Major milestones and events in Russian history from the 8th to the 20th centuries. Roipo "milestones in the history of the fatherland" Periodization of Russian history
Dear readers!
Now the Russian state has begun to pay much more attention to issues of national history: not only has an order been given to professional historians to develop a single textbook, but it has also reached the point that in January 2015, at a training seminar for top officials of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, organized by the administration of the President of Russia, they gave lectures not only on management, economics and geopolitics, but also on the history of the Fatherland. Moreover, according to the listeners, the lecture on history was very rich, and it openly spoke about those pages and facts of the Russian past that were previously hushed up and even hidden from the public. And this is also pleasing, since knowledge of the history of our country is our main weapon, because all our troubles began precisely when we forgot the lessons of history, and the first who should never forget about past mistakes are those who can be called “ helmsmen."
The section “For children about the history of Russia” has gained great popularity in recent years: its pages are read not only by young residents of the Sverdlovsk region, but also by site visitors from other regions of Russia and even by our compatriots living abroad. That is why the editors of the website of the Commissioner for Children’s Rights in the Sverdlovsk Region decided to place a large reference material on it, which we called “Major milestones and events in national history from the 8th to the 20th centuries.”
In these historical tables, the main events that occurred in different eras of our ancestors are placed in chronological order. Such is our history that most of the events are associated with a change of power or military operations, but in these tables we also tried to place other things - information about great discoveries and inventions, about reforms and decrees of the rulers of the state and about less significant facts, but so or otherwise characterizing a given era. Moreover, the combination of military, political, diplomatic, economic, cultural and scientific events in one column gives a more complete impression of the era being studied.
Of course, from the point of view of professional historians, certain facts and events may be missed in it, some dates may be inaccurate (by the way, historians still argue fiercely among themselves regarding some dates), but these tables will continue to be replenished and clarified. The main thing is that they give a more complete and broader idea of the era under study, for example: you can find out that in the 1630s, when the first large, at that time, industrial facilities began to be built in the Moscow State - brick, metallurgical, glass and watch factories, Cossack detachments were already actively annexing the regions of Eastern Siberia to Russia, reaching Kolyma, and at the same time, in the south, the “Belgorod Line” of 45 fortresses was intensively built, which began to protect our ancestors from the encroachments of aggressive southern neighbors. In the same decade, the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, began forming regiments of the “new system” - soldiers, dragoons, reiters and hussars, who tried to return Smolensk to Russia, taken by the Poles during the Great Troubles.
Another interesting page of history: how many of you know that three years after Russian troops victoriously entered Berlin in 1760, having dispersed the most powerful army of the Prussian King Frederick in Europe, the Russian troops received a strong “thrashing” from the Chukchi, after which for almost 10 years they could not return to the Anadyr fort they built on the Chukotka Peninsula. These were the paradoxes of history.
And the last comparison of events parallel in time: from 1816 to 1825 in St. Petersburg, young officers, many of whom returned from the foreign campaign of the Russian army, secretly prepared an armed coup, and at the same time, in another part of the world, their compatriots selflessly fought with the North Americans for influence in the Hawaiian Islands, trying to annex these territories to the Russian Empire. And who knows how the story with Hawaii would have ended if the new Emperor Nicholas I had not been occupied with the problem of the Decembrists.
We hope that these tables will help our compatriots better study the history of their Motherland, and schoolchildren will more successfully pass the final exam.
And one more point that we consider necessary to note in the introduction. The last table, dedicated to the Soviet period, is very limited in scope, although there were plenty of events in the 20th century, and this was done specifically for the following reasons:
Firstly, there is no point in presenting in detail all the facts from this period of history, because they are better known to many contemporaries than, for example, the events of the 14th or 17th centuries;
- secondly, the history of Russia in the 20th century requires an objective understanding, and this will be done only with the passage of time, when the “red-white” differences in our country are smoothed out and ideology in the interpretation of specific facts disappears.
Major milestones and events in Russian history from the 8th to the 20th centuries
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Periodization of Russian history |
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Dorurikovskaya Rus' | |||
Moscow
Company "ROIPO "MILESTONES OF THE HISTORY OF THE FATHERLAND" registered on August 3, 2009 by the local body of the Federal Tax Service - the Office of the Federal Tax Service for Moscow. Full official name - REGIONAL PUBLIC HISTORICAL-PATRIOTIC ORGANIZATION "MILESTONES OF THE HISTORY OF THE FATHERLAND". The company was assigned OGRN 1097799012937 and INN 7726366022. Legal address: 115191, Moscow, Starodanilovsky B. Lane, 5. The main activity is: “Activities of other public organizations not included in other groups.” President of ROIPO "MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF THE FATHERland" - Maxim Viktorovich Suprun. Organizational and legal form - public and religious organizations (associations). Type of property - property of public associations.
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Details of ROIPO "MILESTONES OF THE HISTORY OF THE FATHERLAND"
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Founders of ROIPO "MILESTONES OF THE HISTORY OF THE FATHERLAND"
| 1. | Suprun Maxim Viktorovich INN: 771879118566 |
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| 2. | Rumyantsev Andrey Askoldovich INN: 772435980056 |
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| 3. | Pantyukhin Boris Borisovich INN: 772350329399 |
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| 4. | Mostinsky Ivan Viktorovich INN: 772882519344 |
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| 5. | Krasnov Igor Igorevich INN: 771680177174 |
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| 6. | Drobyazko Sergey Igorevich INN: 631601317352 |
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| 7. | Sevruk Evgeniy Vitalievich INN: 771565271108 |
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| 8. | Kharbedia Alexander Georgievich INN: 771904690280 |
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| 9. | Shulyatikov Alexey Vladimirovich INN: 772443448215 |
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| 10. | Martinelli Dmitry Andreevich INN: 773422760707 |
ROIPO "MILESTONES OF THE HISTORY OF THE FATHERLAND" in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities
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People tend to remember dates that are significant for society: over time, if the date is joyful, cities or even countries make it a national holiday. For example, this number is the date of liberation of Odessa from German troops - April 10, and Nikolaev - March 28. And although these numbers remain common throughout the world, for the residents of these cities they are memorable and are so-called milestones. There are more global events. Let's look at what milestones are, what they are like in history using the example of Kievan Rus, and later Russia, and what else this word can be applied to.
The key is in the meaning
This word is described in more detail in the dictionaries of Ozhegov, Ushakov and Efremova. The most common definition is as follows: “Milestones of history are significant incidents, events and decisions in a person’s life, the development of an enterprise or the history of an entire country.” Their number can be varied depending on the density of events in a single year or over the entire history of the existence of a person, enterprise, or country.
Upon a superficial examination of the question, without delving particularly into what milestones are, one can be satisfied with the answer that these are dates that are important to someone. And if we talk about global history, then such dates can be considered moments that influenced further history.
It is best to understand this concept using the example of your own country. Before the formation of the Russian Federation, the USSR and Tsarist Russia, there was one more state, from which we must begin counting milestones. Naturally, this means Kievan Rus. Here are some dates that best illustrate what milestones are:
- IX century - formation of a state with a set of laws, borders and a prince at its head.
- X century - the reign of Oleg until Olga, her reforms in the state, the adoption of Christianity, religious reform.
- XI century - the throne of Vladimir, Yaroslav, the formation of a code of laws as a written document (“Russian Truth”).
- XII-XIII centuries - from the beginning of Monomakh’s reign to the end, “Teachings to Children”, the division of Kievan Rus into principalities and internecine wars.
- XV-XVI centuries - continuation of the feudal war, annexation of the khanates, reforms and the introduction of the oprichnina.
- 17th century - the reign of Shuisky, the beginning of the uprising and its defeat, the abolition of copper coins and the split of the church due to the disagreement of their members with politics.
- XVIII century - the reign of Peter I, Catherine, Peter II, Elizabeth, Peter III, palace coups, Northern War.
- 19th century - the reign of Alexander I, Nicholas I, the Decembrists, the reforms of Alexander II, the end of serfdom by order of Nicholas II, the October Revolution
- 20th century - the formation of the USSR, wars (civil, Great Patriotic War, World War I, World War II), the reign of Stalin, Lenin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, the collapse of the USSR, the formation of the Russian Federation.
- 21st century - the reign of Medvedev, Putin, the annexation of Crimea.
Life is also a milestone
The years of the beginning of the reign and its end of the above-mentioned people can also be counted as milestones. But you don’t need to be a famous astronaut, writer, or ruler for years to be counted among the milestones of life. For a grandmother, special moments can be those when her grandson said the first word, went to school, and later to college.
For some people, milestones may include the date they met their significant other for the first time, got promoted at work, graduated from school, or moved to another country. Also, no one forgets the dates of their birth and the birth of relatives - these are also milestones in certain circles, but these dates mean nothing for all of humanity.
It is interesting that the works of writers can serve as milestones in literature. Thus, the writing of “Eugene Onegin”, “Tales of Belkin”, “Ruslan and Lyudmila” can be considered similar events in the life and work of Pushkin, since they subsequently became the most recognizable works of the author.
Remembering your milestones is important
Knowing what milestones are and the role they play in everyday life will give you an edge over those who ignore them and act on their own. Why? First of all, important events influence the course of history, and future generations would do well to take into account the sad experiences of past ones. In addition, those who remember important events in the lives of loved ones gain a reputation for being more empathetic and caring than those who do not focus on this.
To summarize, we can also say that it depends on the person whether he will “change the milestones” of his life (that is, radically transform something) and, in the end, change the milestones of history with his life or leave everything to discretion of other heroes.
/ To the 1150th anniversary of the formation of Russian statehood /
Year Event
862 Education of Rus'.
Novgorod Rus', Rurik.
1380 Russian revival
statehood.
Battle of Kulikovo. Refusal of Rus'
from paying tribute to the Horde, unity.
End 15 Formation of the state - Russia.
century Ivan 3 Rus' grew six times.
/420 thousand sq. km. - 2 million sq. km/
1612 End of the “Time of Troubles”
Expulsion of the Polish-Lithuanian invaders from Moscow.
1721 Russian Empire.
Peter the Great.
1812 Patriotic War
against Napoleon's invasion.
1914 1st World War.
Russian participation.
1939 -45 2nd World War.
/41 - 45/ Patriotic War
against the Nazi invaders.
According to Nestor’s “Tale of Bygone Years” /1113/ the formation of the Old Russian state dates back to 862. In Rus', until 1917 inclusive, this date was annually celebrated with mass celebrations on September 8th.
/12.09.12 A scientific and practical conference was held in Kyiv - “1150th anniversary of the formation of the Old Russian state: history and modernity.”
...In the ancient Scandinavian sagas, Rus' is reflected as Gardarika, that is, a country of cities; and therefore the makings of Russian statehood in Rus' took place much earlier than this date. This is also confirmed by the Old Church Slavonic calendar, the current year according to the old style is 7523.!?
Before Peter the Great, the New Year was celebrated in Rus' 7208 times.
But, be that as it may, the official date is still considered and is considered to be the ascent to the principality of Prince Rurik -862. /PVL. Nestor...During the 17 years of his reign, he created a small state comparable to modern France; uniting the tribes living there around Novgorod. The first agreement on duties appeared, the first symbol of princely power - a staff and a hat. Under the strong hand of Rurik, various crafts began to develop in Novgorod.
“And the people Chud (Ugric-Finns), Slovenes (Novgorod Slavs) and Krivichi (Slavs from the upper reaches of the Volga-RA-Itil) said the following words: Our land is great and abundant, but there is no clothing on it; come reign and rule over us...” PVL.
A few words about Rurik. Rurik - the eldest son of the Vaghrian
prince (Slavic tribes of the Baltic), Gostoslav (Godlava),
authentically of Slavic origin. His mother, one of the daughters of the mayor of Novgorod in the 9th century - Gostomysl /Slavic origin/ “History has preserved not only his name, but also his righteous deeds, for which in the chronicle they called him the Prudent.” PVL
“This Gostomysl is a man so brave, so wise, to his neighbors
He is terrible to everyone, but we love people for the sake of justice..." the Joakov Chronicle says about him, and here: "... he had 4 sons and three daughters, one of whom later became the wife of Gostoslav (Godlav), the mother of Rurik.
Godlav's mother was the daughter of the legendary Slavic
Prince Randver Ratiborsky, father of the Slavic prince Golfdan /vagr/
Thus, we examined the starting point in the milestones of the history of Rus'. As time passed, the Rurikovichs ruled, there was the first campaign against Byzantium of Prince Oleg and the first written agreement, according to which Byzantium undertook to pay tribute to Rus' ... "And the commandments of Oleg to give tribute ... " read the lines of the chronicle. Rus' became Kyiv, Princess Great Olga carried out creative work. She strengthened borders, cities, set up outposts on the southern borders, etc... Much later, one of her grandsons, Prince Vladimir, baptized Great Rus'; under his rule, Orthodoxy replaced pagan worship in Rus'. With Christianity came enlightenment. Honesty and nobility of soul, justice and conscience guided the simple but bright mind of the Slavs. “Let us be gold like gold,” our ancestors used to say instead of an oath.
Then the Horde of Mongol conquerors came to Rus',
defeated the Volga Bulgaria that initially existed in the Middle Volga. Of interest in this regard is the so-called “Battle of Ram” of 1223.
“The origins of this battle can be sought in the Tatar folklore of Gabdulla Tukay “Shurale”. Reading “Shurale” we and our children involuntarily study the battle of Suvor on the Volga / Itil /.
Today we know that this is Baltyr’s victory over Shurale, and Shurale is the famous commander of Genghis Khan Subedei. It was his army that was completely defeated by the Volga Bulgars in 1223,” writes Rustam Salmatovich Zaripov from Kazan in his book. “Suvor. The unknown battle of the Volga Bulgaria."
In the archival materials of the Samara Regional Museum of History and Local Lore of Alabin there are such materials about the “Battle of the Ram”.
And yet the Bulgars were defeated later, the Horde of Khan Batu came to Rus' in 1236, and oppressed it for three hundred years, collecting tribute...
The Rurik princes changed, there was Yaroslav the scribe, who published the first set of laws in Rus', there was Vl. Monomakh-Prince-Peacemaker. His teaching is informative:
“Don’t forget the poor,” he wrote in his sermon;
- Do not kill either the right or the guilty, and do not command to kill, even though you are guilty of death, do not destroy anyone’s Christian soul. He called for strengthening the unity of Rus'.
By making minor concessions to the Horde rulers, many Russian princes, at the cost of their lives, were able to preserve their people, culture, faith and statehood.
For the preservation of Rus', many of the ancient princes were later canonized by the church. Thus, we have come to the second milestone -1380.
In Rus' by that time, out of 70 cities, more than 30 were destroyed and burned by the Horde. This was the time of the reign of Moscow Prince Dmitry. It was on his initiative that a congress of Russian princes was organized with the goal of uniting against Horde bondage. Despite the opposition of the Horde khans, the princes decided to unite, intensive preparations were underway for a decisive battle with the Horde... Prince Dmitry wanted to free the Russian lands from the hated yoke of the Horde.
And the time has come... In 1378, the Horde army of Mirza Begich was defeated by Russian troops. Khan Mamai, who ruled the Horde at that time, understood well what was fraught with
unity of Russians. He gathers an army of 150,000 and goes to Rus' along the road of Batu, burning and destroying everything in his path.
Horror again gripped the souls of the Russians, but Prince Dmitry by that time had gathered an army near Kolomna and went to meet the Horde.
Dmitry understood that he had little strength, he sought spiritual support from Sergius of Radonezh, who was known by that time for his special insight. He blessed the prince for the battle, gave him two of his brothers-monks, former warriors Aslyaba and Peresvet. He also predicted victory, but with great blood...
On the Don on September 8, 1380, a bloody battle began on the Kulikovo field, the battle stretched for 10 kilometers, human blood flowed like water...
Despite the numerical superiority of the Mongols, the Russian troops stood their ground and did not move. The chronicle contains no information about prisoners. Mamai fled from the battlefield to Crimea, where he was beheaded by the Crimean Tatars.
Power in the Horde was inherited by Tokhtamysh. And he went to Moscow, sweeping away everything in his path. It was the same horror as during Batu’s invasion. Despite resistance, Moscow was taken and plundered. Prince Dmitry by that time was already moving from Kostroma to Moscow. With a humiliating peace, he gave Rus' the opportunity to rest, but he himself soon died. However, the memory of him remained for centuries. Prince Dmitry after the Battle of Kulikovo was nicknamed Donskoy, from that moment he established himself as a commander and politician. With him, the spirit of the Russians strengthened, they realized, and not only that they had power.
In 1391, Tokhtamysh was defeated in the Volga steppes by the eastern conquering commander Tamerlane, who was marching on Moscow. However, Tamerlane /Timur/ did not reach Moscow and turned back. From this period, the Horde ceased to exist, Rus' began to develop further...
By the end of the fifteenth century, Rus' strengthened the succession to the throne, the Orthodox Church in 1448 approved autocephaly, freedom from Constantinople, which was captured at that time by the Turks. And we have come to the next historical milestone - the formation of the state.
A special role in history is given to this prince -
Ivan the Great/3/ 1462-1505.
Almost half a century of his reign was marked by the struggle for the reunification of Russian lands. Ivan 3 managed to change the face of Rus'. This is the last prince and first king of Rus'. Even the most terrible invasion of Khan Akhmet was beyond his control; he freed Rus' from the Horde forever.
During his reign, the territory of Rus' grew six times from 420 thousand sq. km. up to 2 million sq. km/
The era of Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich marks a turning point in Russian history. This era completes everything that the conditions of previous centuries have developed and opens the way for what should be developed in the future. From this era begins the existence of the independent monarchical state of Rus'.
Ivan 3 the first autocrat and the first tsar, he already had
professional army. He introduced the first code of law, that is, a set of laws of the state.
The successor of Ivan 3, his son Vasily continued his father’s work, developing it further. He inherited his father's passion for construction. During this period, many temples were built, and a new type of army was established - the pishchalniks, armed with firearms.
Further, by decree of his son, Ivan 4, nicknamed the Terrible, rifle regiments were introduced, service in which was inherited. Under him, the first Zemsky Sobor was convened. But the country was on the brink, his terror towards society undermined the foundations and power of the state...
Behind him was the weak-minded Tsar Fedor, after whom Boris Godunov ruled. The years of his reign in the seventeenth century were marked by turmoil and anxiety; robbery developed throughout the Russian land. All this was fueled by the boyars. An external attack was being prepared on the weakened state, from the Polish-Livonian troops. The Troubles lasted until 1612.
1612 - The end of the “Time of Troubles” is a new milestone in the historical development of the Russian state.
In 1612, Rus' was going through a difficult time, when hordes of Polish-Lithuanian invaders were advancing on Russian lands from the west, approaching Moscow. Soon Moscow was burning at their hands. /Notice the pattern: as soon as Rus' weakens, lovers of profit flock like crows/ However, Rus', in the person of Kozma Minich Sukhoruk and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, was able to find worthy military organizers. Having convened a Council, they gathered a militia and with these forces were able to give a worthy rebuff to the invaders, expelling them from Russian lands. Then the question of government in Rus' was raised before the Council.
They selected a candidate from among those related by family ties to the Rurikites through the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia Romanova. This candidate was 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov. Many people knew the Romanovs. This was the only family close to the princely throne, and did not take part in the intrigues of the court. Thus, Mikhail Romanov was called to the throne in 1613.
From that moment on, the era of the so-called “Time of Troubles” ended in Rus' and the era of the reign of the House of Romanov began.
Mikhail attracted talented foreigners to the development of the country. In 1632, peace was signed with the Poles.
By the end of 1641, the country strengthened its position in Siberia, and Ermak’s Cossacks reached the Pacific Ocean. Thus, after a long period of “Troubles”, robberies and chaos, Rus' finally received respite and calm. She confidently rose to her feet...
Later, during the reign of his son, Alexei Mikhailovich, not a single innocent soul was executed.
He did not infringe on anyone's honor or property.
In his second marriage in 1672 he had a son,
named Peter.
A significant era was the reign of Peter in Rus', which lasted almost half a century. /1682-1725/ The people feared and hated him, and the Europeans were afraid.
From the very first days of his reign, Peter sharply changed the nature and image of state power, turning it from patriarchal-autocratic to absolute imperial.
Peter did a lot to facilitate trade with other countries, in particular with Europe, trying to open a window to Europe in the Baltic.
The European diplomat and scientist Leibniz said skeptically about Russia at that time that “... the bear is trying on a European camisole.” And he repeatedly incited the Swedes to go to war with Russia in order to prevent it from developing. By that time, Peter had carried out significant transformations in the army, which subsequently had a positive impact in the war with the Swedes. Initially, near Narva in 1700, the Swedes, having a double numerical superiority, won a significant victory. King Charles 12 was considered invincible. And many in Europe were confident that Russia would not soon recover from such a defeat. But time showed otherwise. Peter developed the military industry, Russia received its metal in the Urals, and Peter’s troops at the same time won victory after victory in the Baltic and, in the end, the invincible Swedes were defeated and in 1721, after Peter’s defeat of their navy, a contract was signed with Peace with Russia. And even such a world that surprised all of Europe. The Swedes pledged never to attack Russia. Peter was renamed emperor, and Russia was renamed empire. It was a triumph of Russian weapons, a triumph of Peter. He finally opened a window to Europe in the Baltic. We have come to another significant milestone in Rus' - the formation of an empire. /1721/
Soon Peter invited Leibniz to Russia to head the Academy of Sciences. Leibniz changed his attitude towards Russia
and accepted the invitation. At the end of 1725, Peter caught a cold
and died suddenly.
The last Russian Tsar and the first Russian Emperor have passed away. After his death, power in the country weakened.
Random people came to power; they were not interested in the development of the country. In this round dance of temporary workers, the glory of Peter and his idea - to serve for the good of Russia - faded. Returning to this idea
in history it is associated with the name of Peter’s daughter, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna.
After the death of her father, she left for Europe, the throne did not attract her, but upon returning to Russia she was in shock.
Complete foreignness, complete collapse. Russia at that time resembled a horse driven by wolves...
On the night of November 24-25, 1741, she ascended the throne, removing young John 6 from control and demoting his father Anton Ulrich, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army. All this was accomplished without bloodshed.
From the first day of her reign, Elizaveta Petrovna turned the Russian Empire onto the path that her father once showed - to serve for the good of the Fatherland.
In 1744, the eminent princess Sophia Augusta Frederica Angelt-Tsebskaya was invited to Russia as the daughter-in-law of the heir to the throne, Peter Fedorovich.
Meanwhile, Empress Elizabeth continued to strengthen the state. Its main doctrine is that Russia’s interests are above all else. Bringing active people closer to her, following the example of her father, she achieved recognition of Imperial Russia by a number of European countries - France, Spain, England.
In 1752 it was announced that the country had increased its wealth five times. The war unleashed by Prussia during this period was a fiasco. Together with their empress, the valiant commanders Suvorov, Rumyantsev and others grew and became stronger. In the autumn of 1760, Russian troops victoriously entered Berlin. Russia regained its previously lost lands and its greatness.
Historian S.M. Solovyov wrote that Russia has never achieved such greatness. There has never been such a pleasant reign in Rus', never has life been so easy in Rus' as under the daughter of Peter the Great, Elizaveta Petrovna. During her 20-year reign, no one was executed; the country reached its maximum level of development without the whip. Not a single cannon in the world will fire without the consent of Russia, as Empress Elizabeth used to say, and this was an indisputable fact.
Russia by that time was accustomed to victories...
But on December 5, 1760, Elizaveta Petrovna passed away.
The heir Peter came to power, completely different
to its predecessor. He fiercely hated everything Russian,
and this also applied to the people. “Let’s make everything Russian Prussian...” he said. The people hated him, oddly enough, but everyone wanted his wife, who became Catherine, to the throne. This German woman, as history later showed, turned out to be more Russian than true Russians by origin...
The situation developed in such a way that after some time Catherine 2 carried out a coup, Peter was overthrown, and three days later he was killed. The country didn’t even regret it, he was a person alien to Russia...
From the very beginning of her reign, Empress Catherine 2 radically changed the nature of power; it became more orderly. After a tour of the country, she even prepared the liberation of the peasants, but the Russian nobility did not want to part with the possession of the people; they did not understand her. At the same time, several wars with Turkey were imposed on the country, but they all ended in a brilliant victory for Russian weapons. Russia has further strengthened its global position and finally asserted its right to access the Black Sea.
Inside the country, she surrounded herself with active people who cared about the good of Russia.
The so-called inventory, made at the request of the Empress, showed that during the reign of Catherine 2:
-29 provinces were re-established;
- 44 new cities were founded;
- 78 military victories were won;
- decrees issued:
a/ -to improve management -88;
b/- to improve the lives of the people – 129.
During the same period, the country's population grew from 19 to 36 million people. The army tripled in size; became even more equipped; the number of ships in the fleet increased tenfold.
Time has shown that Catherine managed not only to change her fate, but also the fate of the country and rise with her to the pedestal of glory!
In November 1796, the heir to the throne, Catherine’s son Pavel, learned about his mother’s serious condition, and soon she passed away. Pavel strove to imitate his father in everything, and therefore hated everything Russian. His reign was difficult
for Russia, and therefore in 1801 he was overthrown by rebel officers and killed. Having become the undivided master of a huge and powerful empire, in 4 years he turned it into a defeatist loser. According to the characteristics of historians, the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries was marked for Russia by an exceptional period, a period of palace coups and mysterious murders...
His son Alexander 1, who came to the throne, tried to carry out liberal reforms in the country, but the court elite opposed everything, all innovations. She didn't need it.
In Europe at this time a thunderstorm was brewing. Napoleon launched a struggle for world domination. This also affected the Russian Empire. In June 1812, the French began a military campaign against Russia. This is the next milestone in history.
This war was difficult and difficult for the country and the Russian people, which later became the Patriotic War.
A serious battle took place on the Borodino field.
According to world historians, no one won this battle; a lot of blood was shed on both sides.
However, the Russian people survived this battle. The hitherto invincible Napoleon received a worthy lesson.
He completed his quest for world domination,
being completely defeated and overthrown early in 1814. Later he wrote about this campaign against Russia:
“The most terrible of all my battles is the one I fought near Moscow. The French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians proved worthy of being invincible.”
Emperor Alexander spent the last ten years after the victory over Napoleon tirelessly traveling around Europe and died in 1825. The throne passed to his youngest son Nicholas 1.
Emperor Nicholas 1 did not delve into the basics of public administration, since he was not prepared for his legacy, and tried to make friends with the elite of society. He brought closer to him the talented scientist Speransky, who over the course of 7 years prepared for him a program for streamlining public administration - the Code of Laws. In Europe, Poland, a protectorate of Russia, rebelled at this time, and the uprising was suppressed by Nicholas. From that moment on, the Emperor began to be irritated by all sorts of progressive initiatives and their authors.
According to the conclusions of historians, his reign began with the execution of his subjects and ended with defeat in Sevastopol. Russia was forced to sink its Black Sea Fleet to save Sevastopol, but everything was in vain; in the fall of 1855 it fell. In total, Russia lost 128 thousand soldiers in the Crimean War; in March 1856, it signed a shameful peace with the Turks. As a result
Russia lost its right to the Black Sea, the Russian fleet was denied entry into it.
In addition, some other territories /Bessarabia/ were lost.
Alexander 2, who ascended the throne in 1855 after the death of his father, well understood that the country needed reforms, both to strengthen the army and for state reorganization, but the elite did not need this. All his liberal aspirations were perceived with hostility by her.
By reorganizing the army, Alexander 2 achieved that Russia once again menacingly declared its power.
Russia's forced participation in the Balkan War once again showed the strength and power of the Russian army; the Turks forever lost control of the Black Sea. On March 1, 1880, the emperor signed a decree on the democratic transformation of government, and on the same day, the reformer king was killed by terrorists.
The reformer tsar, by and large, became a hostage
its own reforms, a hostage to the increasingly aggravated conflict between the autocracy and the strengthening bourgeoisie.
His successor, son Alexander 3, managed to stay on the throne for only three years. During this period, Russia did not fight, but he continued to strengthen the army, fulfilling the will of his father. He equipped the army with more advanced weapons and made the Russian fleet more combative. At that time, only Russia had submarines.
Having concluded an alliance with France, the emperor received a loan from her and used it for the development of Siberia and the Far East. He died suddenly in 1894 and was nicknamed the peacemaker emperor.
The country's economy in 1894 Since the beginning of the reign of the new Emperor Nicholas 2, it has been on the rise. However, the king did not notice the main thing in the country, the gap between the poor and the rich. This imbalance had reached its apogee by that time. At the beginning of the next century, Japan began a war in the Far East against Russia, which the latter shamefully lost.
And yet, under public pressure, the emperor signed a Manifesto on the constitutional government of the country in January 1905. Appointed by Emperor Nicholas 2 as Chairman of the Government
P. Stolypin developed comprehensive long-term reforms to transform the country, but the tsar believed that they would undermine the foundations of autocracy and was slow to respond.
Soon Minister P. Stolypin was killed, and the emperor even
I didn't regret it. Believing in the strength and power of Russian weapons, Emperor Nicholas 2 got involved in the war in Europe, but the army at that time was on the verge of disintegration. Discontent among all segments of the population was growing in the country, a bourgeois revolution was approaching, which Nicholas 2 no longer had the opportunity to predetermine or influence.
On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia. This was the beginning of the First World War, which, in just over four years, claimed the lives of 10 million people, including the lives of 600 thousand Russian soldiers. 38 states took part in this global massacre.
The First World War was the result of the aggravation of the contradictions of imperialism. /The reason was the murder of the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Ferdinand, by a Serbian student/.
And despite the significant successes of the Russian army in 1916, a bourgeois revolution soon took place in the country in February 1917, which led to the complete collapse of the autocracy in Russia.
On March 2, Nicholas 2 signed a manifesto on the abdication of the throne and the abolition of autocracy in Russia.
Thus, having taken over from his father a country on the rise
of its development, Nicholas 2 led it to collapse... It was
the last Russian emperor of the Romanov dynasty,
ruled Russia for a hundred years.
A mighty empire has collapsed...
To sum up this reign, we should turn to the statements of the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky:
“Paul, Alexander 1, Nicholas 1 owned, but did not rule Russia, they pursued their dynastic, and not state, interests. They exercised their will, unwilling and unable to understand the interests of the people... Later, this predetermined the fate of Nicholas 2.”
In October 1917, a significant event for Russia took place - the October Revolution.
The governance of the country became parliamentary, society tried to build a socially oriented state without any idea or practical experience on earth how to do this. There were many directions, attempts, excesses, but the country pursued a socially oriented policy, the country revived its industry and army.
The Soviet Union, created by the unification of republics, was reviving the former power of the state; many states reckoned with it and were afraid of it. But a new storm was brewing in the world...
The fascist regime of Hitler, which came to power in Germany, followed the path of Napoleon. In 1939, the Second World War began, which in 1941 crossed the borders of the USSR. This was already the beginning of the New Patriotic War.
This war, in its scope, in the number of victims and destruction,
has no equal in human history.
By the end of the war, 71 states were drawn into it, in 61 warring states more than
110 million people, 62 million of whom died in the crucible of this world “meat grinder”.
The unprecedented feat of our people lasted 1418 days and nights; the losses and consequences of the last war are great and immeasurable. During the war years, the gene pool of both countries, both nations,
(USSR and Germany) was on the verge of destruction. At the end
After all, this war is at the cost of incredible efforts
ended in the lair of fascism in May 1945.
"The art of discovering... fakes"
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Evgeny Burinsky |
An article by A.I. was published in the academic publication “Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: Encyclopedia” (Moscow: Joint Editorial Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Publishing House “OLMA-PRESS”, 2002). Mironov about the forensic departments of internal affairs bodies. Speaking about the background of the modern service, the author of the publication reports that the first state forensic institution in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was the Medical Council under the Police Department, established on December 31, 1803.
There is no translation for the heroic family
It has been 27 years since the establishment of the high and very respected title of “Hero of the Russian Federation” in our society. It was established on March 20, 1992 and was a continuation of the wonderful national tradition of celebrating and honoring people who committed heroic deeds for the benefit of our Motherland. The title of Hero of the Russian Federation, along with the title of Hero of Labor of the Russian Federation established in 2013, refers to a separate type of state awards - the highest titles, which are in first place in the hierarchy of state awards of the Russian Federation.
“Petrovka, 38”: today, tomorrow and... yesterday
If strictly “according to the passport”, then the birthday of the weekly newspaper of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Moscow “Petrovka, 38” is March 10, 1923. It says so on the title. This year we will officially celebrate the 96th anniversary of the newspaper on March 10. However, should we forget that the Moscow police had their own newspaper even before the revolution?..
PASSES OF DESTINY
The senior operational duty officer of the separate traffic police battalion of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate of the Internal Affairs Directorate for the Northern Administrative District of the capital, police captain Andrei AKISHEV, is familiar first-hand with the threatening period of large-scale military operations on hot Afghan soil, called the “Bear Trap” by Western journalists. Andrei Vladimirovich is one of those who, during military service, performed international duty as part of the Limited contingent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan.
History of the formation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR
On March 13, 1948, a mention of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR was included in the Constitution of the RSFSR. However, according to a number of sources, the ministry was formed by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated February 22, 1955. The Ministry of Internal Affairs became the government body of the RSFSR to combat crime and maintain public order.
"COBALT" - HEAVY-DUTY PEOPLE
A special squad member recalls
OUR DOSSIER
The USSR's participation in the internal armed conflict in Afghanistan was the longest and largest-scale use of Soviet troops outside the country in peacetime.WHEN DID “PETROVKA, 38” COME TOGETHER?
The title of the Moscow city police newspaper “Petrovka, 38” reads: “Founded March 10, 1923." In accordance with this date, in 2018 the editorial team celebrated the 95th anniversary of the printed organ of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Moscow. However, the history of the weekly, as it turned out, may have much more ancient roots. So 95 years or still 170?..
ANOTHER WAR PAGE
Before presenting this page, I remember another one that is very similar to the first and clearly precedes it. The dominant person in both pages is the same - the famous Englishman Winston Churchill.
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMISSARIAT FOR CIVIL PART
It should be recalled that the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, held on November 7-9 (Old Style - October 25-27), 1917, proclaimed the formation of the Soviet state and legally secured the liquidation of the bourgeois Provisional Government and its bodies in the center and locally.
Milestones of the glorious path
100 years ago, on October 29, 1918, the First All-Russian Congress of Unions of Workers' and Peasants' Youth, created on the initiative of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), opened. 176 delegates representing over 22 thousand members of youth unions arrived at the congress. The congress laid the foundation for the Komsomol and approved the Charter of the Union. The congress proclaimed the main task of the organization - the dissemination of the ideas of communism and the involvement of worker and peasant youth in the active construction of Soviet Russia. In 1924, after the untimely death of V.I. Lenin Komsomol was named after Lenin.
