home > Literature > Why does a person need stars in the sky? Why do people need stars in the sky? All the stars, even the smallest ones, were numbered

Why does a person need stars in the sky? Why do people need stars in the sky? All the stars, even the smallest ones, were numbered

At night, far from the blinding lights of cities, the sky reveals a breathtaking picture of hundreds of stars scattered across the constellations and the Milky Way. It seems impossible to count them yourself - the numbers seem fantastic, from millions to billions. But it immediately comes to mind that this is exactly what astronomers should be doing. So how many stars are there really in the sky? Today we will try to determine the exact number.

Stars visible to the eye

We have heard more than once that there are trillions of stars in the Universe alone. But there is a nuance - not all of them are visible to humans. It's all about brilliance, or - dim luminaries close up look brighter than very powerful ones in the distance. The smaller the magnitude, the better the star is visible - but there is a limit after which even the most keen eye will not be able to distinguish the star. The standard for the human eye is magnitude +7. The specific magnitude varies between +6 and +8 depending on visual acuity and darkness of the sky.

As a result, out of all the immense number of stars a person can see in the sky... only 6000! But this is also an approximate number. As we already know, the celestial sphere is divided into two hemispheres, in each of which up to 3000 stars are visible. Moreover, some stars are located near the horizon, where it is very difficult to observe them - they are hidden by the dense sky. And we also need to make allowances for reality, where there is no perfectly flat horizon. It is constantly complicated by trees, buildings, hills and other uneven terrain, reducing the number of simultaneously visible stars to 2500.

An interesting fact is that all these obstacles lead to large observatories being built in the mountains, away from settlements. There the atmosphere is not so dense, and there is more horizon available on the highest mountain. Mountains near the sea or ocean are especially popular: the surface of the water is probably the only flat horizon in the world.

But even this number is available under ideal observing conditions - that is, on a dark, moonless night. In summer, the sky at the edges is brighter than in winter, and any city lamp creates glare. In the middle of a large city, the number of stars in the sky drops immediately to 200–300. Consequently, the best view of the stars opens only in winter, at a distance of more than 5 kilometers from any populated area or illuminated road.

Stars in a telescope, or the total number of stars in the sky

However, humanity has long found a way to circumvent the limitations of its own vision. Many powerful telescopes on Earth and in space are pushing back the visible boundaries of space every day, discovering new stars and galaxies. Even the most ordinary binoculars make it possible to see an additional 200 thousand stars. And the cheap one opens 10 times more luminaries!

Of course, we cannot see all the stars in the Universe. The center of our galaxy is an insurmountable barrier that blocks part of the Milky Way from us, and clouds of cosmic dust absorb all rays except infrared ones. And although astronomers are struggling with this - for example, the telescope will penetrate those obstacles that were previously considered insurmountable - the Universe remains limited. At least in appearance - the maximum distance we can look at is 45.7 billion light years.

Let's sum up the final score. There are approximately 100 to 400 billion stars in our galaxy. According to the telescope, about 100 billion galaxies have now been found, and it is believed that another 100 billion will be found soon. Our galaxy is traditionally considered to be average in terms of the number of stars it can accommodate - there are both larger and smaller objects.

Let's use known numbers and count the number of stars in the sky together. We have 100 billion galaxies, each containing 100–400 billion stars. Let's multiply 10 11 by 10 11 - we get 10 22 stars, 100000000000000000000000 stars in the sky. And this is just the minimum estimate! If there are more galaxies or stars, the number will increase by orders of magnitude.

Because of all these conventions and inaccuracies, astronomers rarely undertake to give an accurate estimate of the number of stars in the sky. There are simply too many of them, and not all can be clearly seen and separated from the rest. Especially in distant galaxies - often they themselves look like one dim star.

CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT MATERIALS

Input control dictation

1. The number of stars visible in the sky with the naked eye seems innumerable. 2. In fact, there are not so many of them. 3. At the same time, as scientists say, there are no more than three thousand stars in our field of vision, because we see half of the firmament.

4. Stars are the same as suns. 5.They seem to us like shining points, removed from the Earth at immense distances.

6. Even in ancient times, people noticed that some groups of bright stars form different shapes. 7. Having divided the entire sky into constellations, astronomers compiled star maps.8. All stars, even the smallest ones, were assigned to one or another constellation.

9.Both the location of the stars in the constellations and their distances from each other seem unchanged. 10. This is explained by the fact that astronomical science appeared relatively recently. 11. During this time, the stars had not yet had time to change their visible position in the sky. 12. They move at enormous speeds in different directions, but they are so far from us that we do not notice this movement. 13.According to scientists, it will be possible to notice it only after tens of thousands of years. (156 words.)

The text is taken from the book “Russian language lessons in 8th grade” (final control dictation) Author G.A. Bogdanov. Moscow, “Enlightenment”, 2000. (p. 174)

Grammar tasks.

Option 1.

1. From sentence 1, write down the word with unverifiable unstressed vowels at the root.

2. From sentences 4-8, write down all the words in which the spelling of the prefix depends on the deafness/voice of the sound indicated by the letter following the prefix.

3. From sentences 3-5, write out the participle with two nn.

4.Replace the phrase Russian woman,

5.Write down the grammatical basis of sentence 1.

6. Write out sentence(s) with isolated circumstance(s) from sentences 6-9.

7.among sentences 2-8, find a sentence with an introductory construction

8.Indicate the number of grammatical bases in sentence 12.

Grammar tasks.

Option 2.

1. From sentence 7, write down the word with unverifiable unstressed vowels at the root.

2. From sentences 9-13, write down all the words in which the spelling of the prefix depends on the deafness/voice of the sound indicated by the letter following the prefix.

3.From sentences 3-5, write down a verb whose spelling of the suffix depends on the conjugation.

4.Replace the phrase brocade fabric, management built on the basis of agreement, a synonymous phrase with communication

5.Write down the grammatical basis of sentence 5.

6. write out sentence(s) with separate definitions from sentences 1-5

7. Among sentences 10-13, find a sentence with an introductory construction

8.Indicate the number of grammatical bases in sentence 3.

1st quarter (9th grade) CONTROL DICTANT

(with a grammar task on the topic “Complex sentences”)

Option I

“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” fit into just a few pages of an ancient manuscript, but for two centuries the people of Rus', tormented by princely strife and attacks by nomads, remembered it and quoted wise patriotic lines by heart.

By the time of Igor’s campaign, who secretly led his squads to the Don and imprudently lost his army and the honor of a commander, Rus' had broken up into several independent principalities. The feuds of the princes turned into bloody wars, and the nomadic tribes of the Polovtsians, constantly raiding Russian lands, cut off the ancient route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” 1 and disrupted the economic ties of Russia with the southern and eastern lands. Their raids were accompanied by the destruction of cities and the capture of residents, but the princes, who had lost their sense of patriotism, were unable, due to continuous rivalry, to deliver a decisive blow to the Polovtsians.

Chroniclers, as a rule, only recorded events, and only a few of them decided to evaluate individual actions of the princes. But none of the ancient Russian scribes rose, like the author of the Lay..., to the heights of wise historical generalizations. The poem, however, was gradually forgotten, and only at the end of the 18th century, after the discovery of the only surviving copy, did it resound with renewed vigor. (166 words.)

(According to B. Rybakov.)

CONTROL DICTANT

Option 2

We make our way through the bird cherry thicket to the shore. It's the end of June, and she's just dressed for spring. The wild rosemary burns with a belated lilac color, and the birch tree, not believing the summer, stands naked.

The taiga, seeing the vastness of Lake Baikal, rolls towards it along the hills with tiers of greenery and freezes at the very water. Having felt the water with their roots, the larches, birches and pines decided not to swim, stopped, but the taiga pressed in from behind and could not stop. That is why giant fallen trees lie on the shore, blocking the road to the lake.

It's amazing to see April and June here at once. Behind you are the smells of summer, and on Lake Baikal it’s exactly like the Volga in flood. The same vast expanse of water, the same ice floes in herds.

Baikal opens late, and until the end of May they rush through the water

ice herds. In June they land on the shore and here, near the boulder,

slowly settle, frightening the animals at the watering hole with an unexpected rustle.

The water of Lake Baikal, clear as a tear, does not tolerate garbage, and in stormy weather it throws fragments of boats and driftwood onto the shore. Not a speck in the water!

The distant blue hills merge with the sunset stripes, and they are slowly obscured by the evening haze. (165 words.)

The text is taken from the book “Russian language lessons in 9th grade:” Author G.A. Bogdanov. Moscow, “Enlightenment”, 2008. (p. 116)

Tests

Ioption

A. Complex sentences can be conjunctions, complex sentences, complex sentences.

B. Simple sentences can be combined into complex ones

using intonation and conjunctions or allied words.

B. Simple sentences can be combined into complex ones using intonation (without conjunctions or allied words).

2. Conjunction connecting parts of a complex sentence
It was already the spring month of March, but at night the trees crackled from the cold, like in December, is...

A. subordinate
B. connecting

B. dividing
G. adversative

3. What conjunctions connect parts of a complex sentence that indicates the alternation of phenomena, the possibility of one phenomenon out of two or more?

A. and, yes(in meaning i), nor- neither, neither

B. or (or), either, then ~ that, not that - not that

B. ah, but, yes(meaning but), however, on the other hand

From the linden alley, turning and overtaking each other, yellow round leaves flew and, getting wet, lay on the wet grass of the meadow.

A. simple

B. compound

B. complex
G. non-union

5. Find a compound sentence among these sentences.

A. I was completely confused, not understanding what was happening, and, standing in one place, mindlessly looked towards the retreating person.

B. I don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, cloudy, unclear, like a dream.

B. Gathering our last remnants of strength, we dragged ourselves to the station, but, not having reached it two hundred steps, we sat down to rest on the sleepers.

A. The smile was weak, barely noticeable, and, despite the smile, the stern expression of the eyes did not change.

B. There were people ahead and, therefore, I had nothing to fear.

In offer The trees have shed their leaves, and no bird voices can be heard insert the common minor term and write down the resulting sentence.

Read the sentence It snowed and... Continue it twice, adding: a) a homogeneous predicate; b) a simple sentence.

Write down a sentence A cloud came and a strong wind blew, inserting a separate phrase after the conjunction And.

10. Join the last simple sentence to the previous one with a conjunction And. Write down the offer you received

A warm front was approaching, the clouds could not withstand its onslaught, cracked, and snow began to fall from them.

11. Indicate a sentence whose structure corresponds to the diagram (no punctuation marks):

[impersonal], And[two-part].

A. On earth, in the sky and everywhere around, it was calm and there was no sign of bad weather.

B. Each flower looked like the poppy I knew and they smelled like spring.

Q. A kiosk was opened on the square and now they sell newspapers and magazines.

12. Copy sentences using punctuation marks

A, I didn’t make him wait for a minute, I immediately sat down on
the horse and we rode out of the fortress gates.

B. A drawn-out cry of an unsleeping bird is heard from the forest or a vague sound similar to someone’s voice is heard.

G. Trees that have shed their summer attire, clouds floating low over the ground, cold drizzling rain, ordinary pictures of deep autumn and they are dear to my heart.

a) [two-part], And[impersonal];

b) [impersonal], [however... two-part];

c) [impersonal], And[impersonal].

Complete the offer They listened to my story indifferently, and therefore..., pointing to a consequence.

Tests

on the topic “Compound sentence”

Option 2

1. Which of the following statements are true?

A. Simple sentences, when combined into a complex sentence, have intonation completeness.

B. Complex sentences can be combined or non-conjunctive.

B. Conjunctive complex sentences are compound and complex.

2. Read the sentence My head hurt, but my consciousness
it was clear and distinct. Simple sentences are combined into complex ones using...

A. subordinating conjunction
B. union word

B. coordinating conjunction
G. intonation

3. What conjunctions connect parts of a complex sentence in which one phenomenon is contrasted with another?
A. and, yes(in meaning i), nor- neither, neither

B. or (or), either, that - that, not that- not that

B. ah, but, yes(in meaning but), however, on the other hand

4. Determine the type of offer Compressed by black thickets and illuminated by a steam locomotive ahead, the road looks like an endless tunnel.

A. simple

B. compound

B. complex
G. non-union

5. Find a compound sentence among these sentences.

A. It’s funny to say, we were lost in a familiar forest for more than an hour and returned, as they say, empty-handed.

B. There were no more arguments, but on the contrary, after dinner everyone was in the best mood.

B. Polar bears seem likely to disappear soon if there were no ban on hunting them.

6. Find the sentence with a punctuation error.

A. In the hut, singing, a maiden spins, and, the winter friend of the nights, a splinter crackles in front of her.

B. But then the first wave ran through the rye and across the main field, the wind rushed and dust swirled in the air.

B. Nightingales are finishing their spring songs, dandelions are still preserved in quiet places and, perhaps, the land is whitening somewhere In a sentence During the day there was a light breeze and snow falling
7. In a sentence During the day there was a light breeze and snow falling Omit the common minor term and write down the resulting sentence.

Read the sentence My father filled the car with gas and... Continue it twice, adding: a) a homogeneous predicate; b) a simple sentence.

9. Indicate a sentence whose structure corresponds to the diagram (no punctuation marks):

[impersonal], and [impersonal].

B. They announced the end of the lunch break and began weeding the beets.

10. Copy the sentences using punctuation marks.

A. The boys sat at the table with their heads bowed and uttering words in a whisper, apparently doing some kind of work, and I tried not to disturb them.

B. The wind tore leaves from the trees and covered the garden paths with a multi-colored carpet.

V. It was already evening and the people were returning from the fields. G. His kind eyes shone with a clear light and his thin face seemed beautiful.

11. Write down the sentence by inserting a separate phrase after the conjunction s.

By evening the sky cleared of clouds, and the night promised to be cold.

12. Join the last sentence to the previous one with a conjunction And. Write down the proposal you receive.

Young peals are thundering, the rain is splashing, dust is flying, rain pearls are hanging, the sun is gilding the threads.

13. Come up with and write down sentences whose structure corresponds to the diagrams:

a) [impersonal], [but... two-part];

b) [two-part], [Also... two-part];

c) [indefinite-personal], And[two-part].

14. Complete the sentence Clouds covered the sky, and because of this..., pointing to a consequence.

(9th grade. 2nd quarter)

CONTROL DICTANT

(Option 1)

Nipper

Kusaka rushed for a long time in the footsteps of the people who had left, ran to the station and - wet and dirty - returned back. Here she did something that no one, however, saw: she climbed onto the terrace and, rising on her hind legs, scratched with her claws. The rooms were empty, and no one answered Kusaka.

It began to rain, and the darkness of the autumn night began to approach from everywhere. Quickly and silently he filled the empty dacha; he silently crawled out of the bushes and poured down with the rain from the inhospitable sky. On the terrace, from which the canvas had been removed, making it seem strangely empty, the light sadly illuminated the traces of dirty feet for a long time, but soon he too gave way.

And, when there was no longer any doubt that night had fallen, the dog howled pitifully. A ringing note, sharp as despair, burst into the monotonous sound of rain, cutting through the darkness, rushing over the naked fields.

And to those who heard him, it seemed that the hopeless dark night itself was groaning and striving for light, and wanted to go to the warmth, to a bright fire, to a loving heart

Grammar tasks.

Option 1.

2) The rooms were empty and no one answered Kusaka

Option 2.

Perform a complete syntactic analysis of sentences and construct their diagrams.

1). It seemed to Kusaka that the hopeless dark night itself was groaning and yearning for light; he wanted warmth, a bright fire, a loving heart.

2). It began to rain, and the darkness of the autumn night began to approach from everywhere.

The text is taken from the book “Russian language lessons in 9th grade:” Author G.A. Bogdanov. Moscow, “Enlightenment”, 2001. (p. 116)

(9th grade. 3rd quarter)

TEST

(Option 2)

Nipper

Kusaka rushed for a long time in the footsteps of the people who had left, got to the station and - wet and dirty - came back.. back. Here she did something that no one, however, saw, went up onto the terrace and then stood up on her hind legs, scratching her claws. The rooms were empty and no one answered Kusaka.

It began to rain heavily and the darkness of the autumn night began to move from everywhere. Quickly and dully, it filled the empty dacha, silently popped out of the bushes and, along with the rain, poured from the (un)friendly sky. On the ter.as.e. with whom there was a sn.ta p.Rusina, why she k..s.s.ed strange.about the empty light for a long time still sadly looked at the traces of dirty feet, but soon he too gave in.

And when there was no longer any doubt that night had fallen, the dog howled pitifully. A howl burst forth with a note as sharp as despair, and the monotonous sound of rain, cutting through the darkness, rushed over the bare fields.

And to the one who heard him, he groaned and rushed towards the light in the lightless...dark night itself. and wanted to be in the warmth of a bright fire and a loving heart

Grammar tasks.

Option 1.

Perform a complete syntactic analysis of sentences and construct their diagrams.

1) Here, however, no one saw Kusaka: she climbed onto the terrace and, rising on her hind legs, scratched with her claws.

2) The rooms were empty and no one answered Kusaka

Option 2.

Perform a complete syntactic analysis of sentences and construct their diagrams.

1).It seemed to Kusaka that the hopeless dark night itself was groaning and yearning for light; he wanted warmth, a bright fire, a loving heart.

2),It began to rain, and the darkness of the autumn night began to approach from everywhere.

Test tasks on the topic “Complex sentences”

Ioption

A. Complex sentences can be conjunctions, complex sentences, complex sentences.

B. Simple sentences can be combined into complex ones using intonation and conjunctions or allied words.

B. Simple sentences can be combined into complex ones using intonation (without conjunctions or allied words).

2. A conjunction connecting parts of a complex sentence: “It was already the spring month of March, but at night the trees crackled from the cold, like in December,” is...

A. Subordinate.
B. Connective.

B. Dividing.
G. Nasty.

3. What conjunctions connect parts of a complex sentence that indicates the alternation of phenomena, the possibility of one phenomenon out of two or more?

B. Either (or), either, this or that, or not that.

B. However, a, but, yes (in the meaning of BUT), but, the same.

4. Determine the type of sentence: “From the linden alley, turning and overtaking each other, yellow round leaves flew and, getting wet, lay on the wet grass of the meadow.”

A. Simple.

B. Compound.

B. Complex.
G. Non-Union.

5. Find a complex compound among these sentences.

A. I was completely confused, not understanding what was happening, and, standing in one place, mindlessly looked towards the retreating person.

B. I didn’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wandered, cloudy, unclear, like a dream.

B. Gathering our last remnants of strength, we dragged ourselves to the station, but, not having reached it two hundred steps, we sat down to rest on the sleepers.

6. Find sentences with punctuation errors.

A. The smile was weak, barely noticeable, and, despite the smile, the stern expression of the eyes changed.

B. In September the forest is thinner and lighter and the bird voices are quieter.

B. There were people ahead and, therefore, I had nothing to fear.

In the sentence: “The trees have shed their leaves, and no bird voices can be heard,” insert a common minor member and write down the resulting sentence.

Read the sentence: “It snowed and...”, continue it twice, adding:

9. Write down the sentence: “A cloud came and a strong wind blew,” inserting a separate phrase after the conjunction I.

10. Attach the last simple sentence to the previous one with the conjunction I. Write down the resulting sentence.

A warm front is approaching, the clouds could not withstand its onslaught, cracked, and snow began to fall from them.

11. Indicate a sentence (there are no punctuation marks in them), the structure of which corresponds to the diagram:

[impersonal], and [two-part].

A. On earth, in the sky and everywhere around, it was calm and there was no sign of bad weather.
B. Each flower looked like the poppy I knew and they smelled like spring.

B. A kiosk was opened on the square and now they sell newspapers and magazines.

12. Copy the sentences using punctuation marks.

A. I didn’t make him wait for a minute, I immediately got on my horse and we rode out of the gates of the fortress.

B. It was getting dark and the river cold was blowing from the side.

B. A drawn-out cry of an unsleeping bird is heard from the forest or a vague sound similar to someone’s voice is heard.

G. Trees that have shed their summer attire, clouds floating low over the ground, cold drizzling rain, ordinary pictures of deep autumn, dear to my heart.

13. Come up with and write down sentences whose structure matches the diagrams.

A. [two-part], and [impersonal].

B. [impersonal], and [however... two-part].

B. [impersonal], and [impersonal].

14. Complete the sentence: “They listened to my story indifferently, and therefore...”, pointing to the consequence.

Test tasks on the topic “Complex sentences”

IIoption

1. Which of the following statements are true?

A. Simple sentences, when combined into a complex sentence, have intonation completeness.

B. Complex sentences can be combined or non-conjunctive.

B. Conjunctive complex sentences are compound and complex.

2. Read the sentence: “My head hurt, but my consciousness was clear and distinct.” Simple sentences are combined into complex ones using:

A. subordinating conjunction;
B. union word;

B. coordinating conjunction;
G. intonation.

3. What conjunctions connect parts of a complex sentence in which one phenomenon is contrasted with another?

A. Also, and, yes (in the meaning of I), no, no.
B. Either (or), either, this or that, not that - not that.

B. However, a, but, yes (in the meaning but), but, the same.

4. Determine the type of sentence: “Compressed by black thickets and illuminated by a steam locomotive ahead, the road looks like an endless tunnel.”

A. Simple.

B. Compound.

B. Complex.
G. Non-Union.

5. Find a compound sentence among these sentences.

A. It’s funny to say, we were lost in a familiar forest for more than an hour and returned, as they say, empty-handed.

B. There were no more arguments, but on the contrary, after dinner everyone was in the best mood.

B. Polar bears seem likely to disappear soon if there were no ban on hunting them.

6.Find a sentence with a punctuation error.

A. In the hut, singing, a maiden spins, and, winter friend of the nights, a splinter crackles in front of her . B. But then the first wave ran through the rye and across the main field, the wind rushed and dust swirled in the air.

B. The nightingales are finishing their spring songs, there are still dandelions in quiet places and, perhaps, a lily of the valley is growing white somewhere.

7. In the sentence “A light breeze blew and snow fell during the day,” omit the common minor term and write down the resulting sentence.

8. Read the sentence: “Father filled the car with gas and...”. Continue it twice by adding:

a) homogeneous predicate; b) a simple sentence.

9. Indicate a sentence (no punctuation marks), the structure of which corresponds to the scheme: [impersonal], and [impersonal].

A. The sky is overcast and there is no end in sight for the rain.
B. They announced the end of the lunch break and began weeding the beets.

B. It became dark and we wandered through the forest for a long time.

10. Copy the sentences using punctuation marks.

A. The boys sat at the table with their heads bowed and uttering words in a whisper, apparently doing some kind of work, and I tried not to disturb them.
B. The wind tore leaves from the trees and covered the garden paths with a multi-colored carpet.

B. It was already evening and the people were returning from the fields.
G. His kind eyes shone with a clear light and his thin face seemed beautiful.

Write down the sentence by inserting a separate phrase after the conjunction I: “In the evening the sky cleared of clouds, and the night promised to be cold.”

Attach the last sentence to the previous one with the conjunction I. Write down the resulting sentence.

Young peals are thundering, the rain is splashing, dust is flying, rain pearls are hanging, the sun is gilding the threads.

13. Come up with and write down sentences whose structure matches the diagram.

A. [impersonal], [but... two-part].

B. [two-part], [also... two-part].

B. [indefinite-personal], and [two-part].

14. Complete the sentence: “Clouds covered the sky, and because of this...”, indicating the consequence.

9th grade. 4th quarter

Test on the topic “Complex sentences”

K-1. Write out complex sentences with conjunctionswho, which, placing punctuation marks.

I. 1. Who would dare to look for a tender girl in this majestic hall in this careless legislator? 2. Oh, look warmly in the hour of separation at the one who with a proud soul (is not) afraid of people or torment, who will die for the honor of his native country. 3. He who lives without sadness and anger does not love his Fatherland. 4. Anyone who has seen this land and this expanse at least once is happy to kiss almost every birch tree’s leg. 5. Who was sitting on the bench, who was looking at the street Tolya sang Boris was silent Nikolai kicked his foot.

II. 1. Such wonderful weather as happens in April. And the crows cry
(like) spring stubbornly and passionately. The black grouse muttered and someone in the village began to sing to the whole area. 2. What an (un)ordinary picture appeared before our eyes.

K-2. Write down the sentences, placing punctuation marks and indicating means of communication between parts (conjunctions or allied words).

Read more serious books where the language is stricter and more disciplined than in fiction.

The gaze took in only the expanse of the earth, where it is cramped only for emptiness. And he penetrated into the forest thicket. Where (n_) where to hide in the bushes.

And suddenly, in the rays of the morning sun, I saw a bronze sculpture of Yaroslavna: she stood on a ledge from which the misty Putivl distances opened up. In those days when all the impressions of existence were new to me, then some evil genius began to secretly visit me. I looked in the direction where they could have come to me.

I didn’t want to return from that heavenly corner of the earth where, by the will of fate, we ended up completely (un)expectedly.

.K-3. Write down the sentences by inserting the wordwhich in the correct case. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the type of subordinate clause and the means of communication between the parts. Make diagrams of complex sentences

It is quite natural for every person forced to fight to feel sadness With He dedicated his life to what he loved.

We must not forget that first person who began to need you.

Love for people is, after all, the wings that a person rises above all else.

Many of the people I barely knew supported me in difficult times. |

You can’t even think about anything and you only dream that your dog will come, the only (apparent) creature you are attached to.

Lanskoy came out with, as always, an invariably “arrogant figure”; however, he contained a rather kind heart.

K-4. Correct errors in complex sentences. Indicate conjunctions or allied words. Make diagrams of complex sentences and determine the types of subordinate clauses.

1. When the competition ended due to fatigue, I could hardly stand on my feet. 2. It was a hot summer on the windowsill when the cacti bloomed. 3. When the leaves blossomed, grasshoppers began to chirp in the trees in the grass. 4. I had a tool for cutting np and help, which solved the problem. 5. I did not learn the rule on the basis of which the problem was solved. 6. From afar we saw our house on the roof of which a weather vane was spinning. 7. We went on an excursion during which I learned a lot.

K-5. Read the text. Give it a title. Write down a sentence that contains the main idea. Combine simple sentences into complex sentences. Write it down using punctuation marks. Indicate the method of connecting parts of the sentence (conjunctions or allied words). Construct diagrams of complex sentences. Indicate the types of subordinate clauses.

At least twice a year, books in your home library should be cleaned with a brush or rag. Dust and dampness are the enemies of books. If dampness appears in the bookcases, books should be wiped with a dry cloth. The cabinets should be left open. Then they will be well ventilated.

K-6. Read the text. Combine simple sentences into subordinate sentences where possible. Write it down using punctuation marks. Please indicate your contact method intl do parts of a complex sentence (conjunctions or allied words). Make diagrams of the resulting complex sentences. Determine the type of subordinate clauses.

Moscow University was founded on the initiative of M. V. Lomonosov, a great Russian scientist. It has always been the center of Russian science and development. The university has 23 faculties. The MSU system of institutions includes four scientific (research) institutes, educational (scientific) stations, an astronomical observatory, a botanical library, a publishing house and a printing house.

K-7. Read the article. Give it a title. Insert punctuation. When copying, combine simple sentences into complex sentences where possible. parts of complex sentences are connected (by conjunctions or allied words

Make diagrams of complex sentences. Write down in one sentence what a note is.

The text always has a main idea. But she does not live there alone. If books had only the main idea, they would probably consist of only titles. You can compare a book to a car. The main part of a car is the engine. But if there are no other steering wheels, the car still won’t have brakes. Likewise, in the text, in addition to the main one, there are also other important thoughts about the “subtopic” problem. If you find them and retell them, you will get a short retelling, but if you write down a summary.

K-8. Read the text and write down its main idea. Rearrange simple sentences where possible by combining them into complex ones. Write it down using punctuation marks. Indicate the method of connection between parts of a complex sentence (conjunctions or allied words). Make diagrams of complex sentences. Indicate the types of subordinate clauses.

Memory can be different. There is a memory of feelings. It contains joys and sorrows. There is a memory of the mind. She keeps it thoughtful and understandable. You can remember the taste of the melon you ate a month ago because you have a memory for taste sensations. And there is also a memory for smells.

Different types of memory help people in everything. But in order for them to (really) help out, they must be taken care of, trained and developed

K-9. Read the text. Write down its main idea. When copying, combine simple sentences into complex sentences where possible. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the method of connection between parts of a complex sentence (conjunctions or allied words). Make diagrams of complex sentences. Specify the type of clause.

The maple tree's sugar sap was first discovered by lazy women. So says the old legend (of the North American Iroquois Indians. Such housewives, in order not to go to a separate spring for clean water, cut the bark of a nearby tall maple and collected full pots of juice. These women completely (un)expectedly became famous as skilled cooks. All their dishes were tasty and sweet.

The most sugar is found in the sap of the sugar maple tree. It is also called the sugar tree. The sugar content in the juice of such a maple reaches 3%.

K-10. Read the proposed text and its main idea formulated below. Is she true? If not, correct it and add to it. Combine simple sentences into complex sentences where possible. Use punctuation when writing. Determine the means of communication between parts of a complex sentence (conjunctions or allied words). Make diagrams of complex sentences. Determine the type of subordinate clauses.

It is difficult to imagine that such a simple and (ne) necessary procedure as washing your face has its own curious history. In the 18th century, for example, a special doctor’s prescription was (necessary). With its help it was possible to force the French King Louis XV to wash himself. In France at that time it was believed that after washing with water, the face became more sensitive to cold and became very sunburnt in the summer.

You must follow your doctor's orders.

K-11. Copy the sentences using punctuation marks and inserting conjunctions or allied words instead of gaps.

1. After lunch, chairs with large backs were placed in rows in the large hall.

They began to gather; the visiting Kiziveter was to preach at the meeting. 2. Praskovya Fedorovna Mikhel was the most attractive, intelligent, brilliant girl in that circle that Ivan Ilyich was in. 3. Either going over the impressions of the past battle, or joyfully imagining the impressions he makes with the news of victory, remembering the farewell of the commander-in-chief and comrades, Prince Andrei rode in the mail chaise, experiencing the feeling of a man who had waited a long time and (finally) achieved the beginning of the desired happiness. 4. Prince Andrey not only after his journey but also after his campaign during

he was deprived of all the comforts of cleanliness and grace and experienced a pleasant feeling of relaxation among those luxurious living conditions he had become accustomed to since childhood.

K-12. Edit the text to eliminate the erroneous repetition of the conjunction word. Place punctuation marks.

Only the necessary sign that is used in practice receives a name. Mushroom pickers give names only to those mushrooms that they collect from (not) edible ones, which (n_) who (don’t) don’t always have a name. The transfer of a mushroom that has not previously been eaten into the edible class is due to the fact that it acquires a name. The word seems to germinate with a cognizable object.

K-13. Edit the text to eliminate unnecessary repetition of the conjunction word. Place punctuation marks.

LONGEVITY OF FLOWERS

What do you know about the life span of the flowers that grow (around) our houses in our gardens and parks?

A peony bush in one place can live 16-20 years. S_reni and jasmine bushes live for dozens of years. There is a known variety of iris that was bred more than a hundred years ago. He multiplied all these years and his life (not) ended until now.

Legends can be written about the (un)usual longevity of rose bushes, which seem so fragile and (not) durable. In Yasnaya Polyana there are rose bushes that bloomed during L.N. Tolstoy’s lifetime. In Germany there is a known rose bush that lives for 500 years.

K-14. Copy, correcting errors in punctuation. Specify the type of subordinate clause.

1. The artist’s art grows together with the people he depicts. 2. Only by creating can we receive all the happiness that free labor gives. 3. There is courage that danger itself breeds. 4. Danger always exists for those who are afraid of it. 5. The happiest person is the one who gives happiness to the greatest number of people. 6. Those who do not have love for their native country are crippled and poor at heart. 7. A deceitful face will hide everything that a treacherous heart has planned. 8. Education is not about the amount of knowledge, but V full understanding and skillful recognition of everything you know.

K-15. Copy using punctuation marks and coordinating allied words.

1. I nestled under a tree whose branches began nowhere above the ground and therefore could protect me from the rain, and after admiring the view of the surrounding area, I fell asleep in a serene sleep that is familiar to only hunters. 2. Muromsky, as an educated European, drove up to his opponent and politely greeted him. Berestov answered with the same zeal with which a chained bear bows to his masters on the orders of his leader.

K-16. From each pair of simple sentences, create a complex sentence with an attributive clause. Determine, where possible, the number, gender and case of the conjunctive word. Underline the word in the main sentence that is replaced by a conjunction in the subordinate clause.

The ancient Greeks were well aware of oil. They used it not so much as a food product but as a cream for skin and hair.

Jasmine petals are added to some varieties of green tea in China. They give the drink a special taste and aroma.

For Tibetans, tea is (not) a drink, but food is something (like) soup. It is boiled in cauldrons and served in flat cups with salt, butter and milk.

Some Alaskan Kwakiutl people like to eat snow. It is whipped to “heavy cream” and mixed with fish oil, black molasses and raw berries

Question: The number of stars visible in the sky with the naked eye seems innumerable. There really aren't that many of them. At the same time, as scientists say, there are no more than three thousand stars in our field of vision, because we see half of the firmament. Stars are the same as suns. They seem to us like shining points, removed from the Earth at immeasurable distances. Even in ancient times, people noticed that some groups of bright stars form different shapes. Having divided the entire sky into constellations, astronomers compiled star maps. All stars, even the smallest ones, were assigned to one or another constellation. Both the location of the stars in the constellations and their distance from each other seem unchanged. This is explained by the fact that astronomical science appeared relatively recently. During this time, the stars had not yet had time to change their apparent position in the sky. They move at enormous speeds in different directions, but they are so far from us that we do not notice this movement. According to scientists, it will be possible to notice it only after tens of thousands of years. HIGHLIGHT THE INVOLVEMENTS

The number of stars visible in the sky with the naked eye seems innumerable. There really aren't that many of them. At the same time, as scientists say, there are no more than three thousand stars in our field of vision, because we see half of the firmament. Stars are the same as suns. They seem to us like shining points, removed from the Earth at immeasurable distances. Even in ancient times, people noticed that some groups of bright stars form different shapes. Having divided the entire sky into constellations, astronomers compiled star maps. All stars, even the smallest ones, were assigned to one or another constellation. Both the location of the stars in the constellations and their distance from each other seem unchanged. This is explained by the fact that astronomical science appeared relatively recently. During this time, the stars had not yet had time to change their apparent position in the sky. They move at enormous speeds in different directions, but they are so far from us that we do not notice this movement. According to scientists, it will be possible to notice it only after tens of thousands of years. HIGHLIGHT THE INVOLVEMENTS

Answers:

/Visible in the sky with a simple glance/, /removed from the Earth at immeasurable distances/. / ~~~~~~~~~/