUUFCHB; OEPVSCHYUBKOBS IOETZYS, RPDCHYTSOPUFSH, UFTENYFEMSHOSHCHE RTSCHTSLY O OEVPMSHYPN RSFBYULE CH PLTEUFOPUFSI CHETPOSCH, ZTBD HDBTPCH, LPFPTSCHE PVTKHYYCHBMYUSH U NPMOYEOPUOPK VSHCHUFTTPFPK O PFDEMYYCHYKHA E LFP DBMP tsPNYOY PUOPCHBOYE RPUFTYFSH FEPTYA UFTBFEZYY, LBL YULKHUUFCHB CHOEDTSFSHUS NETsDH PFDEMSHOSHCHNY YUBUFSNY OERTYSFEMS Y VYFSH YI RPTPIOSH; UBNP E CHPEOOPE YULKHUUFCHP OBYUBMP ZHPTNKHMYTPCHBFSHUS, LBL YULKHUUFCHP UPUTEDPFPYUEOYS RTECHPUIPDOSCHI UYM ABOUT THEYFEMSHOPN RHOLFE, CH THEYFEMSHOHA NYOHFH.

lBNRBOYS 1800 ZPDB. bCHUFTYKGSCH, PUFBCHYYEUS EDYOUFCHEOOOSCHNY CH yFBMYY RPUME FPZP, LBL YN HDBMPUSH DPVYFSHUS HDBMEOYS uHCHPTCHB U THUULYNY CHPKULBNY, PVMPTSYMY PUFBFLY CHTBOGHUYUSHCHO BOOG E 24-FSHCHUSYUOSCHN LPTRHUPN pFFB; BCHUFTYKULYK ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK NEMBU U LPTRHUPN CH 28 PUFBMSHOSHCHE UIMSHCH BCHUFTYKGECH, 35 FSHCHUSYU, VSCHMY TBVTPUBOSH NEMLYNY PFTSDBNY Y OBVMADBMY BMSHRIKULYE RTPIPDSC PF OYGGSCH DP VEMYOGPOSHCH.

vPOBRBTF FBKOP UPVTBM H DYTSPOB TEETCHOKHA BTNYA, UYMPK CH 36 FSHCHUSYU Y YUETEY yCHEKGBTYA TEYIM PVPKFY RTBCHSHCHK BCHUFTYKULYK ZHMBOZ, "UPCHETYYFSH UFTTBFEZYUEULYK MEKFEO". uAYY DENPOUFTYTPCHBM ABOUT ZHTPOFE, Y FBLHA TSE DENPOUFTBGYA YUETEE RETECHBM nPO-uEOYE DPMTSEO VSCHM CHEUFY ZEOETBM FATP U 6300 YuEMPCHEL. ZMBCHOSCHE UYMSCH OBRTBCHMSMYUSH YUETE TSEOECH, dPBOOH Y RETECHBM vPMSHYPK UEO-VETOBT, RTYUEN LFPNH DCHYTSEOIA UPDEKUFCHPCHBMB DYCHYYS yBVTBOB. OBRTBCHMEOOBS YuETE RETECHBM nBMSCHK UEO-VETOBT. rTEPDPMECH VPMSHYE FTHDOPUFY, ZHTBOGHULBS BTNYS URHUFYMBUSH L bPUFE Y X YCHTEY CHFPTZMBUSH H MPNVBTDYA. NEMBU, HOBCH PV LFPN DCHYTSEOYY, PUFBCHYM 17 FSHCHUSYU RTPFICH UAYY, B UBN U 11 FSHCHUSYUBNY VTPUYMUS L fHTYOH, UFTENSUSH RTPDPMTSBFSH RTILTSCHCHBFSH VMPLBDH ZEOHY, BO LPFPTBS VSHCHMB OBL. eUMY VSC vPOBRBTF ACCOUNT OF PF yCHTEY ABOUT fHTYO, PO, CHETPSFOP, DPUFYZ VSCH KHUREIB, OP OE TEYOYOS, FBL LBL BCHUFTYKGSCH NPZMY VSC HULPMSHЪOHFSH ABOUT CHPUFPL. OP vPOBRBTF, CHSHCHDCHYOKHCH VPLPPK BCHBOZBTD ABOUT YOUCHBUUP, FTYOP, CHETGEMY Y RBCHYA, DCHYOKHMUS YUETEE CHETGEMK Y FHTVIZP ABOUT NYMBO, ZDE KHUYMYMUS 15-FSHCHUSYUOSCHN PFTSDPN, LPFPTSHCHK YUTBEYEM UTYCHEME EO-zPFFBTDULYK Y UYNRMPOULYK RETECHBMSCH. vPOBRBTF PFFEUOYM NEMLYE BCHUFTYKULYE PFTSDSHCH VB T. NYOYUYP, HUFBOPCHYM UCHPY UPPVEEOIS YUETE uEO-zPFFBTDULYK RETECHBM ABOUT GATYI Y, BICHBFICH X uFTDEMMSCH RETERTBCHH RP YUETEYU DEUSH UCHPY ZMBCHOSCHE UYMSCH, CHUEZP 26 FSHCHUSYU, PUFBMSHOSHCHE 43 FSHCHUSYU VSCHMY YЪTBUIPDPCHBOSCHOCH ABOUT RTILTSCHFIYE ZHMBOSCH Y FSHMB BTNYY, UFPSCHYEK U RPCHETOHFSCHN L BRBDKh ZHTPOFPN. NEMBU UPUTEDPFPYUYM H bMELUBODTYY OBCHUFTEYUH vPOBRBTTXH 30 FSHCHUSYU YEMPCHEL, RTYYUEN, PDOBLP, RP EZP RSFBN RTPDCHYZBMUS PF OYGGSCH uAYY. NEMBU NPZ YMI OBOEUFY HDBT RP MECHPNH VETEZH T. rp, RP UPPVEEOSN vPOBRBTFB, YMY CE HLTERYFSHUS CH ZEOHE, ZDE BTNYS nBUUEOSCH FPMSHLP UFP LBRYFHMYTPCHBMB ABOUT RPYEFOSCHI HUMPCHYSI.

rTEDRPMBZBS BCHUFTYKCHECH YB T. vPTNYDPK, 14 YAOS vPOBRBTF OBRTBCHYM ZMBCHOSHE UYMSCH OB BMELUBODTYA, CHSHDEMYCH DMS RTILTSCHFIS MECHPZP ZHMBOZB Y DMS RTEUEYUEOYS DPTPZY CH TZBEOKHA DEE6 Y L TYCHBMFE. NEMBU CH FPF TSE DEOSH RETEYEM CH OBUFHRMEOYE L uFTBDEMME. rTPY'PYMP CHUFTEYUOPE UTBTSEOIE RTY nBTEOZP. rPDBCHMEOOOSCHE RTECHPUIPDUFCHPN BCHUFTYKGECH Y BUFYZOHFSHCHE CHTBURMPI, ZHTBOGHSHCH OBYUBMY PFUFHRBFSH. oEUNPFTS ABOUT CHCHEDEOYE H VPK DBCE MYUOPZP LPOCHPS vPOBRBTFB, PFUFHRMEOYE RETEIPDYMP HCE H VEZUFCHP, LPZDB ABOUT RPME UTBTSEOIS RPSCHYMUS DEJ Y CHOEBROP BFBLPCBM BCHUFTYKGECH, CHSCFSOHCHCHYIUSHCHES DMS AND LPMPOOSCH. pDOPCTENEOOP vPOBRBTF CHOPCHSH VTPUYM CH BFBLH DTBZHOULHA VTYZBDH LEMMETNBOB, Y BCHUFTYKGSCH H VEURPTSDLE PFIMSCHOKHMY CH bMELUBODTYA.

fBLFYUEULYK KHUREI RTY nBTEOZP VSCHM OE PYUEOSH OBYUYFEMEO, OP FBL LBL UTBCHOEOYE PVEYNY UFPTPOBNY CHEMPUSH U RETECHETOKHFSCHN ZHTPOFPN Y OBD NEMBUPN CHYUEMY UAYY X BLCHY. FATP X uHHSHCH, yB VTBO X fTYOP, mBRPIR X rBCHYY, - UTBTSEOIE RTY nBTEOZP RPUFBCHYMP EZP H VECHSHCHIPDOPE RPMPTSEOIE, - fPMSHLP TEYYFEMSHOBS RPVEDB NPZMB VSH EZP CHSHCHTHYUYFSH. NEMBU CHSHCHOCHDEO VSHCHM RPKFY ABOUT UZMBYOEOYE, RP LPFPTPNKH EZP BTNYS RPMKHYUYMB RTPRHUL OB T. NYOYUYP GEOPC RETEDBYUY CHUEK UECHETOPK IFBMYY VPOBRBTFFH Y OERTYOSFIYS CHPKULBNYB MYUSHYES CHPKOE.

hMSHNULBS PRETBHYS. obRPMEPO, OBIPDSUSH CHPKOE U BOZMYEK, ZPFPCHIMUS RETEVTPUYFSH UPUTEDPFPYOOOHA VMYH VKHMPOY BTNYA CH RTEDEMSCH VTYFBOULYI PUFTCHCHCH. BOZMYS, UFPVSCH PFCHTBFYFSH PRBUOPUFSH, DPVIMBUSH CHPPTKhTSEOOPZP CHSHUFHRMEOYS bCHUFTYY, tPUUYY, B CHRPUMEDUFCHYY Y rTKHUYY.

ZhTYDTYI CHEMILYK, CHSHCHOKHTSDEOOOSCHK VPTPFSHUS RTPFYCH ECHTPREKULPK LPBMYGYY, DETTSBMUS UFTFEZY YYNPTB Y OE RPLHYBMUS UPLTHYBFSH H TPOYGH ZPUHDBTUFCHB, UVYTBCHYEUS RTPFYCH LBOEM. obRPMEPO TSE CH PLFSVTE 1805 Z. HOYUFPTSYM RPD hMSHNPN BCHUFTYKULHA BTNYA nBLB, RTETSDE YUEN KHUREMY RPDKFY THUULIE; H DELBVTE FPZP CE ZPDB RPD bHUFETMYGEN BUFBCHYM bCHUFTYA BLMAYUYFSH NYT Y TBBYM THUULYI, RTETSDE YUEN rTKHUUYS UPVTBMBUSH PYASCHYFSH CHPKOH. h 1806 ZPDKH obRPMEPO TB'VYM RTKHUUBLPC, RTETSDE YUEN KHUREMY RPDPKFY ABOUT RPNPESH TKHUULYE, B CH 1807 Z. OBOEU RPTBTSEOYE TKHUULYN CHPKULBN Y YULKHUOPK RPMYFYLPK DPVTYMUS UBLMAYUEYES t PUUYEK, RTETSDE YUEN bCHUFTYS KHUREMB PRTBCHYFSHUS PF TBZTPNB 1805 1809 Z.).

h RTEDEYUFCHPCHBCHYE CHPKOSHCH 1796 - 1797 Z. Z. Y 1800 Z. obrpmepo obopuym ZMBCHOSHE HDBTSCH bCHUFTYY CH mPNVBTDYY; RPFPNKH CH 1805 Z. BCHUFTYKGSCH VPMEE UIMSHOKHA BTNYA U MHYUYN RPMLPCPDGEN, LTGZETGPZPN LBTMPN, CHCHUFBCHYMY ABOUT YFBMSHSOULPN FEBFTE; Hatpme of the Utputedpfpuymus lptrchu btg-zetgpzb ypboos, b about Zetnbowlpn PhuUPVTBMY 60-Festuokha Bnuha, OPNIOMSHOP ZHETDYOSOROSHROPZB, ZHLFYUELY Khrtchomsenkh ZEOOTBMPNN NABMPN. NBL CHFPTZUS CH vBCHBTYA, YuFPVShch RTYOHDYFSH RPUMEDOAA L UPAIKH U bCHUFTYEK, OP VBChBTULYE CHPKULB PFPYMY ABOUT ACCOUNTING. chshchdchyokhchyyush l hmshnkh OB T. yMMET, nBL Chshtsydbm UPEDYOEOYS UP UREYYCHYEK L OENH THUULPK BTNYEK lHFKhHPCHB. OE YNES FPUOSCHI DBOOSCHI P ZTPNBDOPN RTECHPUIPDUFCHE UYM OBRPMEPOB, NBL RTEDRPMBZBM HRPTOP PVTPOSFSH UYMSHOSHCHE RPYGYY RP RTBCHSCHN RTYFPLBN dHOBS. h CHYDH HZTPBSHCH RTBCHPNKH ZHMBOSH, RETERTBCHSHCH YUETE dHOBK VSCHMY ЪBOSFSHCH 16 FSHCH. LYONBKETB, Y, LTPNE LPNNHOILBGIPOOPK MYOYY RP DHOBA, VSCHMB RPDZPPFCHMEOB LPNNHOILBGIPOOBS MYOYS PF hMSHNB Yuetey nENYOZEO (ChDPMSH yCHEKGBTYY). obRPMEPO CHSHCHUFBCHYM Ch yFBMYY RTPFICH LTGZETGPZB lBTMB UMBVHA BTNYA nBUUEOSCH, B RTPFICH nBLB UPUTEDPFPYUYM BTNYA CH 210 FSC. - VPMEE YUEN FTPKOPE RTECHPUIPDUFCHP UYM, Y TEYIM PVPKFY RTBCHSHCHK ZHMBOZ bCHUFTYKCHECH Y UFBFSH NETSDH ONY Y BTNYEK lHFKhHCHPCHB. yuEFSCTE ZHTBOGKHULYI LPTRHUB RETEYMY TELC oELLBT OYCE yFHFZBTFB, B DCHB LPTRHUB OBRTBCHYMYUSH PF nBKOGB Y zhTbolzhkhtfb ABOUT CHATGVKhTZ; VBCHBTGSCH DCHYOKHMYUSH PF vBNVETZB ABOUT IOZPMSHYFBDF. FPMSHLP 7 PLFSVTS nBLKh PFLTSCHMYUSH ZMBBJB OB FP, "UFP obrpmepo, LBCEFUS, CHOPCHSH IPYUEF RPCHFPTYFSH nBTEOZULYK NBOECHT", OP CH YFP CHTENS HCE RPYUFY CHUS ZHTBOGHULBS BTNYS NETBEYTSCHAYMB OUFETPN Y IOZPMSHYFBDFPN; LYONBKET VSCHM PFVTPYEO L NAOIEOH.

NBL, TBURPMBZBS 44 FSU. J YNES CH FSHMKH 210 FSHU. ZHTBOGHJPCH Y VBCHBTGECH, RETEYEM ABOUT MECHSHCHK VETEZ DHOBS Y 11-13 PLFSVTS UDEMBM RPRSHCHFLH RTPVYFSHUS ABOUT UCHETP-CHPUFPL. fBL LBL GEOFT FSTSEUFY PRETBGYY, RP NOOYA oBRPMEPOB, BLMAYUBMUS CH BOSFYY GEOPHTMBSHOPZP RPMPTSEOIS H bKhZUVKhTZB, NETsDH nBLPN LHFKHBPCHSHCHN, Y Ch DEKUFCHYSI -RP CHOHSNPMOOPOSCHN ON PUFBCHYM ABOUT MECHPN VETEZH DHOBS FPMSHLP PDOKH DYCHYYA YЪ LPTRHUB oes. rPFPNKh, ZPMPCHOSCHN UBUFSN nBLB - 16 FSC. ZEOETBMB CHETOELB - DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP HDBMPUSH RTPVYFSHUS, OP ZMBCHOSHE UYMSCH nBLB, DEKUFCHBCHYE CHSMP, VSCHMY RETEICBYEOSH OEEN, CHPCHTBFYCHYNUS U VPEN H LMSHIYOZEOOB ABOUT SECTION VETEZ DHOBS. NBL VSHCHM PFVTPYEO L hMSHNH. oBRMEPO, PUFBCHYCH RTPFYCH LYONBKETB Y RPDIPDYCHYYI THUULYI YUBUFEK DCHB LPTRHUB Y VBCHBTGECH, U YUEFSHTSHNS LPTRHUBNY OBYUBM PVMPTSEOYE hMSHNB. pFTSDH EMBYYUB (5 FSC.) HDBMPUSH HULPMSH'OHFSH H zhPTBMShVETZ. 17 PLFSVTS nBL LBRYFHMYTPCHBM H xMSHNE U 23 FSC. CHPKUL. CHETOEL, RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP HULPMSH'OKHCHYYK Y'HMSHNB, GBDETSBMUS H FTBIFEMSHZHJOZEOB, YUFPVSCH RPNPYUSH nBLH, Y DEUSH VSCHM BUFYZOHF NATBFPN Y YUBUFSHHA LPTRHUB OES. fPMSHLP OPNYOBMSHOPNH LPNBODHAEENH BTNYEK, LTGZETGPZH JETDYOBODH, U 2000 LPOOYGSC HDBMPUSH RTPVYFSHUS.

UTBTSEOYE RPD bHUFETMYGEN. rPUME HOYUFPTSEOIS BTNYY nBLB, OBRPMEPO BOSM CHEOKH Y RTEUMEDPCHBM PFIPDYCHYHA BTNYA LHFHFCHB. CHUMEDUFCHIE RPFETSH PFUFBMSCHNY Y CHSHDEMEOYS UIMSHOSCHI YUBUFEK DMS PLLHRBGYY BCHUFTYKULPK FETTYFPTYY, RETCHPOBYUBMSHOBS YUYUMEOOPUFSH ZHTBOGHULPK BTNYY HNEOSHYYMBUSH VPMEE YUEN CHFTPESHCHU - DP. oEUNPFTS ABOUT FP, UFP oBRPMEPOKH OHTSOP VSCHMP DPVYFSHUS VSHCHUFTPZP TEYOYS, FBL LBL rTKHUUYS ZPFPCHB VSCHMB PYASCHYFSH CHPKOH, B L THUULYN RPDIPDYMY RPDLTERMEOYS, Y BTNYS LTGZETGPZBY lBTNYS LTGZETGPZBY lBTNYS LTGZETGPZB Ъ yFBMYY, OBRMEPO TEYIM OE PUMBVMSFSH UEVS DBMSHOEKYN OBUFHRMEOYEN, UFP RTYCHEMP VSH L TBUFSTSLE UPPVEEOIK, Y PUFBOCHYMUS ABOUT DPTPZE vTAOO-pMSHNAG, BY THYUSHEN zPMSHDVBI. retedpchsche YUBUFY RPMKHYUYMY RTYLBBOYE PFIPDYFSH RTY UFPMLOPCHEOYSI U NEMLYNY THUULYNY YUBUFSNY; oBRMEPO RTEMPTSYM HUFBOPCHYFSH RETENYTYE, Y fBMEKTBOH CH CHEOH VSCHMY DBOSH HLBBOYS - BTCHSBFSH RETEZPCHPTSHCH U bCHUFTYEK, OEUYEK ABOUT UEVE CHUA FSTSEUFSH CHPKOSHCH, ABOUT UBNSCHI HNETEOOPCHSIOYSCHI. FP UFTBFEZYUEULPE UBNPPZTBOYUEOOYE, ABOUT RPNPESH LPFPTPNKh RTYYMB NHDTBS RPMYFYLB, RTYOEUMP RMPDSH: H BCHUFTYKGE" RPSCHYMBUSH UETSHEOBS FSZB L NYTH, THUULYE TS HYTEPGEOYYSHCHYOMY S OBUFHRBFEMSHOBS PRETBGYS UFBMB DMS OII OEYVETSOPK, UFPVSCH RPDDETSBFSH YOENPZBCHYKHA Y BLPMEVBCHYHAUS bCHUFTYA. bMELUBODT I, ZhBLFYUEULY TBURPTSTSBCHYKUS THUULP-BCHUFTYKULPK BTNYEK, OBIPDYCHYEKUS RPD OPNYOBMSHOSHCHN LPNBODPCHBOYEN LHFKhHCHB, TEYM rTYOSFSHCHK RMBO CHEKTPFETB, BCHUFTYKULPZP PZHYGETB ZOEETTBMShOPZP YFBVB, BLMAYUBMUS CH FPN, YUFPVSC, CHSHDEMYCH ¼ CHUEI UYM (25 FSHCHU.) PKFY RTBCHPE LTSCHMP ZHTBOGHHHPCH Y RETETEBFSH YI UPPVEEOIS U CHEOPK. NETSDH FEN, OBRPMMEPO, LTPNE YNECHYYIUS UPPVEEOIK ABOUT CHEOKH CHETI RP DHOBA, RPDZPFCHYM UEVE Y UPPVEEOIS ABOUT WTAOO Y DBME RTSNP ABOUT BRBD. UPAYOYLY RPCHFPTSMY NBOECHT RTIOGB uHVYB RPD tPUVBIPN. vBZTBFYPO than. LOSSH lPOUFBOFYO Y MYIFEOYFEKO PUFBCHBMYUSH RTPFICH ZHTPOFB, B 5 LPMPOO - LPMCHTBFB, RTTSYVSHCHYECHULPZP, MBOTSETPOB, LYONBKETB Y dPIPHTPCHB - OBRBCHMSMYUSH L THYUSHA NEPMSHID VEMSHOYG Y FEMSHOYG, YUFPVSCH OBFEN RETENEOIFSH ZHTPOF ABOUT UECHETP-YBRBD DMS OBUFHRMEOYS ABOUT HYBUFPL yMBRBOIG - FHTBU.

obRPMEPO, RTPYuOP BBOSC rTBGEOULYE CHSHCHUPFSHCH RETED UCHPYN RTBCHSHCHN ZHMBOSPN, NPZ Vshch DP LTBKOPUFY IBFTKHDOYFSH NBOECHT CHEKTPFETB, LPFPTSCHK PO TBZBDBM. OP CH FBLPN UMKHYUBE RPMKHYUMPUSH VSH PVSCHLOPCHEOOPE PVPTPOYFEMSHOPE UTBTSOYE ABOUT DPCHPMSHOP UIMSHOPK RPYGYY. oBRMEPO TS UFTENYMUS L TEYFEMSHOPNH KHUREIKH, LPFPTSHCHK RTYCHEM VSH LBNRBOYA L LPOGH. rPFPNKh PO OE RTERSFUFCHPCHBM PVIPDH UCHPEZP RTBCHPZP ZHMBOZB Y PUFBCHYM rTBGEOULYE CHSHCHUPFSHCH, OYEBOSFSHCHNY; PVIPDSEIE LPMPOOSCH ЪBDETSYCHBMYUSH ABOUT RETERTBCHBI YUETEЪ zPMSHDVBI OEVPMSHYNY YUBUFSNY nBTZBTPOB (5 VBFBMShPOCH, 12 UL.), H TEETCHE BL LPFPTSCHNY VSCHM TBURPMPTSEO LPTRHU dB. PUFBMSHOSHCHE LPTRHUB ZTHRRYTPCHBMYUSH FBL, YUFPVSHCH CH OKHTSOSCHK NPNEOF, BICHBFYFSH rTBGEOULYE CHSHCHUPFSCH, CHPURPMSHЪPCHBCHYUSH TBTSCHCHPN NETSDH LPMPOOBNY, DEKUFCHHAEINY OY PTVIPDFE Y; RPUME FPZP, LBL OERTYSFEMSHULBS BTNYS VHDEF TBTEEBOB ABOUT DCHE YUBUFY, HDBT DPMTSEO VSCHM TBCHYCHBFSHUS Yuete rTBGES CH FschM PVIPDYCHYI LPMPOO.

YuEN VPMEE PVIPDYCHYE LPMPOOSCH CHFSZYCHBMYUSH VSC H DPMYOH zPMSHDVBIB, FEN RPMOEE ZTPYMP YN HOYUFPTSEOYE.

oELPFPTPE UPRTPFYCHMEOYE RMBOH oBRPMEPOB PLBBMB FPMSHLP LPMPOOB lPMCHTBFB, BDETTSBOOBS LHFKhPCHSHCHN, CHPRTELY DYURPYGYY, ABOUT rTBGEOULYI CHSHCHUPFBI. LPTRKHU uHMShFB (DYCHYYY uEOF-yMETB Y chBODBNB), RPDDETSBOOSCHK LPTRKHUPN VETOBDPFB, RPUME TsBTLPZP VPS, PFVTPUYM lPMPCHTBFB U ChSHUPF; CH FP CE CHTHENS LPTRHU mBOOB, RPDDETSBOOSCHK LPOOYGEK NATBFB, RPFEUOYM 3 LPMPOOSCH, PUFBCHMEOOOSCH, LBL UBUMPO, RTPFICH ZHTBOGHULPZP ZhTPOFB.

hFCHETDICHYUSH ABOUT rTBGEOULYI CHSHCHUPFBI, ZHTBOGKHSHCH OBYUBMY ZTPNYFSH BTFYMMETYEK U FSCHMB PVIPDSEIE LPMPOOSCH Y, RPUFEREOOP TBURTPUFTBOSSUSH L bHEEDH, RETEICBFSCHCHBMY RHFY PFUPHHRMEOYS. uFPMRYCHYYEUS CH OYJOYE ZPMSHDVBIB Y RPUFBCHMEOOOSCHE NETsDH DCHHI PZOK - dBCH Y ZMBCHOSHI UYM - THUULP-BCHUFTYKULYE CHPKULB PLBBMYUSH UTBYH TSE CH PFUBSOOPN RPMPTSEOY. HRPTOPE UPRTPFYCHMEOYE LPMPOOSCH RTTSYVSHCHYECHULPZP, HOYUFPTSOOOPK RPMOPUFSHHA, DBMP CHPNPTSOPUFSH PUFBFLBN DTHZYI LPMPOO RTPVYFSHUS, OEUS PZTPNOSCHE RPFETY, RPD BTFYMMETYKHOYDKHL ZBFOEN J UBUBOWULYN RTHDBNY.

tBZZTPN THUULP-BCHUFTYKULPK BTNY PVPYEMUS ZHTBOGHBN OE VPMEE 3 FSC. HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOESCHNY. hDBT VSHCHM FBL UYMEO, UFP bCHUFTYS RTYYMB L NSHCHUMY P VEOBDETSOPUFY DBMSHOEKYEZP UPRTPFYCHMEOYS; ABOUT FTEFIK DEOSH RPUME UTBTSEOIS BCHUFTYKULYK YNRETBFPT MYUOP SCHYMUS L OBRPMEPOH RTPUYFSH RETENYTYS, B THUULBS BTNYS PFPYMB CH RTEDEMSCH tPUUYY.

YEOULBS PRETBHYS. rTHUULP-UBLUPOULBS BTNYS (109 FSHCHU.) TBCHETOKHMBUSH CH LPOGE UEOFSVTS 1806 Z b ZPTOSHCHN LTTSEN FATYOZEOULPZP MEUB, ABOUT MECHPN VETEZH bBMShch, VMYb tzhhtfb Y cheknbtb. dBMELP RPBDY, BL T. LMSHVPK, OBIPDYMUS "UFTBFEZYUEULYK TEJETCH" - Y OPCHSHCHI YUBUFEK, BLBOYUYCHBCHYI UCHPE ZHPTNYTPCHBOYE, YCH RETURELFYCHE VSCHMB THUULBS RPNPEKBUCHBMPMEPO OBRPMEPO BBPK RP TELBN nBK H Y TEKOH, FBL LBL vBCHBTYS Y zPMMMBODYS OBIPDYMYUSH CH EZP CHMBUFY. pDOBLP, UPUTEDPFPYUEOOPE NBOECHTYTPCHBOYE oBRPMEPOB VSMP HCE OBUFPMSHLP Y'CHEUFOP, YuFP LPOGEOFTYUEULPZP CHFPTTSEOYS U BRBDB Y AZB RTHUUBLY OE TsDBMY. NOEOIS UIPDYMYUSH DPCHPMSHOP PRTEDEMEOOP ABOUT PRTBCHDBCHYENUS CH DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY RTEDRPMPTSEOYY, UFP obrpmepo UPUTEDPFPYUYFUS ABOUT nBKOE Y UDEMBEF RPRSCHFLH PVIPDB MECHPZP LTSCHMB RTHURPULPZP TBURPZP. RTY LFPN ЪBEIFOYLY IDEY RTHUULPZP TBCHETFSHCHCHBOYS CHYDEMY PUPVSHCHE CHSHZPDSHCH FPN, UFP oBRPMEPOH RTYDEFUS RTY FBLPN NBOECHTE RTPIPDYFSH CH 80-LYMPNEFTCHPK RPMPUE, NETsDHFTTBOYKHUYUBLSH bCHUFTYY, Y CHEUFY VPK, YNES CH FSHMKH bCHUFTYA. reUUYNYUFSHCH - ZEOETBM zTBCHETF - HFCHETSDBMY, YuFP oBRMEPO PVPKDEF MECHPE LTSCHMP RTHUUBLPCH Y, RETEICBFICH UPPVEEOIS RTHUULPK BTNYY U LMSHVPK, PFTECEF EE PF CHUEI FEI YUFPPOYUOYELS RPCH FUS bb pDETPN (UYMEYS). zTBCHETF RTEDHZBDBM NSCHUMSh oBRPMEPOB PYUEOSH FPYuOP, DBCE CH DEFBMSI, BL YULMAYUEOYEN GEMY, CHPURYFBOOSCHK CH IDESI XVIII CHELB, zTBCHETF RTEDHUNBFTYCHBM RETETSHCH LPNNKHOILBGIPO LPFBOCHEYY, LBPCHEYG, LBPCHEYG CHSCHOHDYF RTHUUBLPCH L PFUFHRMEOYA, B OBRMEPO UFTENYMUS CHCHKFY CH FSM RTHUULPK BTNY OE DMS FPZP, UFPVShch RETEICHBFSCHCHBFSH RTHUULIE PVPPSCH, B YUFPVSCH TBDBCHYFSH RTHUUBLPCH HDBTPN U FSCMB FBL, UFPVSCH OELHDB VSCHMP Y VETSBFSH.

uFP LBUBEFUUS TYULB DCHYTSEOIS CHDPMSH BCHUFTYKULPK ZTBOYGSCH, FP obrpmepo, Khcheteooshchk Ch FBLFYUEULPK RPVEDE Y PBVPYUEOOSCHK FPMSHLP UFTENMEOYEN DBFSH EK CHPNPTSOP VPMEE TEYYFEMSHOESHCHK, LIBTBLFTOYSHCHK NHEBMUS- U BTNYEK CH 160 FSC. oBRMEPO CHSHCHUFKHRYM Y vBKTEFB Y vBNVETZB, RETECHBMYM YUETE zhTBOLPOULYK MEU Y DCHYOHMUS RP RTBCPNH VETEZH T. gemsh NBTYB FTEVPCHBMB RPCHPTPFB CHUEK BTNYY OBMECHP, LBL FPMSHLP HDBUFUS NYOPCHBFSH TBURPMPTSEOYE RTHUUBLPCH. oBRMEPO CHEM UCHPA BTNYA YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP UPUTEDPFPYUEOOP, CH CHYDE "UFTBFEZYUEULPZP LBTE". RP FTEN DPTPZBN, OB ZHTPOFE, RPUFEREOOP UKhTsBCHYENUS U 50 OB 30 LIMPNEFT, YMP WENSh LPTRHUCH oBRPMEPOB: FTY RP GEOPTBMSHOPK DPTPZE, RP DChB - RP LTBKOIN. TBCHEDLB TBVPFBMB OEHDPCHMEFCHPTYFEMSHOP, OP VSHCHUFTPE TBCHETFSHCHCHBOYE CHUEI UYM H MAVHA UFPTPOH VSCHMP PVEUREYUEOP. lPZDB, RP YNECHYNUS X oBRPMEPOB DBOOSCHN, PO NYOPCHBM RTHUULHA BTNYA, CHPKULB VSCHMY RPCHETOHFSCH LTHFP OBMECHP, OB BRBD. 5 LPTRHUCH VSHMP OBRTBCHMEOP L yeoe, ZDE RPLBBMYUSH RTKHUUBLY Y ZDE OBRPMEPO PTSYDBM CHUFTEFYFSH YI ZMBCHOSCHE UYMSCH, B DCHB LPTRHUB VSCHMY OBRTBCHMEOSCH ABOUT RETERTBCHSHCH OYCE RP T. yBBME. VETOBDPF L dPTOVHTZH Y dBCH L LLEOH. RTY FBLPK ZTHRRYTPCHLE NPTsOP VSHMP TBUUYUYFSHCHCHBFSH PFVTPUYFSH RTHUUBLPCH L FATYOZEOULPNH MEUKH Y FBN YI KHOYUFPTSYFSH.

x RTHUUBLPCH YNEMPUSH FTY ZMBCHOSHI LCHBTFYTSCH, ZMBCHOPPLPNBODHAEEZP, ZETGPZB vTBHOYCHEKZULPZP, CHEFETBOB RPIPPDCH zhTYIDTYIB CHEMYLPZP, BLFEN PYUEOSH CHMYSFEMSHOPZYEP LOSEZPZP SPZP RBTFYY BLFYCHOSCHI DEKUFCHYK, Y, OBLPOEG, UBNPZP LPTPMS, RTYUHFUFCCHBCHYEZP CH BTNYY VEY PRTEDEMEOOOSCHI LPNBODOSHCHI ZHOLGYK; NETSDH ONY RTPYUIPDYMY PTSEUFPYUEOOOSCHE DEVBFSCH, LPFPTSHCHE RTYCHPDYMY H PFUBSOYE RTYUHFUFCHBCHYEZP ABOUT UPCHEEBOYSI NPMPDPZP BDYAFBOFB lMBKHECHYGB; OBLPOEG, CHSMY FOUR UPPVTBTSEOIS PUFPPTTSOPUFY, Y RTHUUBLY TEYYMY PFPKFY L HUFSHHA T. bBBMSCH. dCHYTSEOYE ZMBCHOSHI UYM RTILTSCHCHBMPUSH X YEOSH LPTRHUPN LOS zPZEOMPE, RPDDETSLPK LPENH NPZ UMHTSYFSH BTNEKULYK TEJETCH TAIEMS.

fBLYN PVTBBPN, PUFPPTSOPUFSH RTHUUBLPCH Y OEDUFBFPYUOBS TBECHEDLB ZHTBOGKHHPCH RPCHEMY L FPNKh, UFP ZMBCHOSCHE UYMSCH oBRMEPOB PVTKHYYMYUSH ABOUT VPLPPCHPK BTSHETZBTD RTHUUBLFCHOPCHOPCHMEOY, CHEREPCHOPCHMEOY ЪOBYUEOYE, B RTHUUBLY ZMBCHOSCHNY UYMBNY BFBLPCHBMY RTBCHPZHMBOPCHSHCHK LPTRHU dBCH. pYVLB oBRPMEPOB H OBRTBCHMEOYY PRETBGYY VSCHMB YULKHRMEOB FBLFYUEULYNY KHUREIBNY. x yeoshch obrpmepo RTEDRPMBZBM, YuFP CHEDEF VPK U ZMBCHOSCHNY UYMBNY OERTYSFEMS, Y BFSZYCHBM TEYOYE, CHSCTSYDBS RPDIPDB vetobdpfb Y dbchh, UFPVShch PFVTPUYFSH RTHUUBBLCH L y brbdh. ZPZEOMPE, CHNEUFP BTSHETZBTDOPZP VPS, CHFSOKHMUS CH TEYFEMSHOSCHE DEKUFCHYS RTPFICH CHYUEFCHETP UYMSHOEKYEZP RTPFYCHOYLB Y VSCHM TBBYF ABOUT ZPMPCHH, B ZPZEOMPE CH EZP OETBCHOPN VPA. h FPF CE DEOSH, 14 PLFSVTS, LPTRHU dbchh YNEM KHUREI OBD ZMBCHOSCHNY UYMBNY RTHUUBBLCH X bHTYFEDFB.

ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK, ZETGPZ vTBHOYCHEKZULYK, VSCHM UNETFEMSHOP TBOEO CH OBYUBME UTBTSEOIS, B LPTPMSH, DP OBOBYUEOYS OPCHPZP ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEZP, OE BIPFEMTSERP TYULPCHBFSH CHUINY BYYMBYYYYYMBY CHEUFY EE Yb VPS: OETZYS dBCH PVTBFYMB PFIPD RTHUUBLPCH H RPTBTSEOIE. h PLPOYUBFEMSHOPN TEHMSHFBFE - ZHTBOGHULBS BTNYS PLBBMBUSH ABOUT LTBFYUBKYI RHFSI L pDETH. fBLFYUEULPZP RTEUMEDPCHBOYS RPYUFY OE VSCHMP, OP obrpmepo PTZBOYPCHBM UFTENIFEMSHOPE UFTTBFEZYUEULPE RTEUMEDPCHBOYE. ZhTBOGKHSHCH, RP LTBFYUBKYYN IPTDBN, OBRTBCCHMSMYUSH ABOUT RETETE RTKHUUBLBN, CHSHCHOKHTSDEOOOSCHN PFIPDYFSH RP DKhZE. rTEUMEDPCHBOYE RTPDPMTSBMPUSH DP VETEZPCH vBMFYKULPZP NPTS, RPLB CHUE YUBUFY RTHUULPK BTNYY OE LBRYFKHMYTPCHBMY.

uFTBFEZYUEULYK TEJETCH - CHFPTPK LYEMPO RTHUULPZP TBCHETFSHCHCHBOYS, UPVYTBCHYKUS YB T. LMSHVPK, OE HUREM OYYUEN RPNPYUSH PUOPCHOPK RTHUULPK BTNYY YOS TBUUESMUS UBN, RPYUFYSHCHY OYU OE KUFCHYSI. pFUADB FEPTEFILY UDEMBMY CHSCCHPD P RTYOGYRYBMSHOPK OEZPDOPUFY IDEY UFTFEZYUEULPZP TEETCHB, P OEPVIPDYNPUFY PDOPCHTENEOOPUFY, B OYEMPOOPUFY TBCHETFSHCHCHBOYS. LFY CHCHCHPDSHCH, PDOBLP, VSHMY URTBCHEDMYCHSHCH MYYSH CH FEI HUMPCHYSI UPLTKHYEOIS, CH LPFPTSCHI ULMBDSCHCHBMYUSH oBRPMEPCHULYE RPIPDSCH. NYTPCHBS CHPKOB RP CHPRTPUBN P UFTBFEZYYUEULPN TEETCHE Y yEMPOOPN TBCHETFSHCHCHBOY OBFPMLOEF OBU ABOUT RTPFYCHPRMPTSOSCHE BLMAYUEOYS.

rSFIDOECHOBS PRETBHYS RPD TEZEOUVHTZPN. h 1809 ZPDKh RTPFYCH oBRPMEPOB PE ZMBCHE BCHUFTYKULPK BTNYY DEKUFCHPCHBM MKHYUYK ZEOTBM echTPRSCH - TGZETGPZ lBTM. OBYUYFEMSHOBS YUBUFSH ZHTBOGKHULYI CHPKUL HChSMB CH YURBOYY, CH VPTSHVE U OBTPDOSHv DCHYTSEOYEN, LPFPTPE RPDDETSYCHBMPUSH BOZMYYUBOBNY. rMBO LTGZETGPZB LBTMB BLMAYUBMUS PE CHOEBROPN CHFPPTTSEOYY CH PVMBUFY ZETNBOY, RPDYOYOEOOSHCH ZHTBOGKHULPNKH CHMYSOYA, Y CH OBOEEOYY RPTBTSEOIS RP YUBUFSN TBBTPUBOOSCHN ZHTBYOBKHOBUL. at GEMSHA UPITBOEOYS UFTTBFEZYUEULPK CHOEBROPUFY, TGZETGPZ LBTM PFLBBMUS PF UPUTEDPFPYUEOYS CHUEI YNECHYIUS CH EZP TBURPTSEOYY 170 FSC. CH PDOH NBUUH, UFP FTEVPCHBMP READ; CHOYNBOYE ZHTBOGKHJPCH VSCHMP HCE RTPVKHTSDEOP, Y ZHTBOGKHULYE CHPKULB OBYUBMY HCE UP CHUK ZETNBOY UPUTEDPFPYUYCHBFSHUS L vBCHBTYY. rPFPNKh 10 BRTEMS LTGZETGPZ LBTM RETEYEM U 120 FNC. RPZTBOYUOKHA TELKH YOO, B 50 FSC. - DCHKHN LPTRHUBN VEMShZBTDB Y LPMCHTBFB, UPVTBOOSHCHN H vPZENYY, - RTYLBBM, OBUFHRBFSH PFDEMSHOP RP MECHPNKH dHOBS Y YULBFSH UPEDYOEOYS U OIN H TBKPOE LEMSHIEKNB. rMBO FTEVPCHBM VSHCHUFTPFSHCH Y IOETZYY CH YURPMOEOYY, B NETsDH FEN ЪB RETCHHA OEDEMA BCHUFTYKULBS BTNYS, FEUOS UMBVSHCHE VBCHBTULYE YUBUFY, RTPDCHYOKHMBUSH OENOPZYN VPMSHYE 50 CHETUFDEB FPMShTEB Y1 mBODUZHFPN, obRPMEPO, CHSHCHCHBOOSCHK RP PRFYUEULPNKh FEMEZTBZHKH OB FEBFT CHPKOSH YJ zhTBOGYY, 17 BRTEMS BUFBM ZHTBOGHULYE ChPKULB, DP 180 FSHCHU., TBIVTPUBOOSCHNY ABOUT ZHTPOFE UCHCHCHNYE 130 CHETUF RTYVMYYFEMSHOP CH FTEI TBCHOPUIMSHOSHCHI ZTHRRBI. rTBCHPZHMBOSCHBS, CH PLTEUFOPUFSI bKhZUVKhTZB, UPUFPSMB Yb LPTRHUCH nBUUEOSCH Y hDYOP; GEOFTBMSHOBS FTHRRRB PVTBBPCHSCCHBMBUSH PFUFHRICHYYN PF mBODUZHFB VBCHBTULYN LPTRHUPN INTERCHTB, L LPFPTPPNH CHDPMSH RP dHOBA RPDIPDYMY CHYTFENVETZGSCHCH (LPTRHU chBODBNB), OENGJPY TEKOULS thke), LBCH. DYCHYYY OBOUHFY Y DENPOB; MECHPZHMBOZPCHBS ZTHRRRB RTEDUFBCHMSMB UIMSHOSCHK (57 FSHCHU.) LPTRHU dBCH, LCHBTFYTPCHBCHYK H UCHETOPK ZETNBOY Y KHURECHYK RTPULPYUYFSH NYNP VEMShZBTDB L TEZEOUVKhTZH. ABOUT GEOPFT ZHTBOGKHJPCH OBUFKHRBM TBURPMBZBCHYYK CH RPMFPTB TBBB NEOSHYNY UYMBNY (VEY VEMShZBTDB) LTGZETGPZ lBTM.

h UPPFCHEFUFCHY UP UPFTBFEZYUEULYNY IDESNNY, UVBCHYNY RPUME LBNRBOYK nPMSHFLE PVEIN DPUFPSOYEN, UMEDPCHBMP VSH YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH LFH ZTHRRRYTPCHLKH ZHTBOGKHULYI UYM DMS PLTHPEYNPKU BCHU MP VSH VSHCHFSH DPUFYZOHFP RTPUFSHCHN ZHTPOFBMSHOSHCHN DCHYTSEOYEN; FB ZTHRRB, RTPFYCH LPFPTPK PVTBFYMUS VSC LTGZETGPZ lBTM, RETEYMB VSC L PVPTPOE, B DCHE DTHZYI PVTKHYYMYUSH VSC OB ZHMBOZ Y FschM BCHUFTYKGECH. pDOBLP, NEFPD PRETYTPCHBOYS PFDEMSHOSCHNY ZTHRRBNY, LBL RPMPCHYOLBNY EYRGHR, FTEVHEF IPTPYI UTEDUFCH Y TBUUTEDPFPYUEOOPUFY HRTBCHMEOYS Y VSCHM DMS oBRPMEPOB OERTYENMENSCHN. obRPMEPO, DP RETEIPDB L TEYYFEMSHOSCHN DECUFCHYSN, RTETSDE CHUEZP CEMBM UPUTEDPFPYUYFSH UCHPY UYMSCH Y RPFPNKh RTYLBBM ZTHRRE nBUUEOSCH UREYYFSH L rzhbzheozpzheokhVP Bdbchh, PUFBCHOYCHV H te TOYPO, LPFPTSCHK ABOUT OELPFPTPE CHTENS RPNEYBM VSC BCHUFTYKGBN RPMShPCHBFSHUS TEZEOUVKhTZULYNY RETERTBCHBNY dMS UCHS ZMBCHOSCHI UIM U VEMShZBTDPN, DCHYOHFSHUS RTBCCHN VETEZPN dHOBS L bVEOUWETZH; DCHYTSEOYE dBCHH MECHSHCHN VETEZPN dHOBS VSHMP VSH NOPZP VEEPRPBUOEEE, YUEN RTEDRYUBOOSHCHK ENH NBTY NETSDH TELPK Y OERTYSFEMEN, OP CHCHCHPDYMP VSh UYMSCH dBCH ABOUT DCHPE UHFPL YЪ TBKPO RTBFE EPDEMS EPDEMS ZP UFPMLOPCHEOYS RTEZTBDPK dHOBS; oBRMEPO RPYEM PIPFOP ABOUT TYUL NBTYB dBCH RP, RTBCHPNKh VETEZH, UFPVSHCH U LBCDSCHN NPNEOPFPN UPUTEDPFPYUEOYE EZP UIM OBTBUFBMP. l CHEYUETH 19 BRTEMS obrpmepo TBUUYUYFSHCHBM UPVTBFSH CHUA BTNYA ABOUT 50-CHETUFOPN ZHTPOFE PF rzhbzheozpzheob DP HUFSHS TELY bVEOUB.

CHEYUETPN 18 BRTEMS LTGZETGPZ LBTM RPYUHCHUFCHPCHBM RTPFYCH UEVS ChTBZPCH U FTEI UFPTPO. OHTSOP VSHMP YЪVTBFSH PDOH YЪ LFYI ZTHRR Y OBOEUFY EK HDBT. nBUUEOB VSCHM UMYYLPN DBMEL; LTPNE FPZP, DCHYTSEOYE H ATSOPN OBRTBCHMEOYY EEE HCHEMYYUYMP VSH HDBMEOYE PF VEMSHZBTDB. MEZHECHT CH GEOFTE DP UYI RPT HLMPOSMUS PF VPS Y Refinery RTPDPMTSBFSH PFUFHRMEOYE; OBOPUS HDBT GEOFTBMSHOPK ZTHRRE ZHTBOGHHHCH, LTGZETGPZ lBTM FPMSHLP ZMHVCE OBMEBM VSHCH"CH NONYPL. yTGZETGPZ lBTM TEYM RPCHETOHFSH LTHFP ABOUT ACCORDING, UFPVSCH TBYFSH dBCH, UPEDYOYFSHUS U VEMShZBTDPN Y PFLTSCHFSh UEVE UPVEEOIS RP MECHPNH VETEZH dHOBS H vPZENYA. TEOYOYE RTBCHIMSHOPE, OP CHSHCHRPMOOEOYE EZP RTCHPDYMPUSH U PZMSDLPK; CH ЪBUMPO RTPFYCH GEOPTBMSHOPK Y ATSOPK ZTHRR OERTYSFEMS LTGZETGPZ LBTM CHSHCHDEMYM 50 FSHCHU. (LPTRHUB ZYMMETB Y LTGZETGPZB MADPCHILB, PFTSD FSHETY); LTPNE FPZP, DMS RTILTSCHFIS CHPCHUE OEHZTPTSBENPZP RTBCHPZP ZHMBOZB VSCHMP OBOBBYUEOP 6 FSC. (PFTSD CHELUES), Y FPMSHLP RPMCHYOB BTNYY - 63 FSC. - OBRTBCHYMBUSH DMS TBTEYOYS BDBYUY - OBOEUEOYS TEYFEMSHOPZP RPTBTSEOIS dBCH.

19 BRTEMS RTPY'PYYEM CHUFTEYUOSCHK VPK NETsDH ZMBCHOSCHNY UYMBNY TGZETGPZB LBTMB Y OBIPDYCHYNUS ABOUT ZHMBOSPPCHPN NBTY LPTRKHUPN dBCH. VPK ABOUT ZHMBOSPPCHPN NBTY RTEDUFBCHMSEF YUTECHSCHYUBKOSHCHE FTHDOPUFY, FBL LBL ЪBDBYuY, LPFPTSHCHE CHSHCHDCHYZBEF VPK, Y DPUFYTSEOYE GEMY ZHMBOSPPCHPZP NBTYB RPYUFY OEUPCHNEUFYNSCH. pDOBLP, OEUNPFTS ABOUT OECHCHZPDOSHCHE PRETBFICHOSCHE HUMPCHYS Y OEVPMSHYPE YUYUMEOOPE RTECHPUIPDUFCHP CHTBZB, dBCH VMBZPRPMHYuOP CHSHVTBMUS YЪ FTHDOEKYZP FBLFYUEULPZP RPMPTSEOIS: ZHMBOZPCHSHCHK PZBSHOM YULKHUOP, ZHTBOGKHULYE CHPKULB DCHYZBMYUSH NOPZP VSHCHUFTEE BCHUFTYKULYI, Y ZHTBOGKHULIE OBYUBMSHOILY VSCHMY ZPTBDP PRSHCHFOEE Y OBIPDUYCHEE PE CHUFTEYUOPN VPA: SOY OENEDMEOOPCH TBBMB CHUE, UYMSCH, FPZDB LBL BCHUFTYKGSCH CHCHPDYMY CH VPK FPMSHLP BCHBOZBTDSCH Y TsDBMY TB'YASUOEOYS PVUFBOPCHLY. l CHEYUETH, RPFTERBCH BCHUFTYKULYE BCHBOZBTDSCH, DYCHYYY dBCHH UPVTBMYUSH ABOUT RTBCHPN VETEZH dHOBS, CH UPRTYLPUOPCHEOYY U GEOFTBMSHOPK ZTHRRRPK ZHTBOGHHCHPCH. NECDH TEZEOUVKhTZPN Y TGZETGPZPN LBTMPN ZHTBOGKHULYI UYMO OE PUFBMPUSH.

20 BRTEMS LTGZETGPZ LBTM TEYM DETTSBFSHUS PVTPPOYFEMSHOP, YUFPVSH DP TEYYFEMSHOSHCHI DEKUFCHYK RPDFSOHFSH 50 FSHCHU. VEMShZBTDB. LPTRKHU MYIFEOYFEKOB VSCHM OBRTBCHMEO L TEZEOUVKhTZH, UFPVSCH RPNPYUSH VEMShZBTDH PCHMBDEFSH LFPK RETERTBCHPK. oBRMEPO, RPMHYUCH CHEYUETPN 19 DPOEUEOYE dBCH, ZMBUYCHYIE, UFP RPUMEDOIK CH FSTSEMPN VPA HDETTSBMUS OB RPME UTBTSEOIS, YUFPMLPCHBM EZP, LBL RPMOHA RPVEDH dBCH OBD OEVPMSHYPK YUBUFSHAYL PKUYBTYYL UBM ENH OBUBFSH RTEUMEDPCHBOYE. h GEOPTE obrpmepo UPVTBM HCE 75 FSHCHU., - HDBTOHA ZTHRRH (CH OEE CHPYMYY, Y DCHE ZPMPCHOSCHI DYCHYYY, CHCHDEMEOOOSCHI YJ-RPD OBYUBMSHUFCHB dBCH Y PVYAEDOEOOSCHI H LPTRHU mBOOB); LFH HDBTOHA ZTHRRH oBRMEPO TEYIM VTPUYFSH RP PVEYN DPTPZBN, YDHEIN Y TBKPOB bVEOUVETZB L MBODUZHFKH, RTPFYCH LPTRKHUB TGZETGPZB MADPCHILB, LPFPTPZP obRPMEPO UMBSHCHOYBCHOYBOYN UFTYKGECH; nBUUEOB (VEH HDYOP) OBRTBCHMSMUS ABOUT JTEKJOZ, YUFPVSCH ZMHVPLP CH FSHMKH RETETCHBFSH BCHUFTYKGBN RHFSH PFUFHRMEOYS.

yTGZETGPZ MADPCHYL, LPFPTPNKh VTBF - ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEYK - RTYLBBM PFPKFI ЪB T. v. MBBVET, VHDHYUY BTBTSEO OBUFHRBFEMSHOSHCHN PRSHSOOEOYEN, OE RPTSEMBM RPDYUYOYFSHUS Y DETTSBMUS FBL BLFICHOP, YUFP CHOKHYYM oBRPMEPOKH NSHCHUMSH P UPUTEDPFPYUEOYY DEUSH OBYVPMSHYEK NBUUTCHCHCHCH BHU; ON VSCHM UFTBYH CE UNEFEO HDBTPN 75 FSC. ZHTBOGHJPCH. ChNEUFE U LPTRKHUPN ZYMMETB, RTEUMEDKHENSCHK RP RSFBN ZHTBOGKHBNY, LTGZETGPZ MADPCHYL KHUREM RTPVYFSHUS RP DPTPZBN, BRTKHTSEOOSCHN PVPBNY CHUEK BTNY Y YUETE PUPVEOPPEOPTEY BLKHROD UZHF; RPUME UHFPL OERTETSCHCHOPZP NBTYB BCHUFTYKULYE BUMPOSCH CHSCVTBMYUSH ABOUT RTBCHSCK VETEZ YETTB. nBUUEOB, OEUNPFTS ABOUT UFTBYOKHA ZHPTUYTPCHLH NBTYB Y RPDPYEM L mBODUZHFKh RP RTBCHPNKh VETEZH yETTB YuETE 2 YUBUB RPUME FPZP, LBL BCHUFTYKGSCH KHUREMY RTPULPYUYFSH YuETE RETERTBCHKH. l CHEYUETH 21 VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH JTBOGKHULPK BTNYY UPVTBMBUSH H TBKPE mBODUZHFB.

20 TH 21 dBCH Y ZMBCHOSHE UYMSCH TGZETGPZB LBTMB RTCHEMY H FEUOPN UPRTYLPUOPCHEOYY. DBCh, chids retaed UTBUFTPEOSKO NOPZPYUMOSHOCH YUBUFY Bchuftikhech, OE RTYOSM L Yurpmeyoa Rtilbb Obkmepobe n Rteumedpchboy, dpvimus yubufshas droitbri bijtchybtb. bCHUFTYKGShCH PCHMBDEMY 20 BRTEMS TEZEOUVKhTZPN, OP DEUSH LTGZETGPZB LBTMB RPUFYZMP VPMSHYPE TB'PYUBTPCHBOYE: LPTRKHUB VEMShZBTDB PLBBMYUSH OE CH TEZEOUBOE PKHNTZE, B OVER P. rTYLBBOYE VEMShZBTDH DCHYZBFSHUS ABOUT TEZEOUVKhTZ, ZDE RETEKFI dHOBK, RPUMBOOPE 18 BRTEMS LTHTSOSCHN RHFEN, DP OEZP OE DPYMP, Y VEMShZBTD RTPDPMTSBM PUHEEUFCHMSFSH RETCHPOBYUBSHOK. LPTRKHU LPMPCHTTBFB HDBMPUSH CHETOHFSH L TEZEOUVKhTZH CHEYUEETPN 21 BRTEMS, B LPTRHU VEMShZBTDB RPDPYEM FPMSHLP CH FEYUEOYE 22 BRTEMS. h FYI HUMPCHYSI LTGZETGPZ lBTM PFMPTSYM RETEIPD CH OBUFHRMEOYE RTPFYCH dBCH ABOUT HFTP 22 BRTEMS, YUFPVSCH HUYMYFSHUS IPFY VSC LPTRHUPN lPMCHTBFB. h OPYUSH ABOUT 22 BRTEMS LTGZETGPZ LBTM OBM P RPTBTSEOY CHSHCHDCHYOHFSHCHI YN BUMPOPCH Y P BOSFYY ZHTBOGHBNY mBODUZHFB. UP UFPTPOSCH mBODUZHFB EZP RTYLTSCCHBMB OERTPIPDYNBS CHVTPD TELB c. MBBVET, ABOUT LPFPTPK RETERTBCHSH VSCHMY TBTHIEOSCH Y OBVMADBMYUSH UMBVSHCHN PFTSDPN chHLBUPCHYUB. ZMBCHOSCHK HDBT OB dBCH LTGZETGPZ LBTM OBNEFIM OBOEUFY UCHPYN RTBCHSHCHN LTSCHMPN, UFP RPCHPMSMP RPCHETOHFSH CHEUSH ZHTPOF OB AZ Y UUFBFSH CH OPTNBMSHOPE RPMPTSEOYE L UPPVEEBREOYSN UPFSHCHMPN, UFP YULMAYUIFEMSHOP ABOUT TEZEOUVKhTZ. bFBLY UYMSHOP ЪBRPЪDBMB, FBL LBL LPTRHU lPMCHTBFB, LPFPTPPNKh PFCHPDYMBUSH ZMBCHOBS TPMSh, RPDPYEM FPMSHLP OEBDPMZP DP RPMHDOS.

21 BRTEMS obrpmepo RTYVSHCHM H mBODUZHF Y L CHEYUETH TB'PVTBMUS H PVUFBOPCHLE: RETED OIN PFUFHRBMP FPMSHLP VPLPCHPE RTYLTSCHFYE, B OE ZMBCHOSHE UIMSH BCHUFTYKGECH; CH UIMKH UCHPEK OENOPZPYUYUMEOOPUFY RTILTSCHFYE Y KHUREMP RTPULPYUYFSH RETED nBUUEOPK. SDTP TSE LTGZETGPZB LBTMB PUFBMPUSH RPBDY OEZP, RTPFYCH dBCH, LPFPTSCHK NPZ ETSEYUBUOP PLBBFSHUS CH LTYFYYUEULPN RPMPTSEOYY. oBRMEPO PUFBCHYM DMS RTEUMEDPCHBOYS LTGZETGPZB MADPCHILB Y ZYMMETB 18 FSC. VEUUSHETB U VBCHBTULPK DYCHYYEK CHTEDE H TEETCHE H MBODUZHFB, B UBN U 60 FSC. (chBODBN, mBOO, YuBUFSH nBUUEOSCH), OEUNPFTS ABOUT UFTBIOPE HFPNMEOYE CHPKUL, DCHYOHMUS U TBUUCHEFPN 22 BRTEMS PF mBODUZHFB L llNAMA. RETEIPD CH 40 CHETUF VSCHM BLPOYUEO HCE CH RETCHSHCHE YUBUSCH RPUME RPMHDOS.

UTBTSEOYE RPD ELNAMEN, 22 BRTEMS, RTEDUFBCHMSEF YULMAYUEOYE YY UYUFENSCH oBRPMEPOB: PVUFBOPCHLB CHMBUFOP DILFPCBMB ENH PFLB PF RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOPZP UPUTEDPFPYUEOYS ZTHHRRSCH PFCHRPK, UBTEKHRPK mBODUZHFB; HDBT mBODUZHFULPK ZTHRRSHCH, RPDIPDYCHYEK L RPMA UTBTSEOIS RP OPCHPNKH PRETBGYPOOPNKH OBRTBCCHMEOYA, RTYDBEF llNAMSHULPNH UTBTSOYA IBTBLFET, VMYYLYK L OPHCHEKYEK UTBFEZYUEULPK NSHCHUMY. oBUFHRMEOYE BCHUFTYKGECH EEE CHSMP TBCHYCHBMPUSH, LPZDB YUBUFY oBRPMEPOB RPSCHYMYUSH RETED ELNAMEN. rTERSFUFCHIE T. v. MBBVET OE PUFBOCHYMP ZHTBOGHHHHHCH. LPTRKHUB chBODBNB Y mBOOB TBCHETOKHMYUSH RP PVE UFPTPOSCH lLNAMS, YNRTPCHYYTPCHBMY RETERTBCHSHCH DMS REIPFSCH, TEETCHOBS LBCHBMETYIS RETERTBCHYMBUSH CHRMBCSHSH. CHHLBUCHYU VSHCHM UNSF, MECHPZHMBOZPCHSHCHK BCHUFTYKULYK LPTRKHU tPJEOVETZB PVPKDEO, RPYuFY PLTHTSEO Y URBUUS PF RPMOPZP KHOYUFPTSEOIS FPMSHLP VEZUFCHPN CH UECHETOPN OBRTBCHMEOYY. RPD RTILTSCHFYEN, BFBL CETFCHPCHBCHYEK UPVPK BCHUFTYKULPK LBCHBMETYY, CHPKULB LTGZETGPZB LBTMB PFUFHRIMY Y UVYMYUSH CH LHYUH H VMYTSBKYYI PLTEUFOPUFSI TEZEOUVKhTZB. vMBZPDBTS UBNPRPTSETFCHPCHBOYA BTSHETZBTDB Y OBCHPDLE DPRPMOYFEMSHOPZP NPUFB, 23 BRTEMS BCHUFTYKULPK BTNY HDBMPUSH PFPKFY ABOUT MECHSHCHK VETEZ dHOBS.

h LFPN RSFIDOECHOPN VPA oBRMEPO TBURPMBZBM 180 FSC. RTPFYCH 170-FSHU., L FPNKh TSE TBDEMEOOSHCHI DHOBEN. oBRPMEPOH HDBMPUSH OBOEUFY RPTBTSEOYE RPYUFY CHUEN OERTYSFEMSHULYN LPTRHUBN, RTYUYOYFSH YN 40 FSCHU. RPFETSh, TBULPMPFSH BTNYA LTGZETGPZB LBTMB ABOUT DCHE ZTHRRSCH, LPFPTSCHE PFUFKHRIMY RP TBOSCHN VETEZBN dHOBS. CHUE TSE BCHUFTYKULBS BTNYS PLBBMBUSH OEHOYUFPTSEOOPK Y UPITBOYMB VPEURPUPVPOUFSH. rPFETY ZHTBOGHЪPCH - 16 FSC.

rPNYNP PUOPCHOPK IDEY oBRPMEPOB - PVEEZP UPUTEDPFPYUEOYS CHUEI UYM ЪB T. BVEOU - TEZEOUVKhTZULBS PRETBGYS RPHYUYFEMSHOB CH FPN PFOPYOYYY, UFP TYUHEF OBN UFTENYFEMSHOPUFSH DEKUFCHYK GB: ON OE CHSHCHTSYDBEF RPMOPZP TB'YASUOEOYS PVUFBOPCHLY, YUFPVSH RTYOSFSH TEYOYE; RPUMEDOEE RTYCHEMP VSC L obrpmepo Chschtshchchbef YOIGYBFYCHKH X LTGZETGPZB LBTMB, TBURPTSTSBSUSH CHFENOKHA, RP UCHPENKH RTEDCHSFPNKH NOEOYA. xDBT EZP H OBRTBCHMEOYY ABOUT mBODUZHF PLBJSCHCHBEFUUS RPYUFY HDBTPN RP CHPDHIKH; LOETZYS CHPKUL Y YULKHUUFCHP dBCHH ЪBZMBTSYCHBAF UDEMBOOSCHE RTPNBIY. zhTBOGKHULYE CHPKULB PFMYUBAFUS OEPVSHCHUBKOPK RPDCHYTSOPUFSHHA; DYCHYYY MBOOB, RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP CHIPDYCHYE CH LPTRHU dBCH, CHSHIPDSF YЪ TEZEOUVKhTZB, RTPVICHBAFUS L T. bVEOU, RTPOPUSFUS, PRTPLYDSCHCHBS LTGZETGPZB MADPCHYLB, L RPUMEDOYK DEOSH CHOPCHSH YFKhTNHAF TEZEOUVKhTZ. nBUUEOB DEMBEF RETEIPDSCH RP 60 CHETUF. h VPA FBLFYUEULPE RTECHPUIPDUFCHP ZHTBOGKHULYI CHPKUL CHEUSHNB OBYUYFEMSHOP. yTGZETGPZ lBTM, TBURPTSTSBCHYKUS U RPUFPSOOPK PZMSDLPK, DPMTSEO VSCHM VSHCHFSH RPVETSDEO CH VPTSHVE RTPFYCH LPTUYLBOGB, VEBCHEFOP YEDYEZP ABOUT CHUSLYK TYUL Y LYRECHIEZP IOETZYEK.

UTBTSEOIE RPD chBZTBNPN. rPUME TEZEOUVKHTZULPK PRETBGYY OBRPMEPO DCHYOHMUS RTBCHSHCHN VETEZPN DHOBS Y 13 NBS BICHBFIYM CHEOH, BCHUFTYKULBS BTNYS, OE FTECHPTSYNBS OERPUTEDUFCHEOOSHCHN RTEUMEDPCHBOYEN, PFVEZHYMBH RPHFYMBH YЪZPFPCHYMBUSH DMS PVPTPOSCH dHOBS H TBKPE CHEOSHCH. RETCHBS RPRSHFLB obrpmepob RETERTBCHYFSHUS YuETE dHOBK CH RPMKhRETEIPDE OYCE CHEOSCH, OEDPUFBFPYuOP RPDZPPFCHMEOOOBS, RTYCHEMB 21-22 NBS L RPTBTSEOIA ZHTBOGKHPCH RPD BURETOPN - ъPMYOZEOPN MTBYCH PFIZPDKh HOBS ABOUT PUFTHR mPVBC. oBRMEPO FPZDB HRPFTEVYM YEUFSH OEDEMSH ABOUT UPMYDOHA RPDZPPFPCHLKh OCHPK RETERTBCHSHCH YUETE dHOBK. PUFTCH mPVBH VSHCHM OBDETSOP UCHSBO NPUFBNY U RTBCHSHCHN VETEZPN.

2 YAMS 9 FTSEMSHCHI VBFBTEK OBYUBMY PVUFTEM BCHUFTYKULPK HLTERMEOOOPK RPYGYY, FSOCHCHYEKUS VMY DHOBS PF BURETOB DP zTPUU-YOGETUDPTZH. rTPFYCH 180-FSHCHUSYuOPK BTNY oBRPMEPOB LTGZETGPZ LBTM UPUTEDPFPYUYM 127 FSHCHU. h CHYDH RTECHPUIPDUFCHB ZHTBOGKHULPK FSTsEMPK BTFYMMETYY ABOUT PUFTPCHE mPVBH, TGZETGPZ lBTM OE BIPFEM RTYOSFSH VPK CH OERPUTEDUFCHEOOOPK VMYЪPUFY PF dHOBS Y, PUFBCHYCH ABOUT FPBSHPYGY CHEM UCHPA BTNYA ABOUT ZHTPOF yFTEVETUDPTZH - nBTLZTBZHOEKYDEMSH, RTPFSTSEOYEN 18 LYMPNEFTCH. FTY LPTRHUB BOSMMY 7 LYMPNEFTCHSHCHK UIMSHOSCHK HYBUFPL ЪB TEYULPK THUUVBI, PF DEKYU-CHBZTBNB DP nBTLZTBZHOEKIDEMSH, B UUVBIPN. l MECHPNKH ZHMBOBZH (UEM. MEPRPMSHUDPTZH) DPMTSEO VSCM RTYVSHCHFSH 15-FY FSHCHUSYUOSCHK LPTRHU LTGZETGPZB yPBOOB, OBIPDYCHYKUS CH 45 LYMPNEFTBY OYCE RP dHOBA, X rTEUVKhTZB. rTYLB ENH VSCHM RPUMBO 4 YAMS DOEN.

h OPYUSH ABOUT 5 YAMS, CH UIMSHOKHA ZTPЪKH, YEFSCHTE NPUFB VSCHMY OCHEDEOSCH PF PUFTCHB mPVBH Yuete RPUMEDOYK THLBCH DHOBS ATSOEE UEM. zT.-lOGETUDPTJ; CHRPUMEDUFCHYY LOYN RTYUPEDYOYMPUSH EEE FTY NPUFB. hFTPN 5 YAMS ЪBCHSЪBMUS VPK U BCHUFTYKULYN BCHBOZBTDPN, LPFPTSCHK PFUFHRYM PF zT.-yogetudptzhb, CHSCHSUOYCH, UFP Yuetey dHOBK RETERTBCHYMYUSH ZMBCHOSHE UYMSCH oBRPMEPOB. zhTBOGKhSHCHOE RTEUMEDPCHBMY BCHUFTYKGECH, PTSYDBS UVPTB CHUEI UYM ABOUT MECHPN VETEZH DHOBS, LBLCHPK BLPOYUYMUS PLPMP RPMHDOS. tBCHEDSCCHBFEMSHOBS TBVPFB ZHTBOGKHULPK LPOOYGSC VSCHMB OEHDPCMEFCHPTYFEMSHOB; oBRPMEPOH RTYYMPUSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH ABOUT TBCHOYOE U PYUEOSH UFEUOEOOCHN LTHZPЪPTPN, ABOUT PEHRSH. ChNEUFP FPZP, YuFPVSHCH OBRTBCHYFSH BTNYA ABOUT nBTLZTBZHOEKYDEMSH, RTPFICH MECHPZP ZHMBOZB BCHUFTYKGECH, OBRMEPO BLCHEM FEUOP UPNLOHFHA BTNYA RTBCHSCHN RMEYUPN CHRETED Y RTPDCHYOKHM EE L.T. l CHEYUETH JTBOGKHSHCH HUFBOCHYMY LPOFBLF U BCHUFTYKGBNY ABOUT RPYGYY BL T. THUUVBI. UPMOGE HCE BLBFSCHCHBMPUSH, LPZDB obBPMEPO, RP-CHYDYNPNKH U GEMSHA RTPY'CHPDUFCHB TBECHEDLY VPEN, DCHYOHM LPTRHUB hDYOP Y VETOBDPFB ABOUT YFKhTN BCHUFTYKULPK RPYGYY. LFB BFBLB ZHTBOGKHJPCH VSCHMB PFVYFB U VPMSHYNY RPFETSNY. yTGZETGPZ lBTM, MYUOP THLPCHPDYCHYIK LPOFTTBFBLPK X DECU-CHBZTBNB, VSCHM TBOEO.

OB OPYUSH U 5 OB 6 YAMS BTNYS oBRPMEPOB FEUOP ULHYUMBUSH PLPMP U. tBYDPTZH. fPMSHLP LPTRKHU dBCH UPFSM RTPFYCH nBTLZTBZHOEKYDEMSH, Y PDOB DYCHYYS LPTRHUB nBUUEOSCH CHSHCHDCHYOHMBUSH ABOUT UCHETP-ЪBRBD PF BURETOB. fBLPE FEUOPE TBURPMPTSEOYE Y FPZDB CHSCCHCHBMP VPMSHYYE PRBUEOIS X NBTIBMPCH, VPSCHYIUS PLTHTSEOIS, BL TEELHA LTYFYLH OBRPMEPO ABOUT DTHZPK DEOSH PFTEYYM PF LPNBODPCHBOYS NBTIBPFB VETOBDBMB.

RMBO OBKMMEP about 6 YAMS VSHM UMDHAEK: ZMBCHSHK Khdbt Otopuyfus about Hubufle Thuvby, Pichbfpn Dragsp ZhMBOZB Bchuftych, YuFPVSH RPNEYBFSH Yi Cheztye Pftey PFFS PFFSBOSBOSBOS. LPTRKHU nBUUEOSCH DPMTSEO VSCHM PVEUREYUCHBFSH BFBLH, TBCHETOKHCHYUSH ABOUT CHFPTPPUFEREOOPN, RP NSHCHUMY oBRPMEPOB, HYBUFLE NETSDH U. bDETLMBB Y dhoben. ZMBCHOSCHK HDBT OBNEYUBMUS FBL: VPK ABOUT ZHTPOFE CHEDHF LPTRHUB VETOBDPFB Y xDYOP, ABOUT OEKIDEMSH OBGEMYCHBEFUUS PICHBF LPTRHUB dBCH. hDBTOSHCHK LHMBL - RSFSH DYCHYYK nBLDPOBMShDB - OBGEMYCHBEFUUS ABOUT chBZTBN. x tBYDPTZHB UPITBOSEFUS PUPVSHCHK TEJETCH oBRPMEPOB - ZCHBTDYS, LPTRHU nBTNPOB Y FTY DYCHYYY LPOOYGSHCH.

h UFBCHLE LTGZETGPZB LBTMB LPMEVBMYUSH NETsDH 2 RMBOBNY: UPUTEDPFPYUYFSH CHUE UYMSCH DMS RBUUYCHOPK PVPTPOSCH RPYGYY BL T. PMEPOB. ZEOETBM CHYNRGEO, OBYu. YFBVB LTGZETGPZB LBTMB, PRITBSUSH ABOUT HUREI, DPUFYZOHFSHCHE CHEYUETPN 5 YAMS, OBUFPSM ABOUT RPUMEDOEN. OPYUSHA, UP OBBYUYFEMSHOSHCHN 'BRP'DBOYEN', LPNBOYTSCH BCHUFTYKULYI LPTRHUCH RPMHYUYMY RTYLBSHCH, FTEVPCHBCHYYE CHSHCHUFHRMEOYS CH TB'MYUOSCHE YUBUSCH, PF 2 DP 4 HFTB; HLBSCCHBMPUSH YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH OPYUSH, YUFPVSC UVMYJIFSHUS U OERTYSFEMEN tboshye DTHZYI DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY CHSHCHUFHRIFSH III Y VI LPTRHUB - RTBCHPE LTSCHMP, - FBL LBL YN DMS OBOEUEUEFTEOYS HDBTB Y OBYVPMSHYEE TBUUFPSOYE EFY LPTRHUB, PDOBLP, CHSHUFHRIMY RPUME DTHZYI. LPTRKHU LTGZETGPZB yPBOOB CHPCHUE OE SCHYMUS ABOUT RPME UTBTSEOIS, OEUNPFTS OB 3 RPCHFPTOSHCHI RTYLBBEBOIS, FBL LBL 19 YUBUPCH VSCHMP VBFTBYuEOP CH YFBVE LPTRKHUB OB DYULKHUUYA - YURPMOSCHOYOSCHOYOSCHOE RTYLB, B NBTY ABOUT RPME UTBTSEOIS RTETSCHCHBMUS OBFEN YuBUFSHCHNY PUFBOCHLBNY .

CHUE TSE YOYGYBFYCHB VSCHMB ЪBICHBYUEOB BCHUFTYKGBNY. oBRMEPO RTEDRPMBZBM OBUBFSH OBUFHRMEOYE CH 6 YUBU. HFTB; PDOBLP, EZP RTYYMPUSH PFMPTSYFSH DP 10 YUBUPCH, FBL LBL U TBUUCHEFB PVTHYYMYUSH BFBLY BCHUFTYKGECH.

h 3 YUBUB HFTB IV BCHUFTYKULYK LPTRHU TPEOVETZB IOETZYUOP BFBLPCBM dBCH. x ZHTBOGKHJPCH OBYUBMUS PVEYK RETERPMPI. UBN oBRMEPO U FTENS LBCHBMETYKULYNY DYCHYYYSNY RPULBLBM ABOUT RPNPESH dBCH. yTGZETGPZ LBTM, OBVMADBS PZTPNOSHCH NBUUSCH ZHTBOGKHULYI TEETCHCHCH H tBYDPPTZHB YOE CHYDS RPDIPDB ABOUT RPME UTBTSEOIS UCHPEZP RTBCPZP LTSCHMB, RTYLB SBM TPEOVEZHP RETEKFI L bFBLB BCHUFTYKGECH ЪDEUSH CHCHMYMBUSH CH UYMSHOHA DENPOUFTBGYA.

NECDH FEN ЪBChSЪBMUS VPK X U. bDETLMBB. 'DEUSH ZHTBOGKH'SCH VSCHMY BFBLPCHBOSCH U UCHETP-CHPUFPLB I BCHUFTYKULYN LPTRHUPN, B U ЪBRBDB - TEETCHOSCHN LPTRHUPN. oEUNPFTS ABOUT CHCHEDEOYE ЪDEUSH CH VPK ZHTBOGKHULYI LPTRKHUCH VETODBDPFB, nBTNPOB, nBUUEOSCH, ZHTBOGKHЪSCH RPFETSMY UEM. bDETLMBB, Y RTECHPUIPDUFCHP PUFBCHBMPUSH b BCHUFTYKGBNY, OBIPDYCHYNYUS ABOUT PICHBFSCHCHBAEK DKhZE.

pLPMP 9 Yubu. HFTB OBYUBMP TBCHYCHBFSHUS DBCHMEOYE RTBCHPZP BCHUFTYKULPZP LTSCHMB. oEUNPFTS ABOUT OETEYFEMSHOPUFSH LPNBODYTPCH III Y VI BCHUFTYKULYI LPTRHUCH, POY RPUFEREOOP PFFEUOYMY DCHE PUFBCHYYEUS DEUSH DYCHYYY nBUUEOSCH ABOUT 4-3 LYMPNEFTB, CH PLTEUFOPUFY UMYOZEOOB. UChSh ZHTBOGHHHHCH U NPUFBNY RPDCHETZMBUSH UETSHEPK HZTPJE.

obRPMEPO TBURPTSDYMUS, YUFPVSC dBCH RETEDCHYOHMUS Y RPMPTSEOIS L AZKh PF nBTLZTBZHOEKYDEMS H RPMPTSEOYE L CHPUFPLKh PF OEZP, Y BFBLPCHBM Chueny Uymbny Ch Pichbf Bchuftykulpzp TBURPMPTSEOIS; L 9 Yubu. KhFTB OBRMEPO RETEEIIBM ABOUT MECHSHCHK ZHMBOZ. eUMY VSC OBRMEPO TBURPMBZBM FPK CE VMEUFSEEK REIPFPK, LBL RPD BHUFETMYGEN, PO Refinery VSC RPRSCHFBFSHUS RTPRHUFYFSH III Y VI BCHUFTYKULYE LPTRHUB EEE DBMSHY NETSDH UPVPK Y dHOBENCHF TPHFY . pDOBLP, LBDTSCH EZP REIPFSCH VSCHMY HCE TBUFTBYOEOSCH CH VEURTETSCHCHOSCHI CHPKOBI, CH PUPVEOOPUFY CH yURBOYY; PZPOSH GERK ZHTBOGKHULPK REIPFSHCH HTSOE YNEM RTEINKHEUFCHB OBD OERTYSFEMEN, Y OBRPMEPO VSCHM CHSHCHOHTSDEO CHPULTEUYFSH UFBTSHK RTYEN RPCHSHCHEOYS PZOECHSCHI UTEDUFCH REIPFSCH - TBURTEDEMYM RP 2 PBTFSHPO BPTHBYS FYMMETYS); OERTYSFEMSH DTBMUS IPTPYP, PE ZHTBOGKHULPK BTNYY, RPUME OEHDBYuY RPD BURETOPN - UMMYOZEOPN, OBUFTPEOYE VSCHMP OCHBTSOPE. rPFPPNH obrpmepo RTYOSM VPMEE PUFPPTTSOPE TEYOYE: BY CHSCHEM DCHE DYCHYYY nBUUEOSCH YH VPS bDETLMBB Y DCHYOHM YI CHMECHP, YUFPVSH RTEZTBDYFSH DPTPZH BCHUFTYKULPNH PICHBFH. CHUMEDUFCHYE FFPZP, MECHEE BDETLMBB, PE ZHTBOGKHULPN ZHTPOFE PVTBBPCHBMUS TBTSCHCH. uFPVShch BRPMOYFSH EZP "oBRMEPO YЪNEOYM RPD RTSNCHN HZMPN OBRTBCCHMEOYE HDBTTB TEETCHB nBLDPOBMShDB, RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP OBNEYUEOOPE ABOUT UECHETP-CHPUFPL, ABOUT DECU-chBZTBN; FERETSH nBLDPOBMShD DPMTSEO VSCHM TCHBFSH BCHUFTYKULYK ZHTPOF ABOUT UECHETP-YBRBD, ABOUT 'AUUEOVTKHO. l 11 Yubu. ON RPMHYUYM DPOEYEOYE dBCHH, UFP RPUMEDOIK CH 10 YUBU. BOSM YUIPDOPE RPMPTSEOYE DMS PICHBFSCHCHBAEEK BFBLY l LFPNH NPNEOFH 100 lPZDB obrpmepo Khchidem RETEED VBFBTEK dBCH ABOUT CHCHUPFSHCH X nBTLZTBZHOEKYEMSH, OBNEOPCHBCHYK KHUREI BFBLY dBCH, ON VTPUYM nBLDPOBMShDB CH BFBLH. rsfsh DYCHYYIK (56 VBFBMSHPOCH, CH PVEEN DP 90 YIETEOZ CH ZMHVYOKH, CHUEZP DP 30 FSHCHUSYu YFSHCHLPCH), UPRTCHPTSDBENSCHI 6 FSHCHUSYUBNY CHUBDOILPC, RTPYMY CH YOFETCHBMSCH NBULYTPCHBCHPCHPCHYUKHPCHPCH YSHI BTEY Y VTPUIMYUSH CHRETED. retchshchk OBFYUL ZYZBOFULPK NBUUSCH VSCHM PFVIF PZOEN OE UMYYLPN NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHI YUBUFEK BCHUFTYKGECH; CHFPTSCHN VTPULPN nBLDPOBMShD, TBUYYTYCH UZHETH BFBLY CHRTBCHP Y CHMECHP, RTPTCHBM BCHUFTYKULYK ZHTPOF; RTY DBMSHOEKYEN RTPDCHYTSEOYY ON RTPDPMTSBM, PDOBLP, CHUFTEYUBFSH UPRTPFYCHMEOYE. OP TEYBAEEEE OBBYEOOYE RPMHUYM KHUREI dBCH. l 13 YUBUBN dBCHH UMPNYM UPRTPFYCHMEOYE BCHUFTYKGEC TPEOVETZB Y IOETZYUOP RTPDCHYZBMUS CHRETED. yTGZETGPZ-lBTM RPMKHYUM DPOEYEOYE, UFP LTGZETGPZ yPBOO UNPTCEF RPSCCHIFSHUS ABOUT RPME UTBTSEOIS FPMSHLP L CHEUETH. ьФП ЧЩОХДЙМП БЧУФТЙКУЛПЗП РПМЛПЧПДГБ ДБФШ РТЙЛБЪ ПВ ПВЭЕН ПФУФХРМЕОЙЙ, ЛПФПТПЕ Й РТПЫМП ДМС БЧУФТЙКГЕЧ ДПУФБФПЮОП ЗМБДЛП, ФБЛ ЛБЛ ЖТБОГХЪЩ ВЩМЙ ХЦЕ ПВЕУУЙМЕОЩ РТПЙЪЧЕДЕООЩНЙ ХУЙМЙСНЙ. bCHUFTYKGSCH RPFETSMY 32 FSC. UPMDBF, ZHTBOGKHSHCH - 27 FSC.

rPVEDB RPD chBZTBNPN DBMELP OE YNEMB FPZP TEYFEMSHOPZP TEIKHMSHFBFB, L LPFPTPPNKh UFTENYMUS obrpmepo. rtyuyoshch rpmhkhureib - bichbf bchuftykgbny yoygybfychshch, lpfptbs bbufbchimb obrpmepob tbtpjoyfsh obneyueooshchk YN lpnvyoytpchbooshchk hdbt lpmpooshch nbldpobmshfb dbkhb. rTPTSCHCH GEOPFTB, OB Hyubufle CHOE ChPDEKUFCHYS PICBFB, PVPEMUS FBL DPTPZP, UFP OE ICHBFYMP UYM Y IOETZYY DMS OBUFPKYUYCHPZP RTEUMEDPCHBOYS, B PICBF dBCH, VEY RPDDETSLY HDBFTB, OB ZHTPOYB URMPDOSHCHN.

dekufchis ltgzetgpzb lbtmb CHEUSHNB RTYNEYUBFEMSHOSCH, LBL RTYNET YUFYOOP BLFYCHOPK PVPTPPOSH TEYOPK MYOYY, ZDE CHPKULB TBUIPDPCHBMYUSH OE OB RBUUYCHOSCHK LPTDPO CHDPMFSH TEL, B DMS FPShCHP OEUFY RTPFYCHOYLKH TEYYFEMSHOPE RPTBTSEOYE; CH PLFSVTE 1914 ZPDB lPOTBD ZHPO ZEFGEODPTZH FBLYN CE PVTBBPN PVTPPOSM TELKH CHYUMKH CH TBKOE yCHBOZPTPDB. pVPTPOYFEMSHOPE UTBTSEOYE CHEMPUSH BCHUFTYKGBNY LTBKOE BLFICHOP: PVPTPOYFEMSHOSHCHK HYBUFPL Y CH LPUPN L OENH OBRTBCHMEOYY OBUFHRBFEMSHOSHCHK HUFHR, PVTBPCHBOOSCHK TBCHETFSHCHCHBOYEN TEETCHB. pDOBLP, OBULPMSHLP ЪBUMHTSYCHBEF CHOYNBOIS PRETBFICHOBS YDES BCHUFTYKGEC, OBUFPMSHLP TSE PYVPYUOSCHN SCHMSEFUS YURPMOEOYE; RPUFPSOOSCHE LPMEVBOYS, OETEYFEMSHOPUFSH Y UPNOOEIS.

pVEEE TBURPMPTSEOYE oBRPMEPOB X tBYDPTZHB OBRPNYOBEF ZTHRRYTPCHLH nBL-nBZPOB RETED uEDBOULYN UTBTSEOEN.

KhUREI RTPTSCHCHB nBLDPOBMShDB SCHMSMUS CHEUSHNB UPNOYFEMSHOSCHN; Y CH LRPIKH ZMBDLPUFCHPMSHOPZP PTHTSYS. MAVPRSCHFOP YULKHUUFCHP NBOECHTYTPCHBOYS dBCHH Y nBUUEOSCH, RTYOYNBAEYI CHRTBCHP Y CHMECHP CHDPMSh ZHTPOFB, ABOUT HDBMEOYY CHUEZP 1 LYMPNEFTB PF RTPFICHOYLB.

rPIPD 1812 Z. CHUEZP THUULHA ZTBOYGH RETEYMP 612 FSHCHUSYU CHPKUL, RPDYOEOOOSCHI oBRPMEPOH. h FFK NBUUE DMS PLLHRBGYY BICHBYUEOOOPK FETTYFPTYY YNEMPUSH CHUEZP 8 FSC. CHFPTPMYOEKOSCHI CHPKUL. yb 12 REIPFOSHHI Y 4 LBCHBMETYKULYI LPTRKHUCH FPMSHLP PDYO LPTRKHU (IX LPTRKHU CHYLFPTTB) RPDPYEM L PUEOY 1812 Z., CHUS TS NBUUB CHEMYLPK BTNYY, OBYUBCHYBS UPUTEDPFPYuEOYE CH 12YZYNKH 12YZYZ-18 B HYBUFYE CH CHPKOE U UBNPZP HER OBYUBMB. rPDZPFPCHLB L CHPKOE OBYUBMBUSH 18 NEUSGECH. obvt vschm CHEUSHNB OERPRKHMSTEO PE zhTBOGYY. 10%. POI PVCYUBMYUSH RETED CHPKOPK H zPMMBODYY, ABOUT PUFTCHBI, PVTBPCHBOOSHI THLBCHBNY TEKOB Y LBOBMBNY, ZDE DEETFYTUFCHP VSCHMP LTBKOE ЪBFTHDOEOP. h RETCHSHCHE DCHE OEDEMY RPUME RETEIPDB THUULPK ZTBOYGSCH, CHEMYLBS BTNYS RPFETSMB 135 FSC. DEETFITBNY Y PFUFBMSCHNY. zhTBOGKHULYNY SCHMSMYUSH FPMSHLP "FTY RETCHSHI LPTRHUB, RTBCHDB OBYVPMEE UYMSHOSHCHE (dBCHH - 6 DYCHYYK - BCHBOZBTDOSHK, MHYUYK LPTRKHU, RTYLTSCHCHBCHYK UPUTEDPFPYEOOYE, HDBOP RYOD ​​OMES; CHYTFENVETZULBS DYCHYYS); UBFEN VSHCHM PYO YFBMSHSOULYK, PYO RPMSHULYK, RSFSH RTEINKHEUFCHEOOP OENEGLYI LPTRHUCH. UZHPTNYTPCHBOOSCHE DMS UOBVTSEOYS, FTBOURPTFSCH YNEMY VPMSHYEK YUBUFSHHA FTSEMSHCHE YUEFCHETPYUOSCHE RPCHPLY, TBUUYUYFBOOSCHE ABOUT RPMEOSCHK ZTKH H 90 RHDPC Y CHCHUE OEZPDOSHCHA DMS THUULYI DPTPZ. h LBCHBMETYY, CH BTFYMMETYY Y PVPJE YNEMPUSH NOPZP NPMPDSHCHI, 4-6-MEFOOYI MPYBDEK, UYMSCH LPFPTSHCHI VSCHMY OBDPTCHBOSH EEE H RETYPD UPUTEDPFPYUEOYS; NBUUPCHSHCHK RBDETS OBYUBMUS UEKYUBU TSE RPUME RETEIPDB oENBOB.

uFB BTNYS, RTYCHSHLYBS RPMShЪPCHBFSHUS VPZBFSHCHNY NEUFOSHCHNY UTEDUFCHBNY BRBDOPK ECHTPRSHCH, ZDE, PDOBLP, PRETYTPCHBMY CHFTPE NEOSHYE NBUUSCH, CHSCHOKHTSDEOB VSCHMB DEKUFCHPCHBFSHYFCHEYTHU MYHYTHUKU VEDOPKU MY FPVSCH PFTEIBFSH PFUFHRMEOYE CHFTPE NEOSHYYN THUULYN BTNYSN, DPMTSOB VSCHMB UPUFSЪBFSHUS U OYNY CH RPDCHYTSOPUFY. eUFEUFCHEOOP, LFB ЪBDBYUB OE HDBMBUSH ZHTBOGHЪBN OY CH CHYMEOULPK PRETBGYY, ZDE. oBRMEPO UFTENYMUS PFTEIBFSH vBZTBFYPOB, OY CH UNPMEOUULPK, ​​ZDE ON IPFEM CHSHKFY ABOUT RHFSH PFIPDB OBYI ZMBCHOSCHI UYM. oBRMEPO UFTENYMUS L OENEDMEOOOPNKH UPLTHIEOYA THUULYI; OP ON MKHYUYE DPUFYZ VSHCH UCHPEK GEMY, OBYUBCH PRETBGYY U 250-FSHU. BTNYEK Y RPDZPFPCHYCH DPUFBFPYUOSCHE UYMSCH DMS RPRPMOEOIS BTNYY Y DMS PLLHRBGYY FETTYFPTYY.

THUULBS BTNYS, UP CHTENEO ELBFETYOSCH II, OBUYUYFSHCHCHBMB CH UCHPEN NYTOPN UPUFBCHE DP RPMKHNYMMMYPOB CHPKUL. OP RTY PVYTOPUFY FETTYFPTYY Y ZTBOYG, RTY ЪBFTKHDOYFEMSHOPUFY UOBVTSEOYS LTHROSCHI NBUU CH THUULYI HUMPCHYSI VEDOPUFY NEUFOSHCHI UTEDUFCH Y RMPIYI RHFEK, DEKUFCHHAEYE BTNYY, CH UMPTSOPUFYZ UCHCHYE 200 FNC. VPCGHR. h 1812 Z. NSC FPMSHLP YuFP BLBOYUYCHBMY CHPKOKH U FHTGEEK, Y CHPKULB RPUFEREOOP RETEDCHYZBMYUSH PF dHOBS L UECHETH. h NPNEOF OBYUBMB LBNRBOY L UECHETH PF rPMEUSHS OBIPDYMYUSH 1-S BTNYS vBTLMBS-DE-fPMMY, VBYTPCHBCHYBSUS ABOUT dCHYOH (110 FSHU.), Y 2-S BTNYS vBZTBFYPOB (50 FSHCHU.VYBWHOBBJO) H. CHPEOOSHCHK UPCHEFUYL YNRETBFPTB bMELUBODTTB, TSEUFPLYK FEPTEFYL rJHMSH, YUIPDS YU UFTFEZYUEULYI IDEK vAMPCHB, RTERPMBZBM DEKUFCHBFSH PDOPK Yb ffyi BTNYK OB UPPVEEOBS PO o US bb DTHZPK. h RMBOE rJHHMS LTHROPE ЪOBYEOOYE YNEM HLTERMEOOSHK MBZETSH H dTYUUSCH - FEF-DE-RPO OB BRBDOPK dChYOE, LHDB DPMTSOB VSHMB PFIPDYFSH 1-S BTNYS, YUFPVSH DBFSH ChPNPTSOPUFSH 2-KOBBTYVYSH o PMEPOB. rMBO YNEM CH CHYDH RTYOEUFY CH CETFCHH OBYEUFCHYS oBRPMEPOB FPMSHLP MYFCHH Y VEMPTHUUYA Y UPITBOYFSH LPTEOOSHCH THUULIE PVMBUFY. pDOBLP, UPPVEEOIS oBRPMEPOB ABOUT DCHOYE TBUFSZYCHBMYUSH FPMSHLP ABOUT 300 LYMPNEFTCH. rty YNECHYENUS UPPFOPYOYY UYM, OBDP VSHMP DBFSH TBCHYFSHUS oBRPMEPCHULPNKH UPLTKHYOYA ABOUT 800 LN. CALCULATION OF FPZP OBDP VSHMP CHSHZBDBFSH Y'CHEUFOPE CHTENS, YUFPVSH DBFSH TBCHYFSHUS RTPGEUUH TB'MPTSEOIS H CHEMYLPK BTNYY, RETETSYCHBCHYEK LTHROPE IBNEYBFEMSHUFCHP HCE CH RETYPD RPDIPDBN L ZKHUGL. pYYVLB rZhHMS VSCHMB MYYSH CH NBUYFBVE; CH PUOPCHE TSE IDEY VAMPCHB SCHMSMYUSHOE ZMHRSHCHNY "FEPTEFYUEULYNY VTEDOSNNY", BBLMAYUBMY CH UEVE BDTPCHPE SDTP. tBDEMEOYE OBYYI UYM RP RMBOH rJHMS RTYOEUMP FH RPMShH, UFP SCHIMPUSH ZHPTNBMSHOSHCHN PUOPCHBOYEN DMS PFLBYB CHUFHRIFSH CH OBYUBME CHPKOSHCH CH TEYFEMSHOSHCHK VPK U OBRPMEPOPN - RPUME RPUME UPEDYOEIN BOOYN LTHROPE UTBTSEOYE VSHMP HCE RPMYFYUEULPK OEPVVIPDYNPUFSHHA; POP UPUFPSMPUSH RPD vPTPDYOSCHN, LPZDB NBOECHTEOOBS URPUPVOPUFSH CHEMYLPK BTNYY HTS UYMSHOP HNEOSHYYMBUSH Y CH YUYUMEOOPUFY obRPMEPO HTS MYYSH OENOPSYN RTECHPUIPDYM CHPKULB LHFKhЪPCHB, PVYAYNYCHOYEZP TO BTNYSNY.

lTPNE THUULYI UYM, CHSHCHUFBCHMEOOSHHI UCHETOEE rPMEUSHS, NSC TBURPMBZBMY ABOUT CHPMSHCHOY 3-K BTNYEK fPTNBUCHB (40 FSHCHU.), Y FBLPK TSE YUYUMEOOPUFY, RTYVMYJFEMSHOP, DPUFYZBMBY BTBYUS OBLP, NPZMB PUCHPPVPDYFSHUS Yb nPMDBCHY Y RPDPKFY ABOUT CHPMSCHOSH MYYSH CH UEOFSVTE, F. E. YUETEY FTY NEUSGB RPUME RETERTBCHSCH JTBOGKHJPCH YUETE oENBO (23 YEAS) .

NS PUFBOPCHYNUS ABOUT DCHHI CHPRTPUBI LBNRBOYY 1812 ZPDB: ABOUT THUULPK, ​​TBVPFE RP TBBMPTSEOIA CHEMYLPK BTNY Y ABOUT VETEYOULPK PRETBGYY.

GEMSCHK TSD CHYDOSHCHI OENEGLYI HYUEOSCHI Y RYUBFEMEK, OBJOYOBS U yMEKETNBIETB, UZMBUYMUS TBVPFBFSH CH 1812 Z. H FSHMKH ZHTBOGKHULPK BTNYY CH THUULYI YOFETEUBI. fBL LBL RTEDRPUSHMPL DMS KHUREIB CHPPTHTSEOOPZP CHPUUFBOIS OE VSCHMP, FP GEMSH DMS BZYFBGYY CHTENEOOP VSCHMB RPUFBCHMEOB - TBURTPUFTBOOYE UNKhFSHCH Y OEDPCHPMSHUFCHB. DMS UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOOPK YOZHPTNBGYY ABOUT THUULYE DEOSHZY YJDBCHBMBUSH RPDRPMSHOBS ZBEFB, LPFPTBS DPMTSOB VSCHMB TBPVMBYUBFSH ZHBMSHYSH RPVEDOSHHI VAMMEFEOEEK OBRPMEPOB.

VSCHMB PTZBOYPCHBOB OBRTBCHMSCHYBSUS YUETE BCHUFTYA UCHSHSH U tPUUYEK. at NEFETOOYIPN VSHCHM BLMAYUEO FBKOSHCHK HZPCHPT, RP LPFPTPNH THUULIE Y BCHUFTYKULIE CHPKULB PVSCHCHBMYUSH CHPNPTSOP EBDYFSH DTHZ DTHZB.

ZMBCHOSCHE KHUYMYS VSHMY OBRTBCHMEOSCH ABOUT OENEGLYI UPMDBF, OBIPDICHYIUS ABOUT ZHTPOFE. oEULPMSHLP CHSHCHDBAEYIUS RTHUULYI PZHYGETCH CHSMYUSH VSHCHFSH THUULYNY BZEOFBNY H RTHUULPN LPTRHUE kPTLB. nBKPT ZHPO DET ZPMSHG, LPFPTPNKh VSHCHMY DBOSH VPMSHYE RPMOPNPYYS, THYUBMUS, YUFP HDETTSYF RTHUUBLPCH PF UETSHEOSCHI DEKUFCHYK RTPFICH THUULYI; BY UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP PVTVBFSHCHBM RTHUULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE Y PTZBOYPCHSHCHCHBM DEETFYTUFCHP. fBHTPZEOULBS YЪNEOB RTHUUBLPCH oBRPMEPOH RPDZPFPCHMSMBUSH bVMBZPCHTENEOOP.

h tPUUY VSHCHM PTZBOY'PCHBO "oENEGLYK LPNYFEF" RPD ZhBLFYUEULYN THLPCHPDUFCHPN yFEKOB, RPMYFYYUEULPZP CHPTsDS OBGYPOBMSHOPZP DCHYTSEOIS CH ZETNBOY, UZMBUYCHYYYYEZPUS THUEVSFSH OBBL PC BZYFBGYEK.

YNES LBDT RTELTBUOSCHI OENEGLYI PZHYGETCH-RBFTYPFPCH, RPLYOKHCHYYI RTKHUULKHA UMHTsVKH, LPZDB RTKHUUIS VSCHMB RTYOKHTSDEOB L UPAH U OBRPMEPOPN, yFEKO TEYM UPDBFSH HLPCH METNBUELIK, P DEETFIYTBNY Y RMEOOSCHNY OENEGLYI LPOFYOZEOFPCH CHEMYLPK BTNYY; MEZYPO DPMTsEO VSM SCHYFSHUS TECHPMAGIPOOSCHN CHSHCHCHPN RPTBVPEEOOPK ZHTBOGKHOBNY ZETNBOYY, B CHRPUMEDUFCHYY - SDTPN CHPPTKhTSEOOPZP CHPUUFBOYS H ZETNBOYY.

pVTBBUYULPN BZYFBGIPOOPK MYFETBFHTSCH, PFREYUBFBOOPK CH REFETVKhTZE, CH UEOBFULPK FIRPZTBZHYY, CH PLFSVTE 1812 Z. TBFLYK LBFEIYYU DMS OENEGLYI UPMDBF". oENEGLYE UPMDBFSCH LPZDB-FP YNEMY UCHPEZP ZETNBOULPZP YNRETBFPTB. FERETSH POI UCHSBMYUSH U UBNYN UBFBOPK Y BDPN ChP PVTBYE OBRPMEPOB UCHPVPDOSHCHE MADY UFBMY TBVBNY Y U PTHTSYEN UMEDHAF CH PFDBMEOOOSCHE UFTBOSHCH, UFPVSCH UDEMBFSH FBLYNY TS TBVBNYPPD UCHCHYBUFMICHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCHYUCH. oENEGLYK ZPUHDBTSH RPUSHMBEF OENEGLPZP UPMDBFB ABOUT CHPKOH: DPMTSEO MY OENEGLYK UPMDBF CHPECHBFSH? oEF, PFCHEUBEF bTODF; NPOBTIIYUEULBS YDES RPDYUYOSEFUS YDEE OBGYPOBMSHOPC, PFEYUEUFCHEOOOPK, EUMY ZPUHDBTSH OBFTBCCHMYCHBEF UCHPYI UPMDBF ABOUT ERPCHOOSCHI, ABOUT YNEAEI RTBCHP OB UCHRPEK UBPTPOE, EUMY ZPUHDB Y UCHPVPDKh UCHPYI RPDDBOOSHI, EUMY PO IPUEF RPNPZBFSH ChTBZBN UCHPEZP PFEYUEUFCHB, EUMY PO RPCHPMSEF ZTBVYFSH, VEUYUEUFYFSH, OBUYMPCHBFSH UCHPE OBUEMEOYE, FP UMHYBFSHUS FBLPZP ZPUHDBTS OBYUYMP VSC OBTHYBFSH VPTSEULYK BLPO. yuEUFSH OENEGLPZP UPMDBFB FTEVHEF, YUFPVSHCH PO UMPNBM FPF LMIOPL, LPFPTSCHK ENH OENEGLIE DEURPFSHCH RTYLBSCCHCHBAF PVOBTSYFSH ЪB CHTBZPCH TPDYOSCH - ZHTBOGHHHPCH. UPMDBF DPMTSEO RPNOYFSH, YuFP TPDYOB, PFEYUEUFCHP VEUUNETFOSHCH Y CHEYOOSHCH, B NPOOBTIY Y CHUSLPE OBYUBMSHUFCHP HKDEF CH RTpympe UP UCHPYN NEMLYN YUEUFPMAVYEN, UP CHUEN RPUFSHCHDOSHCHN, YuFP POY OBDEMBIE. dPZPCHPT CHETOPUFY, UCHSHCHCHBAEYK CHPKULB U ZPUHDBTEN, NPTCEF VSHCHFSH OBTKHYEO OE FPMSHLP CHBUUBMPN, OP Y UEOSHPTPN. eUMMY ZPUHDBTSH UFBOCHYFUS UPAOYILPN oBRPMEPOB, FP FEN UBNSCHN PO DEMBEFUS YENEOILPN. UPMDBF, RTYOYYK RTYUSZH ZPUHDBTA, OE YNEEF RTBCHB DIED CHSHCHRPMOSFSH CHUE, UFP PO ENH RTYLBTSEF. EUMY RTYLB OBRTBCHMEO RTPFYCH PFEYUEUFCHB, FP YuEUFSH UPMDBFB FTEVHEF OBTHIEOYS RTYUSZY. "FSH YUEMPCHEL, Y YUEMPCHEYUEULBS LPTSB PUFBEFUS ABOUT FEVE Y RPUME FPZP, LBL ABOUT FEVS OBRSMYMY NHODYT".

h OBBYUFEMSHOPK UFEROOY ABOUT KHUREIE BZYFBGYY UTEDY OENEGLYI LPOFYOZEOFCH, RTYLTSCCHBCHYYI PRETBGYPOOKHA MOYA oBRPMEPOB H 1812 ZPDKh, VBYTPCHBMUS RMBO VETEYOULPK PRETBGYY - MBPTHSEULY PC BTNYY, HZMHVYCHYEZPUS H nPULCHH.

VETEJOULBS PRETBHYS. LHFHHJPCH 7 UEOFSVTS (OPCH. UFYMSH), H CHEYUET vPTPDYOULPZP UTBTSEOIS, RPUMBM YNRETBFPTH bMELUBODTH "CH REFETVKhTZ DPOEYEOYE PV PFVIFSCHI BFBLBI OBRPMEPOB, DSCHYBCHYEE EFFINYOPHEMPN. 4 UHFPL Y RPOSFP bMELUBODTPN, LBL Y'CHEUFYE P RPVEDE.ch REFETVKhTZE, RP-CHYDYNPNH ZHMYZEMSH-BDYAAFBOFPN yuETOSCHYECHCHN, VSCM UPUFBCHMEO ABOUT PUOPCHBOY FFYI DBOOSCHI RMBO ЪBICHBFB UPPVEEOIK oBRMEPOB; PMEUSHE, HCHETEOOSHCH H VEDEKUFCHY UFPCHYI RETED OYNY OENEGLYI BUMPOPCH, DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY RTEPDPMEFSH UPRTPFYCHMEOYE OENOPZYI ZHTBOGHULYI DYCHYYK Y ЪBOSFSH, ZHTPOFPN ABOUT CHPUFPL, CH FSHMKH X oBRPMEPOB, UIMSHOSCHE PVPTPOYFEMSHOSHCHE MYOYY hMMSHCH Y VETEYOSCH Y PFTEBFSH oBRPMEPOH RHFY LBL ABOUT CHYMSHOKHOB OYUBL. ZYZBOFULYE LBOOSCH h DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY PRETBGYS TBUFSOKHMBUSH ABOUT CHDCHPE VPMSHYYK UTL.

FFPF RMBO, U TEULTYRFPN bMELUBODTB, yuETOSCHYECh RTYCHE LHFKhHPCHH HCE RPUME PUFBCHMEOYS nPULCCHSCHCH, H NPNEOF OBIPTSDEOYS THUULPK BTNYY ABOUT UFBTK LBMHTSULPK DPTZE. lHFKhJPCH EZP PDPVTIME. h RETCHPK RPMPCHYOE PLFSVTS RTYLBJSCH HCE DPYMY DP YURPMOYFEMEK. hIKHDYOEOYE UPUFPSOYS ZHTBOGKHULPK BTNY Y CH PUPVEOOPUFY OBYUBMP ZHTBOGKHULPZP PFUFHRMEOYS Yb nPULCHSCH DBMP NPTBMSHOSHCHK YNRKHMSHU DMS CHSHCHRPMOEOIS FFPZP IBNSCHUMB.

RPMPTSEOIE ABOUT FEBFT CHPEOOSHHI DEKUFCHYK VSCHMP FBLCHP: OBRPMEPO (100 FSHU.) OBIPDYMUS H nPULCHE, YNES LPTRHU TsAOP (CHEUFZHBMSHULYK, TBBMPTSYCHYKUS RETCHSHCHN) H nPTsBKULE. eZP UPPVEEOIS RTYLTSCHCHBMYUSH: LPTRKHU nBLDPOBMSHDB - RTEINKHEUFCHEOOP RTKHUUBLY - ABOUT RPDUFHRBI L TYZE, LHDB RTYVSCHM YJ zhYOMSODIY THUULYK LTRKHU YFEKOZEMS. ABOUT UTEDOEK DCHYOE, PF RPMPGLB DP CHYFEVULB, LPTRHUB HDYOP Y UEO-UYTB (VBCBTGSCH) UFPSM RTPFICH UYMSHOPZP LPTRHUB CHIFZEOYFEKOB, PVEUREYUYCHBCHYEZP REFETVKhTZULPE OBRTBCHMEOYE. ABOUT "AZE, CH RPMEUSHE, yChBTGEOVETZ PVYAEDDYOSM DEKUFCHYS OBD UCHPYN BCHUFTYKULYN LPTRHUPN Y UBLUPOULYN LPTRHUPN TEOSHE. CHUEZP CH RPMEUSHE YNEMPUSH 50 FSHCHU. P Y ChBMBIIY Y 21 UEOFSVTS UUPEDYOYCHYEZPUS U fPTNBUPCCHN, h GEOFTE, X UNPMEOLB UFPSM UCHETSYK LPTRKHU CHYLFPTTB, B ABOUT VETEYOE OBVMADBMB vPVTHKUL RPMSHULBS DYCHYYS dPNVTCHULPZP.

h UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U RMBOPN, PDPVTEOOOSCHN bMELUBODTPN, yFEKOZEMSH, OE PUFBCHYCH CH TYZE RPYUFY CHPCHUE RPMECHSHI CHPKUL, DPMTSEO VSCHM RPDPKFY L CHYFZEOYFEKOH. CHYFZEOYFEKOKH HLBSCCHBMPUSH PFVTPUYFSH ABOUT BRBD ZHTBOGKHULYE LPTRKHUB Y, CHSHCHUFBCHYCH RTPFYCH OYI ЪBUMPO, ЪBOSFSH T. hMMH. YuYUBZPCH, PFVTPUYCH FBLTS ABOUT BRBD yCHBTGEOVETZB, DPMTSEO VSCHM BOSFSH CHETIOAA VETEYOKH. THLPCHPDYM PRETBGEK bMELUBODT YJ REFETVKhTZB CH FBLYI HUMPCHYSI: 7 OPSVTS bMELUBODT PFDBEF YYYUBZPCHH RTYLB, YNES DBOOSCHE P TBURPMPTSEOY EZP BTNY L 22 PLFSVTS, Y 18 OPSPBRTY DLB yuYUBZPCHB. UCHSH NETSDH YUYUBZPCHSHCHN Y CHYFZEOYFEKOPN DPUFYZBMBUSH FBLYNY ZETPYUEULYNY NETBNY, LBL RTPVEZ ZHMYZEMSH-BDYAAFBOFB UETOSHCHYECHB, U LPOCHPEN YJ PDOPZP LBBYUSHEZP YPCHYUBE UMP, LBL THDPL Y tBDPYLPCHYUY CH yuBYOYILY, YUETE CHUE TBURPMPTSEOYE oBRPMEPCHULPZP FSHMB. oEUNPFTS ABOUT FBLYE FTHDOPUFY THLPCHPDUFCHB CH FKH RPPIH PRETBGYEK RP CHOEYOYIN MYOYSN, LPZDB RTPIPDYMP DP 28 DOK PF NPNEOPFB UPVSCHFIS DP RPMHYUEOYS TEBZYTHAEEZP OB OEZP RTYLTEYBJ, VEBLTEIBJ, VEBLTEIBY, VEBLTEIBJ OBNEYOOOBS UTBYH H NBZYUFTBMSHOSCHI YUETFBI Y PUOPCHBOOBS ABOUT CHETOSCHI RTEDRPUSHMLBI - TBBMPTSEOY ZHTBOGHHCH, FBKOPK YNEOE OENGECH, TBUFSOHFPUFY UPPVEEOIK oBRPMEPOB, - RPMHYUYMB RMBCHOPE FEYEOOYE.

18 PLFSVTS CHYFZEOYFEKO BFBLCHBM RPMPGL, OENGSCHCH (VBCHBTULYK LPTRHU) HHYMY CH CHYMEOULPN OBRTBCCHMEOYY, OP ZHTBOGHULYK LPTRHU hDYOP OE HDBMPUSH PFVTPUYFSH PF UPPVEEOIK OBRPMEPOB. hDYOP PFPYEM L T. hMME, Y ЪBFEN, KHUYMYCHYUSH LPTRHUPN CHYLFPTTB YЪ unNPMEOULB, UPUTEDPFPYUMUS H N. yuETES. L OBYUBMH OPSVTS CHYFZEOYFEKO BOINBM T. hMMH PF MEREMS DP HUFSHS, B 7 OPSVTS OEPPMSHYN PFTSDPN BICHBFIYM Y CHYFEVUL.

yuYuBZPCH, FPMSHLP NBOECHTYTHS RTPFYCH BCHUFTYKGECH IFTYCHYEZP yChBTGEOVETZB Y UFBMLYCHBSUSH YOPZDB U UBLUPOGBNY TEOSHE, BBOSM 9 PLFSVTS vTEUF-MYFCHUL. oENGSCH yChBTGEOVETZB PFLTSCHMY UPPVEEOIS CHEMYLPK BTNYY, RTEDPYUFS BEYFE YI BDBYUH RTILTSCHFIS rPMSHY, LPFPTPK, CHRTPYUEN, OILFP OE HZTPTSBM. rPFETCH NOPZP READING RPD vTEUFPN, 27 PLFSVTS yuYuBZPCH TEYMUS: PO PUFBCHYM RTPFICH yChBTGEOVETZB BUMP UBLEOB Y U 30 Sh RP RHFY PFTSDBNY YЪ rYOULB Y nPЪShchTS. 16 OPSVTS VSHCHM ЪBOSF NYOL, B 21 OPSVTS, CHOEBROSCHN OBRBDEOYEN, BCHBOZBTD CHSHVYM RPMSLPCH dPNVTCHULPZP Y vPTYUPCHB Y BICHBFIYM NPUF YuETE VETEYOKH. 22 OPSVTS BTNYS YUYUBZPCHB BOSMMB MYOYA VETEYOSCH, PF ENVIOB DP HYY.

pFUFHRMEOYE oBRPMEPOB PF nPULCHSCH OBYUBMPUSH 18 PLFSVTS. BTNIS RIP TBMBZBMBUSH, UFP Ulbshchbmpush ChFN, YuFP NBUSHSHECH UPMDBF RPLIDBMY UFTPK, VTPUBMY PTHTSYE, h PVTBEYK OIK OI RPTSDLB, Oi Dyugirmyoshoshcheshchi, FSOKhMYYSH NOTSHMYYSH. THUULYE CHEMY RBTBMMEMSHOPE RTEUMEDCHBOYE. lHFKHHJPCH Y RPD chShNPK, Y RPD lTBUOSCHN YNEM CHPNPTSOPUFSH RETETEEBFSH DPTPZH obrpmepokh, RTYUEN ON TBURPMBZBM ZTPNBDOSHN RTECHPUIPDUFCHPN CH UYMBI - PUPVEOOP H BTFYMMETYY LBCHBMETYY; PDOBLP, PVBSOIE obBRMEPOB VSHMP UFPMSh OBYUYFEMSHOP, YUFP THUULIE RETED OIN TBUUFKHRBMYUSH, PYUEBMY DPTPZH, TBUUFTEMYCHBMY RTPIPDSEYE ZHTBOGKHULYE LCHMPOOSHCH BTFYMMETEYENKULYOB PZYOBUSHCHULYOB VPSCH Y FPMRSH VEEPTHTSOSCHI Y OBVITBMY YI. zhTBOGHSHCH VSHCHMY CHSHCHOKHTSDEOSCH PFUFHRBFSH RP PDOPK DPTPZE, CH UFTBOE, PYASFPK LTEUFSHSOULYN DCHYTSEOYEN, PVMERMEOOSHCH OBYEK MEZLPK LPOOYGEK. h NPNEOF PFUFHRMEOYS YЪ nPULCCHSCHCH, CHEMILBS BTNYS, OE UYUYFBS LPTRHUCH, PUFBCHMEOOOSCHI H FSHMKH, OBUYUYFSHCHBMB EEE 100 FSC. YuETE NEUSG, RTY RPDIPDE L pTYE, POB YNEMB CH UFTPA PLPMP 25 FSC. 40 PTHDYSNY Y PLPMP HAVE 30 FSC. VEEPTHTSOSCHI. oEULPMShLP DOEK PFDSCHIB NPZMY VSH RPCHPMYFSH oBRPMEPOH HUFBOPCHYFSH CH PFUFHRBCHYI FPMRBI, RETENEYBCHYIUS U PVPBNY, LBLPK-MYVP RPTSDPL; PDOBLP, RPMPTSOYIE ABOUT UPPVEEOISI VSCHMP FBLCHP, UFP OY H uNPMEOULE, OH CH OBYUBMP OYNSCH VSCHMP PFOPUYFEMSHOP FERMPE.

LHFHHBPCH ЪB NEUSG, PF UTBTSEOIS RTY fBTHFYOE DP UTBTSEOIS RPD lTBUOSCHN (18 PLFSVTS - 17 OPSVTS), RPFETSM, RTEINKHEUFCHEOOP VPMSHOSHCHNY Y PFUFBMSCHNY, RPYUFY 50% ZMBCHOSCHNY RTY BYPFD DE LYOPY UFBCHBFSH PF oBRPMEPOB.

rPUMEDOIK, KHUYMYCHYUSH LPTRHUBNY khDYOP Y CHYLFPTTB, YNEM RTY RPDIPDE L VETEYOE DP 35 FSC. at ZhTPOFB ENKh ЪBZTBTSDBMY RHFSH 40 FSC. UYUBZPCHB, U UCHETB OBD OIN CHYUEM CHYFZEOYFEKO U 35 FSC. lHFHBPCHB.

23 OPSVTS UFTENYFEMSHOSCHN HDBTPN LPTRHUB xDYOP RETEYEDYE VETEYOH YBUFY BTNYY YUYUBZPCHB VSCHMY PFVTPYOEOSCH BY TELCH. oBRMEPO TEYYM ZHPTUYTPCHBFSH VETEYOKH ABOUT OBRTBCHMEOYY ACCOUNTED IN PTYUPCHB, YUFPVSCH OBFEN PFUFHRBFSH OE OB NYOL, B OB ENVYO - CHYMSHOP. VETEYOB, ABOUT LPFPTPK VSCM MEDPIPD, CHDHMBUSH, Y VTPDSCH OBYUBMY BLTSCHCHBFSHUS. yuYUBZPCH ZTHRRYTPCHBM UCHPY ZMBCHOSCHE UYMSCH X vPTYUPCHB Y UCHETOEE; DENPOUFTBGYS oBRPMEPOB PFCHMELMMB YI L AZH PF vPTYUPCHB. DENPOUFTBGYS LFB ChSCHZMSDEMB FEN VPMEE CHOKHYYFEMSHOP, UFP oBRPMEPOH HDBMPUSH TBURTPUFTBOYFSH H UCHPEK BTNYY MPTSOSCHK UMHI P FPN, UFP RETERTBCHB VKhDEF ATSOEE vPTYUPCHB, Y UCHETOHFSh PF UBPCHI BPCHI BPCHBUBPCHB TNYEK VEEPTHTSOSCHI.

rHOLF RETERTBCHSC YUETE VETEJOYOH VSCHM YЪVTBO H D. uFHDEKLY, ZDE 26 OPSVTS HDBMPUSH OBCHEUFY DCHB NPUFB. OBD RETERTBCHPK OBCHYUMB HZTPB U FSHMB: RTPFICH CHYFZEOYFEKOB PUFBCHBMUS UMBVSHCHK LPTRKHU CHYLFPTB, LPFPTSHCHK, RTEDPMBZBS, UFP RETERTBCHB VHDEF ATSOEE vPTYUPCHB, PFPYEM HOPCHY MYPYGY ECO BOSM YuETEA, UBFEN UEMP vBTBOSHCH, OP RPFPN DCHYOKHMUS FPTS L vPTYUPCHKH, TBPDSUSH H MEUOSCHI DEZHYME U ZHTBOGHBNY . h vPTYUPCHE VSCHMB PFTEOBOB FPMSHLP DYCHYYS rBTFHOP, RPUMEDOSS YB BTSHETZBTDOPZP LPTRHUB chYLFPTTB.

26 Y 27 OPSVTS ZHTBOGKHSHCH RETEIPDYMY YUETE VETEYOKH VEH VPMSHYPK RPNEII. 28 OPSVTS YUYUBZPCH Y CHYFZEOYFEKO BFBLPCHBMY ZHTBOGKHJPCH U AZB, RP PVPYN VETEZBN VETEYOSCH. 16 FCU. hDYOP, oES Y ZCHBTDYY RTEZTBDYMY ABOUT BRBDOPN VETEZH CHSHHIPD YЪ MEUPCH L NEUFKH RETERTBCHSHCH yuYuBZPCHKh, TBURPMBZBCHYENKH DCHPKOSHCHNY UYMBNY, OP OE YNECHYENKH CHPNPTSOPUFY YI FTOSHCHUF TBSHCHE. CHYLFPTB HDETSYCHBMY ABOUT CHPUFPYUOPN VETEZH CHYFZEOYFEKOB, TBURPMBZBCHYEZP CH RSFSH TB VPMSHYNY UYMBNY, OP TBCHETOKHCHYEZP FPMSHLP 16 FSC. THUULYE ZEOETBMSCH VPSMYUSH VTPUYFSHUS CH TEYFEMSHOHA BFBLH FBN, ZDE OBIPDYMUS UBN OBRPMEPO.

29 OPSVTS UPITBOYCHYE RPTSDPL UYMSCH oBRPMEPOB RTPDPMTSBMY PFUFHRMEOYE YUETE 'ENVYO ABOUT UNPTZPOSH. h CETFCHH OBN DPUFBMYUSH PVPPSCH Y DEUSFLY FSHCHUSYU VEEPTHTSOSCHI. pDOBLP, TSEUFPLIE NPTPbshch, OBUFHRYCHYYE U OBYUBMPN DElbVTS, Y OEDPUFBFPL RTPDCHPMSHUFCHYS TBTHYYMY PUFBFLY oBRPMEPCHULYI CHPKUL. y RETEYEDYYI VETEJOYOH YUBUFEK, 7 DERBVTS L CHYMSHOE RPDPYMP U PTHTSYEN CH THLBI FPMSHLP OEULPMSHLP UPF YuEMPCHEL. UCHETSIE DYCHYYYY MHBPOB Y CHTEDE RTYLTSCCHBMY YI PFIPD.

oEUNPFTS ABOUT CHMSCHE DEKUFCHYS CHUEI FTEI THUULYI ZTHRR, TSEUFPLP UFTDBCHYI PF OYNOEZP RPIPDB, ABOUT LTBKOIE FTHDOPUFY UPZMBUPCHBOYS YI DEKUFCHYK Y THLPCHPDUFCHB UCHCHCHCHYE, OEUNPFTSOPY OB FP, YUFPLP UFTBDBCHYI PF OYNOEZP RPIPDB, PMEPOB HDBMPUSH RTPVYFSHUS Y THUULPZP LPMSHGB Y URBUFY EUMY OE BTNYA, FP LPNBODOSHCH LBDTSCH, VETEYOULBS PRETBGYS RTEDUFBCHMSEF CHEMYUBKIE DETBOYE THUULPK UFTTBFEZYUEULPK NSHCHUMY. rPMHKHUREI SCHYMUS CH TEHMSHFBFE FBLFYUEULYI PYYVPL, OP OE UFTBFEZYUEULYI ODPUFBFLPC UNEMPZP ЪBNSCHUMB. hDYCHYFEMSHOB VSHCHUFTPFB, U LPFPTPK TBMBZBMBUSH CHEMYLBS BTNYS. ABOUT VETEYOE DTBMYUSH U OBNY PDOY MYYSH LBDTSCH, PZHYGETSCH Y OENOPZYE CHEFEBOSHCH. UYMSCH, LPFPTSCHE UPVTBM obRPMEPO DMS UPLTKHYEOIS tPUUYY, RP UCHPEK OEDYUGYRMYOYTPCHBOOPUFY, OEPUFBFPYUOPK URBSOOPUFY U OBRMEPOPCHULYN YNRETYBMYYЪNPN Y OEPUFBFPYuOPK PTZBOYFCHBOOPUFY, RP UCHPEK PTZBOYFCHBOOPUFY, BCHMEOOPC GEMY. rTPKDS unnpmeoul, obrpmepo htse rtpyyem b b lhmshnyobgypookha fpyulh uchpyi hureipch y yem l bblbfh. VETEJOULBS PRETBGYS, BDKHNBOOBS CH UBNSCHK NPNEOF CHUFHRMEOYS ZHTBOGHHHHHHH, CH nPULCH, SCHMSMBUSh RTELTBUOSCHN PRTPCHETSEOEN oBRPMEPCHULYI BLNSCHUMPCH, PFPTCHBCHYYIUS PF TEBMSHOSHCHI ChPFTSHPU.

MYFETBFHTB

CHSCHDETZLY Y FTHDHR cPNYOY Y, PGEOLB cPNYOY CH FTHDE " uFTBFEZYS CH FTHDBI CHPEOOSHHI LMBUUILPC", F. II, UFT. 98 - 157, B FBLCE CH F. I, UFT. 85 - 102, LTYFYUEULYK PVPT NEDENB.

cPNYOY DBEF MHYUYYE PGEOLY DEKUFCHYK oBRPMEPOB, YUEN RPUMEDOIK CH UCHPYI FTHDBI. rTYCHPDYN URYUPL RPUMEDOYI:

Commentaires de Napoleon. 6 FPNHR, 1867 Z.

FP - TPULPYOPE, UOBVTSEOOPE RMBOBNY, RTELTBUOP TEBLFYTPCHBOOPE RPMOPE UPVTBOYE UPYOYOEOYK oBRPMEPOB, YDBOOPE chFPTPK YNRETYEK. V FPN UPDETSYF CHSHDETSLY YJ NENHBTCH MB-LB Y nPOFPMPOB, PFOPUSEYIUS L ЪBFPYUEOYA oBRPMEPOB ABOUT PUFTPCHE UCH. eMEOSCH, RPULPMSHLH CH OYI RETEDBEFUUS NSHCHUMSH YNRETBFPTB. u FPYULY TEOYS CHPEOOPZP YULKHUUFCHB MAVPRSCHFOSHCH PGEOLY obBRPMEPOPN CHPKO RETYPDB 1794-1805 ZZ., Y PUPVEOOP FPN VI - RPIPDSCH aMYS GEEBTS, FATEOOB, zhTYIDTYIB CHEMYLPZP Y FTPOSHDHBOY 17 RTOYUKHBOY 17 RTYYUB OOPN YULKHUUFCHE. LBL YUFPTYL, OBRPMEPO DPMTSEO VSHCHFSH OEUPNOEOOP PFOEUEO L XVIII UFPMEFYA; NSC OBVMADBEN RPMOPE PFUHFUFCHYE YUFPTYYUEULPK RETURELFYCHSHCH Y RPOYNBOYS NCPMAGYY, LTYFYLH RTPYMPZP U FPYULY ЪTEOYS NEFPPDCH UEZPDOSYOEZP DOS, PUPVEOOP CHSHCHUFHRBEF FEOPCHMEOGYS, L oBR UBNEFOBS RPTPK Y CH EZP RETERYULE U NBTYBMBNY.

Correspondance de Napoleon I, 32 FPNB. 1858-1870 Z.

'DEUSH H ITPOPMPZYUEULPN RPTSDLE, BY RETYPD 1793-1815 ZZ., RTYCHEDEOSCH CHPEOOSHCH Y RPMYFYYUEULIE DPLHNEOFSHCH, YUIPDYCHYE OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP PF YNRETBFPTB. yUFPYuOIL, UCHCHETIEOOOP OEEPVIPDYNSCHK LBTsDPNKH YUFPTYLKH LRPIY oBRPMEPOB, OP FTEVHAEYK PUFTPTTSOPZP PVTBEEOYS, FBL LBL NOPZYE ZHBLFSCH oBRPMEPPN LBRYFBMSHOP YЪCHTBEBAFUS. obrpmepo bbvpfymus p rbnsfy, lpfptkha po pufbchhyf, i rpfpnkh bbvmbzpchteneoop, rtyj zhbmshuizhygytpchbm oelpfptshche dplkhneofshch. fBL, OBRTYNET, LPTTEURPODEOGYS UPDETTSYF YOUFTTHLGYA NATBFKH EBDYFSH TEMYZYPHOSHCHE Y OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHE YUKHCHUFCHB YURBOGECH, YUFPVSH OE CHCHCHBFSH FEI ABOUT CHPUUFBOYE - YOUFTHPO LPHLGYA, BOE PFDBCHBM Y LPFPTBS VSCHMB OBRYUBOB ЪBDOIN YUYUMPN, DMS RPFPNUFCHB, YUFPVSCH UCHBMYFSH ABOUT NATBFB UDEMBOOSCHE CH yURBOYY RPMYFYUEULYE PYYVLY.

DMS ChPEOOPZP YUYFBFEMS, OE BOINBAEEZPUS YUFPTYUEULYN FTHDPN RP LBLPC-MYVP OBRPMEPOPCHULPK LBNRBOYY, FFP ZTPNPJDLPE YODBOYE NPCEF VSCHFSH BTNEOEOP 10-FY FY PAYENOMCHN Kommersant OEZP: Correspondance militaire de Napolèon (JD. 1876 - 1897 ZZ. CHPEOOPZP NYOYUFETUFCHB). oEPVIPDYNP FBLCE YNEFSH H CHYDH NOPZPYYUMEOOSCHE OBIPDLY RPUMEDOEZP READING: PYO yALE YODBM 4 VPMSHYI FPNB OPPSCH DPLHNEOPHR: Arthur Chuquet. Ordres et Apostilles de Napoleon, 1911 Z. 3 FPNB Y FPZP CE BCHFPTB Inedites Napoleoniennes. 1913 Z., B FBLCE FTHD CHPEOOP-YUFPTYUEULPZP PFDEM.
Picard and Louis Tuetey. Correspondence inedite de Napoleon. 4 FPNB, 1913 Z. OPCHSHCH Y PYUEOSH UHEEUFCHEOOOSCHE NBFETYBMSCH RTPDPMTSBAF RPSChMSFSHUS.

OBYMHYUYBS VYVMYPZTBJYS (57 VPMSHYI UFTBOIG NEMLPK REYUBFY) FTHDPCH RP OBRMEPOCHULPK LRPI UPDETSYFUS CH 3-I FPNOPN FTHDE: August Fournier. Napoleon I.- Vienna and Leipzig. 1904-1906. DYBMELFYUEULYK RPDIPD L PGEOLE CHPEOOPZP YULHUUFCHB OBRPMEPOB OBYVPMEE HDBMUS CH FTHDE ZTBZHB Jork von Wartenburg. Napoleon als Feldherr. F. I, 1885 Z., UFT. 348, F. II, Z. 1886, UFT. 424. UTEJSCHYUBKOP GEOOSCHN SCHMSEFUS FTHD Freytag-Loringhoven. Die Heerführung Napoleons in ihrer Bedeutung fur unsere Zeit.- VETMYO. 1910 Z., UFT. 471 oBRMEPO TBUUNBFTYCHBEFUUS BCHFPTPN, LBL PUOPCHBFEMSH UCHTENEOOOPZP NEFPDB CHEDEOYS CHPKOSHCH.

pVTBYEG MYFETBFHTOPZP FChPTYUEUFCHB oBRPMEPOB - CH F. I "uFTBFEZYY CH FTHDBI CHPEOOSHHI LMBUUYLPCH", UFT. 53-62.

CHEUSHNB GEOOB FBLCE TBVPFB Giehrl. Der Feldherr Napoleon als Organizer.- Berlin. 1911 Z., 181 UFT. YOFETEUOSCH PGEOLY TBMYUOSCHI LBNRBOIK oBRPMEPOB X YMYZHZHEOB ( "lBOOSCH"), X vPOBMS, yEOULPK, ​​TEZEOUVKhTZULPK-CHYMEOULPK PRETBGYK, X lBNPOB, zhPYB. nOPZP MAVPRSCHFOPZP Y RPUEKYUBU RTEDUFBCHMSAF DMS YЪHYUEOYS oBRPMEPOPCHULPK LRPIY FTHDSCH tsPNYOY Y LMBHECHYGB. rPYUFY VEURTEDEMSHOB NENHBTOBS MYFETBFHTTB.