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Funny case from life. Leader of the Cold Worlds

MAIN FEATURES OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE

The purpose of the lesson:

Generalize and deepen knowledge on the topic "The main features of the scientific style";

Lesson objectives:

To consolidate knowledge about the structure of the text;

Checking spelling and punctuation skills, preparation for the GIA; - development of students' speech skills.

Equipment: texts and yova about the Russian language;

video "Our favorite school yard"

I. Immersion in the topic of the lesson.

The teacher reads in fragments the story "Complaint Book"

What made you smile?

What linguistic phenomenon can explain the author's irony?

You are right, the mixing of styles, the unjustified use of words, turns of speech of one style instead of another causes not only a smile, but also chagrin, annoyance. To prevent this from happening to you, let's continue our study of functional styles. Write down the topic of the lesson "The main features of the scientific style"

II. Comparative analysis of texts:

A. Read. Which of the texts is written in a scientific style?

1. … What is language… what is the word for? Language is, undoubtedly, a form, a body, a shell, thoughts ... From this it is clear that the richer that material, those forms for thought that I acquire for myself for their expression, the happier I will be in life, more accountable both for myself and for others, more understandable to themselves and others, more domineering and victorious; the sooner I will say to myself what I want to say, the deeper I will say it and the deeper I myself will understand what I wanted to say, the stronger and calmer I will be in spirit - and, of course, the smarter I will be<…>It is clear that the more flexible, the richer, the more diverse we master the language in which we have chosen to think, the easier, the more diverse and the richer we will express our thought in it.

2. Language is a complex device that can be considered from different points of view, in accordance with which different units of the language are distinguished. Sounds, words and morphemes, combinations of words and sentences act as heterogeneous elements of the general system of the language, which is often called the "system of systems". The science of language is divided into a number of albeit interconnected, but independent sections, including phonetics, grammar (morphology and syntax), lexicology, word formation, etymology, stylistics, dialectology, etc. Within each of these sections, both descriptive and and the historical study of language.

B. - Underline the terms. Which of them can you give detailed definitions?

Analyze the composition of sentences in this text: do simple or complex predominate?

Analyze the word order in the sentences: how is the movement of thought from the known to the unknown reflected in them, where are the most important words in the sentences?

III. Learning new material.

Read the text on the textbook pages 61-62 as study reading. Play what you read in table format

SCIENTIFIC STYLE

Scope of application	Lectures, reports, scientific papers, student responses in the classroom
Peculiarities	Logic, accuracy, unambiguity, objectivity
	Communicate and argue scientific information
Language tools	Abstract nouns, scientific terms, speech clichés; Predominance of nominal parts of speech over verbs; the predominance of complex syntax.
Types of speech	Reasoning, description
	Articles, dissertation, abstract, summary, review

I.Y. Consolidation of acquired knowledge with access to the future (tasks like the USE)

A. Working with a textbook - ex. 137

Read the sentences. In what order should the sentences be arranged to form a text?

Answer: 3 - 2 - 6 - 5 - 4 -1

Y. Homework

Reasoning in accordance with the scientific style "Does the Russian language need protection?"

YI. Find isolated members of the sentence in the text of the exercise, write out the participles and write them down using the morphemic letter technique:

If someday a space traveler sets foot on the surface of Pluto, then a landscape reminiscent of Antarctica during the polar night should open before him.

Frozen; on-reminder-and-yushch-th; having

If necessary, use the table "Isolation of the involved turnover" of the CORy-http://files. school collection. *****/dlrstore/1ee2a-4d83-b717-10e2be9a4efe/_

Write down the following words:

Hypothesis, thesis, monograph, alliteration, verdict, communique, conference, summary, forum, congress, assonance, transcription, assimilation, phoneme, hypotenuse, parallel lines.

Group the words according to "Scope"

Spelling dictation is carried out under the condition of high productivity of students

Question: Arrange the sentences in such a way that you get a text. And determine what style of speech it refers to 1. Here, on the most distant planet in the solar system, it, together with frozen nitrogen and other chemical compounds, forms the kingdom of ice and cold. 2. the fact is that this planet differs from other planets of the solar system in that its surface has an extremely low temperature from -220 to -240 degrees 3. if a space traveler ever sets foot on the surface of Pluto, then a landscape should open in front of him reminiscent of Antarctica during the polar night. 4. this is the same gas that, together with propane and butane, burns in our kitchen 5. inside these crystals, a small amount of methane is frozen in the form of a kind of solid solution 6. under such conditions, atmospheric gas cools and condenses on the surface in the form of frost: it even hardens nitrogen, which forms large transparent crystals several centimeters across

arrange the sentences in such a way that a text is obtained. and determine what style of speech it refers to 1. here, on the most distant planet in the solar system, it, together with frozen nitrogen and other chemical compounds, forms the kingdom of ice and cold. 2. the fact is that this planet differs from other planets of the solar system in that its surface has an extremely low temperature from -220 to -240 degrees 3. if a space traveler ever sets foot on the surface of Pluto, then a landscape should open in front of him reminiscent of Antarctica during the polar night. 4. this is the same gas that, together with propane and butane, burns in our kitchen 5. inside these crystals, a small amount of methane is frozen in the form of a kind of solid solution 6. under such conditions, atmospheric gas cools and condenses on the surface in the form of frost: it even hardens nitrogen, which forms large transparent crystals several centimeters across

Answers:

3, 2, 6, 5, 4 1, scientific

Nitrogen ice landscapes.

H What distinguishes Pluto from other planets is the strongest cold - its surface is constantly extremely low temperature: from -220 to -240 ° C. Under such conditions, even nitrogen solidifies. If ever a space traveler sets foot on the surface of Pluto, then a landscape reminiscent of Antarctica during the polar night, illuminated by moonlight, should open before him. However, on Pluto, such darkness corresponds to the daytime. The sun appears in the sky as a large star with a barely visible disk, 20 million times brighter than Sirius. Here during the day it is 900 times darker than on Earth at a clear noon, nevertheless, 600 times brighter than on a full moon at night, so at noon on Pluto it is much darker than in a cloudy rainy twilight on Earth. The absence of clouds allows you to see thousands of stars in the sky even in the daytime, and the sky itself is always black, since the atmosphere is extremely rarefied. The entire surface of the planet is covered with ice, which is not at all like the earth. This is not water ice familiar to us, but frozen nitrogen, which forms large transparent crystals several centimeters in diameter - a kind of ice fairy kingdom. Inside these crystals, a small amount of methane is frozen in the form of a kind of “solid solution” (it is usually called natural gas - this is the gas that burns in our kitchen together with propane and butane). In some areas of Pluto, water ice and even some ice of carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) comes to the surface. In general, the surface of the planet has a yellowish-pinkish hue, which is given to it by particles of complex organic compounds settling from the atmosphere, formed from carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen atoms under the influence of sunlight.

The surface of Pluto is very bright and reflects 60% of the sunlight falling on it, so the first estimates of its diameter turned out to be overestimated. At the same time, the strongest differences in brightness are found on Pluto. Here you can find areas darker than coal, and areas whiter than snow. So far, the internal structure of the planet can be judged only by its average density, which is 1.7 g/cm 3 , which is half that of the Moon and three times that of the Earth. This density indicates that Pluto is 1/3 stony rock and 2/3 water ice. If the material is separated into shells (which is most likely), then Pluto should have a large rocky core 1,600 km in diameter, surrounded by a layer of water ice 400 km thick. On the surface of the planet there is a crust of ice of various chemical compositions, in which the main role is assigned to nitrogen ice. It is possible that between the stone core and its icy shell there is a layer of liquid water - a deep ocean, similar to those most likely to be found on Jupiter's three large moons - Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.

CONSIDERED

"Philology"

Protocol No.___

from "___" ____________ 20

Chairman___Moldanova I.M.

Control slice of knowledge

by discipline

"Russian language"

for specialties:

13.02.11

46.02.04

23.02.03

26.02.03

Option 1

I approve:

Deputy Director for SD

Smirnov E.Yu.

"____" __________ 20

Signature________________

Part 1

A1 Which word has the same number of sounds and letters?

1) sad

2) heard

3) accuracy

4) broth

A2 In which word is the letter denoting stress marked correctly?

vowel?

1) leisure 2) understanding 3) convoking 4) (he) gets through

A3 In which sentence, instead of the word WEEKDAY, can you use WEEKDAY?

1) One morning on a weekday day, my grandfather and I were raking snow in the yard.

2) From one everyday environment, Natalya got into another, the same monotonous and boring.

3) The artist assigns a significant place to the image of the everyday side of the war.

4) “Here we are at home,” the captain said in a different, EVERYDAY voice.

1) let's try

2) about five hundred people

3) less fast

4) a lot of apples

(1)... (2) First of all, written speech is not limited by the time of communication, while oral utterance is perceived and understood by the listener as the speaker pronounces it. (3) In addition, written speech cannot be bound by a certain physical space of communication, the psychological state of its participants and the requirement for an immediate response. (4) The fact is that written speech is monologue: when we write, we only internally represent our reader-interlocutor with his answers and therefore we have the opportunity to think over and remake our statement, not embarrassed by restrictions in time and space. (5) The same written statement can be read many times, by different persons and at different times, therefore it is possible to detect and correct grammatical errors and ambiguities in the expression of thought in it. (6) ... these differences must be taken into account in the process of oral and written communication.

A5 first in this text?

1) There are no significant differences between written and oral speech.

2) There is only one difference between written and oral speech.

3) There are significant differences between written and oral speech.

4) Writing is a normalized speech, which is subject to strict linguistic norms.

A6 Which of the following words should be in place of the gap insixth text sentence?

2) However

4) Of course,

A7 What words are the grammatical basis in the third (3) sentence of the text?

1) speech is not related

2) speech cannot be connected

3) cannot be

4) speech cannot be

A8 Indicate how many parts are in the second (2) sentence of the text.

1)1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

A9 Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word READ in the fifth (5) sentence of the text.

A10 Indicate the meaning of the word GRAMMAR in the fifth (5) sentence of the text.

1) related to punctuation

2) associated with the spelling of words

3) associated with the correct pronunciation of words and word forms

4) associated with the norms of changing words and constructing phrases and sentences

A 11 Which word does not have the suffix -SHIK-?

1) timekeeper 2) roofer 3) scavenger 4) scavenger

A12

1) help..gat, d..document, urgent..gate

2) exposition, conduct.. fatten, d.. easy

3) v..novaty, pov..r, vbl..zi

4) aqua..real, z..rya, uk..rotit

A13

1) heating..heater, not..baked, not..most capable

2) pr .. funny, pr .. vagaries (of fate), pr .. neglect

3) to .. walk, be .. useful, to .. invigorate

4) before.. blowing, after.. playing, from.. having played

A14

1) hurt ..shish, dried ..ny

2) hope .. you, unstuck .. who

3) hear .. you, sifted ..

4) throw.sh, look..my

A15

A. pleasing

B. otta..vat

B. vol.. howl

G. Weaken..wat

1) A, B, D 2) A, B 3) C, D 4) A, C, D

A16 - A19

(1) Pure, golden business - poetry. (2) Why does she cause such bitterness? (3) They laughed at Delvig, Maikov. (4) But most of all Russian poets fell to Fet. (5) There was something in him that caused particular irritation of those around him, and of many descendants too.

(6) There is hardly another example of such a discrepancy between human essence and poetic talent. (7) The airy, elven poet was a businesslike, extremely everyday person, grounded in all his habits. (8) The very appearance of Fet, especiallyV the old days, when a person acquires a certain smoothing appearance, was defiantly antipoetic: overweight, heavy, with a rude, frowning, often peevish face. (9) At his best, he was an arithmetic mean hussar, without the stamp of individuality. (10) But even then he wrote wonderful poems that did not rely on anyone.

(11) But in the later life of Fet, other concerns constantly crowded poetry: either the webbing of the army service, or the landlord, household chores. (12) Often he wrote down a poem on a piece of paper that happened to be under his arm. (13) One day he sent Tolstoy a note sketched on some kind of receipt along with a new poem.

(14) Tolstoy unconditionally loved Fet's poems for their musicality, lyricism and lack of tendency, which Lev Nikolayevich organically did not digest. (15) And then he fell in love with Fet himself - businesslike, preoccupied, living seriously and correctly. (16) When Tolstoy became interested in shoemaking and stitched two pairs of boots, one of them went to his son-in-law Sukhotin, the other after a long trade, fittings, complaints about tightness in the instep, doubts about the quality of the skin and the strength of the dredge, endowing Tolstoy with all the experiences and fears of the artisan, handing out their products, bought Fet. (17) Sukhotin put the boots of the great father-in-law in a prominent place in the living room and worshiped them like relics, for which Tolstoy completely hated him. (18) Fet used his pair for its intended purpose, especially did not praise, although he did not scold, when she was worn out, he wanted to order new ones to Lev Nikolaevich. (19) That was the happiest moment in the life of the creator of War and Peace.

(20) But even Tolstoy, gentle and condescending to a friend, was upset by Fet's wasting time on worldly fuss when there is poetry. (21) But is it possible to believe that Fet did not write the verses he needed internally out of laziness, busyness or absent-mindedness? (22) Fet said everything he had to say; he could not have said more, even if he had not spent time setting up a billiard table, plowing a new wedge under the spring crops, and insulating the greenhouse. (23) What Fet did was enough to occupy the throne of Russian lyrics, which was empty after the death of Tyutchev.

(24) Firmness in the main was combined in Fet with an amazing complaisance in particulars, contrary to his character, although they do not exist in poetry. (25) He wrote poetry without blots and drafts, theyat it was sung from the chest, like a bird's song. (26) But Turgenev demanded clarity, logic, and Fet resignedly made corrections, spoiling his poems and occasionally relieving the soul with a meek complaint.

(27) Two different people coexisted in one rough shell: the poet Fet, who heard the music of the spheres, abstract, trusting, soft, and the landowner Shenshin, who preferred the neighing of the pedigree Zakras to all the sounds of heaven, prudent, stingy owner, experienced landowner, gentleman.

(28) Fet was not served "sohu-s" at the entrance, he was engaged in agriculture with a gloomy and harsh habit of a professional. (29) Were there two incompatible people in Fet, or one in which all apparent contradictions are tightly and organically connected? (30) Who knows?

(31) Fellow citizens, relatives! (32) Let's stop whining, messing around and being spiteful!

(33) Let's be businesslike, like Fet.

(34) Let's be poetic like Fet.

(35) We will be, like Fet, prosperous.

(36) We will be, like Fet, eternal.

(According to Yu. Nagibin)

A16 Which sentence should be followed by the following piece of text?

But in everyday life, he was by no means a weak, or even an accommodating person. He always knew what he wanted, and firmly walked towards the intended goal, not shunning advice, but every time acting according to his own understanding. This is the essence of the dual nature of Fet.

1)10 2)14 3)26 4)30

A17 IN What sentences of the text use the type of speech NARRATORY?

1) 7-9

2) 16-18

3) 20-23

4) 27-30

A18 Indicate the sentence that uses contextual antonyms.

1) 10

2) 15

3) 16

4)20

A19From sentence 26 write out the word formed by the prefix-suffix method.

Part 2

Write the sequence of numbers in the answer in the answer sheet

“Telling about Athanasius Fet, Y. Nagibin draws attention to what a surprisingly different person the famous Russian poet was, therefore the entire text is built on such a technique as _______. Speaking about the character of Fet, the author in sentence 7 uses _______ (“businesslike, extremely everyday, grounded ...”). The author emphasizes the poetry of Fet's talent with the help of _______ ("like a bird's song" in sentence 25). Such a tool as _______ (proposals 33-36) helps to make Yu. Nagibin's conclusion more convincing.

List of terms:

1) parceling

2) vernacular

3) syntactic parallelism

4) gradation

5) phraseological unit

6) hyperbole

7) comparison

8) question-answer form of presentation

9) antithesis

10) rhetorical question

Autonomous Vocational Education Institution

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra

"KHANTY-MANSIYSK TECHNOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL COLLEGE"

(AU "Khanty-Mansiysk Technological and Pedagogical College")

CONSIDERED

at a meeting of the subject-cycle commission

"Philology"

Protocol No.___

from "___" ____________ 20

Chairperson____Moldanova I.M.

Control slice of knowledge

by discipline

"Russian language"

for specialties:

13.02.11

46.02.04

23.02.03

26.02.03

Option 2

I approve:

Deputy Director for SD

Smirnov E.Yu.

"____" __________ 20

Signature________________

Part 1

A1 In which word are all consonants voiceless?

1)way

2) suddenly

3) carry

4) slippery

A2 In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel correctly highlighted?

1) quarter 2) sheet 3) localities 4) rated

A3 In which sentence, instead of the word ACTION, should I use MISDEGENCY?

1) The words of a weak-willed person never turn into actions, into ACTIONS.

2) This young man is capable of noble deeds.

3) The guys enthusiastically discussed the selfless ACT of a classmate.

4) In the old days, students were punished for great deeds with soldiery.

A4 Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form.

1) young accountants

2) their work

3) within thirty five minutes

4) ladies' shoes

Read the text and complete tasks A5 - A10.

(1) ... (2) The fact is that this planet differs from other planets of the solar system in that its surface has an extremely low temperature: from -220 to -240 °C. (3) Under such conditions, atmospheric gas cools and condenses on the surface as frost; even nitrogen solidifies, which forms large transparent crystals several centimeters across. (4) Inside these crystals, a small amount of methane is frozen in the form of a solid solution. (5) ... this is the same gas that, along with propane and butane, burns in our kitchen. (6) Here, on the most distant planet of the solar system, it, together with frozen nitrogen and other chemical compounds, forms the realm of ice and cold.

A5 Which of the following sentences should befirst in this text?

1) The absence of clouds on Pluto allows you to see thousands of stars in the sky even in the daytime, and the sky itself is always black.

2) If ever a space traveler sets foot on the surface of Pluto, then a landscape should open before him, reminiscent of Antarctica during the polar night.

3) Pluto is supposedly not a big planet, but the largest asteroid.

4) One revolution of Pluto around the Sun lasts 248 Earth years, and one revolution around the axis takes 6.4 Earth days.

A6 Which of the following words or combinations of words should be in place of the gap infifth text sentence?

1) In addition, 2) However, 3) By the way, 4) So,

A7 What words are one of the grammatical bases of the third (3) sentence of the text?

1) which forms

2) the gas is cooled

3) forms crystals

4) nitrogen forms

A8 Indicate the correct description of the sixth (6) sentence of the text.

1) simple

2) compound

3) complex

4) complex non-union

A9 Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word FROZEN from the fourth (4) sentence of the text.

1) adverb 2) gerund 3) participle 4) adjective

A10 Indicate the meaning of the word CONDENSE in the third (3) sentence of the text.

1) bring to a certain norm, standard

2) thicken, turn into a solid state as a result of cooling or compression

3) focus on something

4) form, a solution when mixed with a liquid

A11 Which word does not have the suffix -K-?

1) mistake 2) smelting 3) skirt 4) tight

A12 In which row is the unstressed checked vowel of the root missing in all words?

1) age ... st, region ..agat, k ... institutional

2) agreement ... agreement, obligatory ... beat

3) distance .. pouring, to ... tinent, ornaments ... mental

4) f ... milia, to ... sleep, x ... characterize

A13 In which row in all three words is the same letter missing?

1) be ... ceaselessly, ra ... paint, be ... delicious

2) pr ... obstacle, pr ... cook, pr ... given (meaning)

3) week ... draw, approach ... go, without ...

4) with ... play, for .... intrigue, without ... skimpy

A14 In which row in both words is the letter I written at the place of the gap?

1) grow ... sh, accelerated ... who

2) hung ... sh, crashed ... ny

3) offended .. sh, foresaw ... who

4) seal ... sew, hear ... my

A15 In which answer option are all the words where the letter I is omitted?

A. unsmiling

B. bow ... to be

B.siren..out

G. submarg ... wat

1) A, B, D 2) A, B, C 3) C, D 4) A, D

Read the text and do the tasks

A16 - A19, part 2.

(1) How difficult it is to be a teacher! (2) To undergo daily inspection of dozens of pairs of sharp, all-seeing and often malevolent eyes. (3) Any omission in costume, hairstyle, habit is immediately noted ...

(4) Maria Vladimirovna was impeccable in everything. (5) Almost the only one in our school, she did not have nicknames. (6) Silence reigned in her lessons, although she by no means belonged to the “horrors”. (7) She achieved this with a minimum of effort - even behavior, exemplary internal and external appearance. (8) The whole class in one way or another was in love with her.

(9) I paved the way to the heart of Maria Vladimirovna through geography, the keenest passion for which I experienced then.

(10) I remember that Maria Vladimirovna introduced us to a map of Europe, naming the countries and main cities, when I whispered to a flabby, narrow-minded guy sitting across the aisle, nicknamed Lapa:

(11) - Ask where Andorra is!

(12) Lapa looked at me incredulously.

(13) - Why don't you ask yourself?

(14) - So I know. (15) Why should I ask?

(16) The paw scratches the back of the head in puzzlement.

(17) - Maria Vladimirovna, where is ... this ... Andorra? (18) - Andorra? - Maria Vladimirovna said displeasedly.

(19) - A dwarf state on the border of France and Spain! I said loudly.

(20) The teacher blushed.

(21) - There are dwarf states in Europe: Luxembourg, Monaco and Andorra. (22) It is not necessary to memorize them, - said Maria Vladimirovna to the timid class.

(23) - And the Republic of San Marino! - I did not let up.

(24) - Do not shout, but raise your hand, - Maria Vladimirovna laid siege to me.

(25) I immediately raised my hand and, without waiting for permission, blurted out:

(26) - The Vatican is also a separate state!

(27) The class froze in admiration.

(28) But then the bell rang...

(29) And now, at every lesson, Lapa and my friend Pavlik, provoked by me, bombarded her with questions. (30) And every time the teacher had a faithful and reliable assistant.

(31) As soon as a tricky question was heard, the class cheerfully waited for my hint, but then, making sure that there would be no misfire, they lost interest in the performance, and I even seemed to get bored of them. (32) This did not surprise me as much as the incomprehensible restraint of Maria Vladimirovna. (33) She showed nothing of her admiration for my knowledge.

(34) Nevertheless, I waited for my distinction, although at first, due to the smallness of my soul, I did not appreciate the mercy shown.

(35) We had the most difficult test in arithmetic, a subject I hated. (36) And it must happen that out of everything

I decided the class alone. (37) Maria Vladimirovna informed the class about the general embarrassment and my triumph. (38) But then, in an impassive voice, she announced that, starting from this control, she would severely punish for dirt in notebooks. (39) And although the student, whose ugly, blotted notebook she demonstrated, one of the whole class solved the problem, he will receive "failed."

(40) The class hummed dully, the pedagogical innovation of Maria Vladimirovna for the first time seemed cruel and unfair.

(41) The act of the teacher shocked me: a good reward for my geographical exploits, for everything that I did for her! (42) It was not the mark that upset, but the spiritual callousness of Maria Vladimirovna, who chose for her dubious experiments a person who spoke so many times in a language that was incomprehensible to others, but understandable to her.

(43) - And she puts you high, - Pavlik said quietly.

(44) Maria Vladimirovna is no longer in the world. (45) She lived a long life, almost until the last days she worked at school. (46) At one of our traditional meetings, Ira Bukina, who last saw Maria Vladimirovna, said that she remembered our class with amazing warmth, making the only exception for me.

(47) - Why such disgrace? I asked.

(48) - And geography? You forgot? You behaved terribly!

(49) - Lord, what nonsense!

(50) - Nothing is nonsense. (51) How many years have passed, and Maria Vladimirovna kept asking: “Why did he hate me so much?”

(52) How difficult it is to be a teacher, but also how difficult it is to be a student!

(According to Yu. Nagibin)

A 16 In which sentence does the author give an objective description of himself from the perspective of an adult?

1)33 2)34 3)40 4)42

A 17 What type of speech is used in sentences 1-3, 4-9, 36-40?

1) in all fragments - narration

2) description: 1-3, narrative: 4-9, reasoning: 36-40

3) narration: 1-3, reasoning: 4-9 and 36-40

4) reasoning: 1-3, description: 4-9, narration: 36-40

A18 Which sentence uses antonyms?

1)31 2)37 3)39 4)46

A19 From sentence 2, write out the word formed by the prefix-suffix method.

Part 2

Read a fragment of a review compiled on the basis of the text you read, which you analyzed while completing tasks A16-A19

This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

Write the sequence of numbers in the answer in the answer sheet.

« In the author's speech, actions are used that convey the character of the characters and the situation (“sharp”, “all-seeing”, “smooth”, “sharpest”, “not far off”, etc.). Some of them express _______ (for example, in sentence 30). _______ serves the same purpose ("discovered", "knowledge" - sentence 33, "notified" - sentence 37, "demonstrated" - sentence 38, "omission" - sentence 3). An important role is played by _______ framing the text.

List of terms:

1) book style words

2) epithets

3) phraseological units

4) synonyms

5) irony

6) hyperbole

7) metaphor

8) rows of homogeneous members

9) comparisons

10) rhetorical exclamation

Saygushkin Ruslan

This material is a research work of a 2nd grade student of MBOU "Lyceum No. 3", a member of the society of NOU students. In his work, Ruslan explores the most mysterious planet in the solar system, Pluto, and tries to unravel all its mysteries.

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Introduction……………………………………………..…………………..2

I. History of discovery………………………………………….……..…...3

II. Physical Characteristics………………...……………..…….3 - 4

III. Mysteries of Pluto………………………………………………….4 - 7

The first riddle. Dimensions and weight.
The second riddle. The internal structure of the planet
The third riddle. Surface of Pluto
Mystery five. Satellites.

IV. Conclusion………………………………………………………………8

Information resources……………………………………………...…...9

I. INTRODUCTION

Since ancient times, the sky has attracted the eye of man. After all, there are still so many unsolved mysteries in the sky! I love to look at the starry sky. Especially if mom or dad is around. Therefore, when at the lesson on the world around us we began to study the planets, I was very happy. But on the page of the textbook "The World Around" (author A.A. Vakhrushev) I found a contradiction.(Appendix No. 1 ) In the text of the textbook it was written: "Nine planets revolve around our Sun." And next to it, only eight planets were depicted in the drawing of the solar system. Missing Pluto. The teacher suggested that I sort out this contradiction on my own. It turned out that Pluto is the most mysterious planet in the solar system. I thought that the mysteries of Pluto would be of interest not only to me, but also to many other inquisitive children. I decided to solve them.

Before doing the work, I set myself target : explore the mysteries associated with the history of the discovery and exploration of Pluto.

To achieve this goal, you need to do the following tasks :

find and study material on the discovery and exploration of Pluto;
unravel the mysteries associated with the history of the discovery and exploration of Pluto;
find answers to them at the level of modern knowledge.

II. HISTORY OF OPENING

As early as the beginning of the 19th century, English scientists suggested that there was another planet in the solar system. The existence of Pluto was predicted by an American astronomerPercival Lovell. Scientists threw all their efforts into the search for the ninth planet and gave it the name "Planet X". But scientists were able to prove the existence of a celestial body only 90 years later.(Appendix No. 2) American scientist Clyde Tombaugh took pictures of the night sky for a whole year. He worked 14 hours a day and managed to prove that planet X exists. Clyde was born into a poor family. When he was 12 years old, he first looked at the moon through a telescope. And from that moment began his passion for astronomy. When Clyde graduated from high school, his classmates wrote in the book of graduates the prophetic phrase: "He will open a new world." He could not study further. The parents didn't have money. But he decided to study astronomy himself and made a telescope on his own.

After the discovery of a new planet, the question became: what to call it? Offers began to arrive from all over the world. But all scientists voted for the proposal of the little girl Venetia Burney.(Appendix No. 3) Venice was interested not only in astronomy, but also in mythology. She decided that this name is very suitable for such a dark and cold world, since Pluto in Greek mythology is the god of the underworld, the god of hell.

III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANET

It turns out that Pluto is indeed made up mostly of rock and ice. The ice on the surface of Pluto consists of frozen methane and nitrogen with hydrocarbon impurities.

General information:

Macca: 1.3*1022kg. (0.0022 Earth masses)
Diameter: 2324 km.
Density: 2 g/cm3
Temperature: -230oC
Day length: 6.4 Earth days
Distance from the Sun (average): between 29.65 (minimum) and 49.28 (maximum) (39.4 AU) AU, in a highly elliptical orbit.
Orbital period (year): 247.7 years
Orbital speed: 4.7 km/s

Sometimes it gets warmer on Pluto to minus 170 degrees, but for most of the year the temperature is minus 230 Celsius. A revolution around the Sun lasts 248 years on Pluto. Another unique property of the planet is that the atmosphere appears there, then suddenly disappears completely.

IV. MYSTERIES OF PLUTO

Pluto is the only planet that has not yet been reached by terrestrial vehicles. Too difficult mission. In a straight line - 6 billion km. And this is decades of travel in an icy vacuum.

Pluto remains a mysterious object to this day. Pluto, when discovered, had the brilliance of a star of the 15th magnitude. It can be observed only in strong telescopes, and explored only from space. What are the mysteries to store planet X?

The first riddle. Dimensions and weight. (Appendix No. 4)

For a long time it was believed that the size and mass of Pluto are close to the earth.

In 1955, it was suggested that the radius of Pluto is 7200 km, the mass is 0.9 of the mass of the Earth. In 1965, scientists' calculations stopped at 0.11 Earth masses. In 1978, the mass of Pluto is already only 0.002 of the mass of the Earth, that is, 6 times less than the mass of the Moon. So gradually Pluto turned into a "dwarf planet"

The second riddle. The internal structure of the planet. (Appendix No. 5)

So far, the internal structure of the planet can only be judged by the value of its average density, which is 1.7 g/cm 3 , which is half that of the Moon, and three times that of the Earth. This density indicates that Pluto is 1/3 stony rock and 2/3 water ice. Scientists only assume that Pluto must have a large rocky core with a diameter of 1,600 km, surrounded by a layer of water ice 400 km thick. On the surface of the planet there is a crust of ice of various chemical compositions. It is assumed that between the stone core and its ice shell there is a layer of liquid water - the deep ocean. But these are only assumptions.

The third riddle. The surface of Pluto. (Appendix No. 6)

Knowledge about the surface of Pluto is still only guesswork. Scientists believe that Pluto differs from other planets in the most severe cold - its surface is constantly very low temperature: from -220 to -240 ° C. Under such conditions, even nitrogen solidifies. According to scientists, “if ever a space traveler sets foot on the surface of Pluto, then a landscape should open before him, reminiscent of Antarctica during the polar night, illuminated by moonlight.” It is 900 times darker during the day here than on Earth at a clear noon, but 600 times brighter than on a full moon at night, so at noon on Pluto it is much darker than during a cloudy rainy twilight on Earth. The absence of clouds allows you to see thousands of stars in the sky even in the daytime, and the sky itself is always black, since the atmosphere is extremely rarefied. The entire surface of the planet is covered with ice, which is not at all like the earth. This is not the usual water ice for us, but frozen nitrogen, which forms large transparent crystals several centimeters in diameter - a kind of ice fairy kingdom. In general, the surface of the planet has a yellowish-pinkish hue. The surface of Pluto is very bright and reflects 60% of the sun falling on it. At the same time, the strongest differences in brightness are found on Pluto. Here you can find areas darker than coal, and areas whiter than snow.

Mystery four. Atmosphere.The atmosphere around Pluto was discovered as recently as 1988. She is very shattered. The weak gravitational field of the planet of the baby is not able to hold the atmosphere, and it constantly escapes into space, and new molecules, evaporating from the ice surface, come to the place of the departed molecules. Thus, Pluto's atmosphere is constantly renewing itself. This does not happen on any of the planets.

Pluto is now in the "summer" period. And in 2020, an ice age will begin on the planet. The atmosphere will disappear for a long time.

Mystery five. Satellites. (Appendix No. 7)

In 1978, Pluto's moon Charon was accidentally discovered. The satellite is blue. It is believed that it consists of rocks and water ice. In May 2005, scientists discovered two tiny, dim dots in images of Pluto that were neither stars nor asteroids. They moved around Pluto, each at a different distance. The joy of the explorers knew no bounds - Pluto has two more moons! But the most interesting was ahead. It turned out that Charon makes one revolution, one of the satellites - exactly two, and the second - three.

Mystery six. Pluto status.

Pluto was officially recognized as a planet by the International Astronomical Union in May 1930. Then it was believed that it was much larger in size.

At the end of the 20th century, doubts arose whether it makes sense to classify Pluto as a large planet. Three reasons were given:

All of the outer planets are gas giants, but Pluto is not.
Pluto is much smaller in mass than any of the planets in the solar system.
The orbit of Pluto is very elongated and even crosses the orbit of another planet - Neptune.(Appendix No. 8)

In August 2006, the decision was made to no longer refer to Pluto as a "planet" but as "dwarf planet".

Now, according to the new classification, the solar system will have four terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars), the same number of giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus) and an unlimited number of dwarf planets.

Scholars are divided on this issue. Many considered this decision unfair. State residentsNew Mexico, for example, they announced that in honor of Clyde Tombaugh (he lived in this state for many years and worked at the university), Pluto will always be considered a planet and since March 13, 2006, “Pluto Planet Day” has been held in the state every year.

Some Russian scientists also do not agree with the deprivation of Pluto's status as a planet.

IV. CONCLUSION

Scientists expected to find a very large planet, but found a tiny ball of a mixture of ice and nitrogen. Pluto is the only planet that satellites from Earth have not yet reached. But soon it will happen. This is what the American interplanetary station "New Horizons" looks like.(Appendix No. 9) She started in 2006. And the closest approach to Pluto will occur on July 14, 2015. I hope that in 3 years people will solve all the mysteries of Planet X. I really hope that scientists will return the status of a planet to Pluto.

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