Aksakov Ivan Sergeevich who is he biography. Aksakov Ivan Sergeevich - short biography

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Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov(September 26 [October 8], Orenburg province - January 27 [February 8], Moscow) - Russian publicist, poet, public figure, one of the leaders of the Slavophile movement.

Biography

Since 1842, I. S. Aksakov did not stop writing poems, which appeared in 1886 in a separate collection, as an appendix to the newspaper Rus, and printed, moreover, in an appendix to both volumes of his correspondence. The first printed poem was "Columbus", placed in No. 1 of "Moskvityanin" for 1845. In 1848, his best poem, The Tramp, was written (not finished), which tells the story of a runaway peasant seeking a better life. Excerpts from it were published in the "Moscow Collection" of 1852 and in No. 10 of "Sails" for 1859. This poem was the reason for the resignation of I. S. Aksakov in 1852. After retiring with the rank of court counselor, I. S. Aksakov moved to Moscow to his father, where at that time a circle of Slavophiles rallied, and decided to devote himself to journalism - from that time his journalistic activity began, which brought so much fame in the end, and next with her, right up to her death, and the struggle both with literary enemies and with the conditions of censorship.

Volume II of his “Moscow Collection”, this first step of his editorship, which was destroyed and caused so much trouble, in addition to everything, brought I. S. Aksakov the prohibition to ever be a publisher or editor of a journal. After that, a significant break followed in his literary activity, which he took advantage of to get acquainted with the life of the people in its various forms and manifestations. So, in 1853, he accepted the offer of the Geographical Society to describe trade at Ukrainian fairs. At the end of 1853, I. S. Aksakov went to Little Russia and spent the next year traveling around it. The result of this trip appeared in 1859 an extensive "Study on trade at Ukrainian fairs." It was met with unanimous praise from the entire press, and two scientific institutions awarded I. S. Aksakov with honorary awards: the Geographical Society, which published the study at its own expense, awarded the Konstantinovsky medal, and the Academy of Sciences - half the Demidov Prize.

Returning from Little Russia to Moscow in the midst of the Crimean War, I. S. Aksakov in 1855 entered the militia, namely the Serpukhov squad, which was under the command of Prince Gagarin and reached only Bessarabia. This ended in a controversy with Count Stroganov, the commander of the militia, and the "Aksakov influence" on the militias, which the count observed during the dissolution of the squad. Aksakov was, by the way, the treasurer of the squad, and the report he presented to the commander was an indictment of all others - the commander did not dare to sign it. At the first news of the world, in March 1856, I. S. Aksakov returned to Moscow, but in May of the same year he again went south, to the Crimea, invited by Prince Vasilchikov to participate in the commission of inquiry into the case of the abuses of quartermaster general Zatler and others during the war. However, I. S. Aksakov did not wait for the end of the investigation: in December 1856 he returned to Moscow.

I. S. Aksakov. Engraving by I. I. Matyushin, 1889

In 1857, I. S. Aksakov traveled abroad, and in 1858 he took over the unofficial editing of the Russian Conversation magazine, of which A. I. Koshelev was considered the official editor. All the best Slavophile forces rallied around this organ. I. S. Aksakov published volumes III and IV of "Conversations" for 1858 and six books for 1859. At the same time, the ban on being an editor was lifted from him, and in 1859 he undertook the publication of the weekly newspaper Parus. As conceived by the publisher, "Sail" was to serve as the central organ of Slavic thought. But this edition was not lucky: it was discontinued after the publication of only the first two issues, among other things, for MP Pogodin's article on foreign policy and for the poems of I. S. Aksakov himself. Replacing the "Sail", "Steamboat", with the permission of which Chizhov, one of Aksakov's close ones, was wanted to end the general bewilderment, under the conditions set, could not satisfy I. S. Aksakov and he returned to the "Russian Conversation". The death of his father, the illness and death of his brother stopped Aksakov's activities for a long time. Throughout 1860, accompanying his sick brother Konstantin Sergeevich, I. S. Aksakov spent a trip abroad, mainly through the Slavic lands, in order to personally get acquainted with the outstanding political and literary figures of the Western and Southern Slavs.

In the middle of 1861, he returned to Moscow and obtained permission to publish under his editorship the weekly newspaper Den. The newspaper was allowed to him without a political section and on the condition that the censors had special supervision over this publication. The Day began to appear at the end of 1861 with the participation of the same Slavophil circle and immediately took on an outstanding position, having in the first years up to 4,000 subscribers, which at that time was a very significant figure. One of the main reasons for the success, of course, lay in the primary journalistic talent of the editor-publisher, who authoritatively discussed the Slavic question, issues related to major reforms - the peasant, judicial, zemstvo, as well as the Polish question. This was one of the busiest periods in the activity of I. S. Aksakov: at that time, the glory of the prophet of Slavophilism was consolidated behind him - a glory that spread around all of educated Russia and Europe; his name became a political banner. The publication of The Day went fairly well, with the exception of one temporary dismissal of I. S. Aksakov from the post of editor in 1862 because he refused to reveal the name of the author of one correspondence to censorship. "Day" lasted until the end of 1865.

A break in the journal activities of I. S. Aksakov lasted one year. On January 1, 1867, he began to publish a new newspaper, Moskva. It lasted until October 21, 1868, that is, less than two years, and during this short time it was subjected to nine warnings and three suspensions - for three, four, and finally, for six months, that is, thirteen were in the Moscow suspension, and came out for less than nine months. During these suspensions, it was replaced by Moskvich, which differed from Moskva only in its title, although it was published under the nominal editorship of a different person. The main reasons for the administrative persecution of "Moscow" were its articles against General A.L. Potapov, who then ruled the North-Western Territory, as well as articles against the then order in the Baltic Territory. During the last suspension of Moskva, for six months, the then Minister of Internal Affairs A.E. Timashev entered the Senate with a report on the need to completely stop the publication of Moskva. I. S. Aksakov presented explanations for the accusatory report; the case, as not resolved by disagreement in the Senate, passed to the consideration of the State Council, and I. S. Aksakov was again deprived of the right to publish any newspaper; this prohibition weighed on him for 12 years.

In the late 1860s, Aksakov married the maid of honor A. F. Tyutcheva, daughter of the famous poet F. I. Tyutchev. During this period, his activities were concentrated, on the one hand, in the Moscow Slavic Committee, and on the other, in the second Moscow Mutual Credit Society. In the latter, I. S. Aksakov, since 1874, was the chairman of the board. This year coincided with the appearance of the biographical essay written by I. S. Aksakov “F. I. Tyutchev”, the second edition of which was published in 1886. In the Slavic Committee, established in 1858, I. S. Aksakov was first, during the life of Pogodin, the secretary, and after his death, the chairman. In his last position, I. S. Aksakov became famous as an orator. The years 1875-1878 were the highest point of his oratorical activity, when he became the spokesman for the Slavic sympathies of Russian society. His candidacy was even proposed by some Bulgarian electoral committees to the Bulgarian throne. On June 22, 1878, he delivered his famous speech at the Slavic Committee on the Berlin Congress, which condemned our diplomats, Aksakov was expelled from Moscow and spent several months in the village of Varvarino, Yuryevsky district, Vladimir province, which belonged to a relative of his wife. The Slavic Committee in Moscow was closed after that.

In December of the same 1878, I. S. Aksakov returned to Moscow, but began public activities, however, not earlier than the end of 1880, when, thanks to Count M. T. Loris-Melikov, he managed to obtain permission to publish a weekly newspaper “ Rus'". The latter began to appear on November 15, 1880 and lasted until the day of the death of I. S. Aksakov, with a six-month break in 1885, due to the illness of the editor. In 1883, "Rus" was transformed into a two-week edition, and for two years it appeared in this transformed form. In 1885, I. S. Aksakov returned to the original form of the weekly. This newspaper was his personal organ and its significance was given mainly by the articles of the editor himself. Among his main occupations, I. S. Aksakov found time for several years to be a deputy chairman in an Orthodox missionary society, chairman of the Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, and a member of the Moscow Duma.

In the spring of 1885, mentally and physically tired, Ivan Sergeevich suspended his publication and spent several months in the Crimea. He rested there, but was not cured - he had a heart disease, from which he died on February 8 (January 27, old style), 1886 in Moscow. The news of his death made an impression in all circles of society, both Russian and Western European. He was buried near Moscow in Sergiev Posad on the territory of the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra with an unprecedented gathering of people.

The works of I. S. Aksakov were published by his wife in 7 volumes. In addition, 2 volumes of his correspondence and a collection of poems were published.

Political Views

Slavophile, "true-true" thinker. Aksakov combined monarchism in his views with criticism of state power, arguing that “The state, of course, is necessary, but one should not believe in it as the only goal and the complete norm of mankind. The public and personal ideal of humanity stands above any ... state, just as conscience and internal truth stand above law and external truth.

Artworks

• Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (Biographical sketch). - M. 1874.
• Works. - M., 1886-1887. T. 1-7.
• Ivan Aksakov in his letters. - M. 1888-1896.
• Why is it so hard to live in Russia? - M., 2002.

Notes

Sources

• Trubachev C. Aksakov Ivan Sergeevich // Russian biographical dictionary: In 25 volumes / under the supervision of A. A. Polovtsov. 1896-1918.
• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Links

• Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich in the library of Maxim Moshkov
• Nikolsky A. Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov. (Obituary) // Historical Bulletin, 1886. - T. 23. - No. 2. - S. I-XX.
• Sukhomlinov M.I. I.S. Aksakov in the forties // Historical Bulletin, 1888. - T. 31. - No. 2. - P. 324-348.
• Usov P.S. Friendly group // Historical Bulletin, 18876. - T. 23. - No. 3. - P. 634-639.

Russian philosophy
Westernism	Chaadaev Belinsky Granovsky
Slavophilism, Pochvenism, Pan-Slavism	Khomyakov I. Kireevsky I. Aksakov Strakhov Leontiev Danilevsky Samarin
"Revolutionary Democracy"	Chernyshevsky Dobrolyubov Pisarev
Russian religious philosophy	Dostoevsky Solovyov Rozanov Shestov Lossky Bulgakov Berdyaev Vysheslavtsev Karsavin Florensky Franc Ilyin Fedotov Losev Tsertelev
Populism, anarchism and Marxism	Herzen Bakunin Lavrov Tkachev Kropotkin Plekhanov Lenin
Theosophy	Lodyfemale Blavatsky
Russian cosmism	Fedorov Tsiolkovsky Vernadsky Chizhevsky

Categories:

• Personalities in alphabetical order
• Writers alphabetically
• October 8
• Born in 1823
• Born in the Orenburg province
• Born in Bashkortostan
• Deceased February 8
• Deceased in 1886
• Deceased in Moscow
• Publicists alphabetically
• Publicists of Russia
• Poets in alphabetical order
• Poets of Russia
• 19th century poets
• Aksakovs
• Graduates of the Imperial School of Law
• Vowels of the Moscow City Duma
• Persons: Yaroslavl Province
• Slavophiles
• Monarchists of Russia
• Philosophers of the 19th century
• Buried in the Moscow region

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See what "Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich" is in other dictionaries:

The youngest son of Sergei Timofeevich and Olga Semyonovna, nee Zaplatina, b. On September 26, 1823, in the village of Nadezhina, Kuroyedovo, too, in the Belebeevsky district of the Ufa province, he died on January 27, 1886 in Moscow. In the fourth year, together with the whole family, ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

AKSAKOV Ivan Sergeevich Russian publicist, thinker, ideologist of Slavophilism. The son of the writer S. T. Aksakov, brother of K. S. Aksakov ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Russian publicist, poet, public figure. Son of S. T. Aksakov. Graduated from the St. Petersburg School of Law (1838‒42). In the 40‒60s. advocated the abolition of serfdom ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (1823 86) Russian publicist and public figure. Son of S. T. Aksakov. One of the ideologists of Slavophilism. Editor of the newspaper Den, Moscow, Rus, the magazine Russian conversation, etc. In the 1840s and 50s. advocated the abolition of serfdom. In the years of Russian ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich, famous Slavophil publicist, son of S.T. , brother K.S. Aksakov. Born on September 26, 1823 in the village of Nadezhina (Kuroyedovo), Belebeevsky district of the Ufa (then Orenburg) province. He spent his first childhood years in the village ... ... Biographical Dictionary

And Olga Semyonovna, nee Zaplatina, b. On September 26, 1823, in the village of Nadezhina, Kuroyedovo, too, in the Belebeevsky district of the Ufa province, he died on January 27, 1886 in Moscow. In the fourth year, together with the whole family, he moved to Moscow. There is little information left about I. S. Aksakov’s initial education: it is only known that he was prepared at home for admission to an educational institution, it is also known that from the age of 10 he already read newspapers, closely followed political events in Europe, and in him Thus, from childhood, the future writer-publicist had an effect. He spent his school years in St. Petersburg, where he studied at the then newly founded School of Law. After staying there for four years (18381842), I. S. Aksakov returned to Moscow in 1842, after completing the course, and entered the service in the 2nd branch of the 6th department of the Governing Senate, where three weeks later he was appointed fix the post of secretary. The expression of the feelings and doubts that agitated the young official at the first steps in the official field was his first major work in verse: "The life of an official, a mystery in 3 acts." In 1844, I. S. Aksakov was appointed a member of the audit commission in Astrakhan, under the command of Prince P. P. Gagarin. As an official, I. S. Aksakov represented a rare phenomenon. One of his former comrades on the revision commission, Baron Buhler, reports about him (“I. S. Aksakov in his letters”, vol. I, p. 42) that “he studied 16 hours a day, constantly wrote, read , made inquiries in the Code of Laws, and only at the end of official affairs, as if for relaxation and fun, he took up poetry. In 1845, in the summer, I. S. Aksakov was appointed to the post of deputy chairman of the criminal chamber in Kaluga, and in May 1847 he was appointed chief secretary of the 1st branch of the 6th department of the Senate in Moscow. But he did not remain in the last position for long only until September 1848, when he moved to the Ministry of Internal Affairs as an official for special assignments, under the command of Count L. A. Perovsky, who, wanting to test the young man, sent him on a secret mission to Bessarabia, for research the split there. From there he returned to St. Petersburg at the beginning of 1849 and stayed here until May. On March 17, I. S. Aksakov was arrested and taken to the headquarters of the gendarme corps. The closest reason for the arrest was the letters to his father, which "made us assume a liberal (anti-government) way of thinking in Aksakov." The arrested person was asked a number of questions, to which he answered in great detail and frankly (these questions and answers to them can be found in the article by M. I. Sukhomlinova: “I. S. Aksakov in the forties”). When reading them, Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich took his notes and, returning the manuscript to Count A.F. Orlov, wrote: “Call, read, enlighten and release.” March 22, 1849 I. S. Aksakov was released. In the month of May, he was sent to the Yaroslavl province to revise the city government, to discuss on the spot the issue of common faith, the introduction of which was opposed by the Yaroslavl archbishop, and also to study, as part of a special commission, the sect of runners or wanderers. In revision work, I. S. Aksakov showed extraordinary energy and speed, discovering many important abuses; studying the split, he collected a lot of material for a solid work "On the Runners". Only the final chapter of this work appeared in print (Russian Archive, 1870), remarkable in particular for its description of the reasons for the emergence of the sect. In 1852, I. S. Aksakov was forced to choose finally one of two fields - official or literary. Since 1842, he did not stop writing poems, which appeared in 1886 in a separate collection, as an appendix to the newspaper Rus, and printed, moreover, in an appendix to both volumes of his correspondence. The first printed poem was "Columbus", placed in No 1 "Moskvityanin" for 1845. In 1848, his best poem "The Tramp" was written, excerpts from which were published in the "Moscow Collection" of 1852 and in No. 10 of "Sails" for 1859, and which until then remained in manuscript. It was this poem that served as the reason for the resignation of I. S. Aksakov (see the annex to the Yaroslavl letters in Volume II of the correspondence: “Correspondence with Tramp "). Having retired with the rank of court councilor, I. S. Aksakov moved to Moscow to his father, where at that time a circle of Slavophiles rallied, and decided to devote himself to journalism, in which he had to endure so many difficult trials. The first test was the prohibition in 1853 of the Moscow Collection, and the deprivation of I. S. Aksakov of the right to be henceforth the editor of any publication. After that, a significant break followed in his literary activity, which he took advantage of to get acquainted with the life of the people in its various forms and manifestations. So, in 1853, he accepted the proposal of the Geographical Society to describe trade at Ukrainian fairs. At the end of 1853, I. S. Aksakov went to Little Russia and spent the next year traveling around it. The result of this trip appeared in 1859 an extensive "Study on Trade at Ukrainian Fairs". It was met with unanimous praise from the entire press, and two scientific institutions awarded I. S. Aksakov with honorary awards: the Geographical Society, which published the study at its own expense, awarded the large Konstantinovsky medal, and the Academy of Sciences (reviewed by N. X. Bunge) half Demidov premium. Returning from Little Russia to Moscow in the midst of the Crimean War, I. S. Aksakov in 1855 joined the militia, namely the Serpukhov squad, which was under the command of Prince Gagarin and reached only Bessarabia. At the first news of peace, in March 1856, I. S. Aksakov returned to Moscow, but in May of the same year he again went south, to the Crimea, invited by Prince Vasilchikov to participate in the commission of inquiry on the case of abuses of commissary during the war. However, I. S. Aksakov did not wait for the end of the investigation: in December 1856 he returned to Moscow. In 1857, I. S. Aksakov traveled abroad, and in 1858 he took over the unofficial editing of the Russian Conversation magazine, of which A. I. Koshelev was considered the official editor. All the best Slavophile forces rallied around this organ. I. S. Aksakov published volumes III and V of Conversations in 1858 and six books in 1859. At the same time, the ban on being an editor was lifted from him, and in 1859 he undertook the publication of the weekly newspaper Parus. As conceived by the publisher, "Sail" was to serve as the central organ of Slavic thought. But this edition was not lucky: it was discontinued after the publication of only the first two numbers, among other things, for M. P. Pogodin's article on foreign policy and for the poems of I. S. Aksakov. Throughout 1860, accompanying his sick brother Konstantin Sergeevich, I. S. Aksakov spent a trip abroad, mainly through the Slavic lands, in order to personally get acquainted with the outstanding political and literary figures of the Western and Southern Slavs. In the middle of 1861, he returned to Moscow and obtained permission to publish under his editorship the weekly newspaper Den. The newspaper was allowed to him without a political section and on the condition that the censors had special supervision over this publication. The Day began to appear at the end of 1861 with the participation of the same Slavophil circle and immediately took on an outstanding position, having in the first years up to 4,000 subscribers, which at that time was a very significant figure. One of the main reasons for the success, of course, lay in the primary journalistic talent of the editor-publisher, who authoritatively discussed the Slavic question, issues related to the major reforms - peasant, judicial, Zemstvo, as well as the Polish question. This was one of the busiest periods in the activity of I. S. Aksakov: at that time, the glory of the prophet of Slavophilism was consolidated behind him - a glory that spread all over educated Russia and Europe; his name became a political banner. The Day was published until the end of 1865, when the publisher stopped it due to completely personal circumstances: in early 1866, I. S. Aksakov married the maid of honor A. F. Tyutcheva, the daughter of a famous poet. The publication of The Day went fairly well, with the exception of one temporary dismissal of I. S. Aksakov from the post of editor in 1862 because he refused to reveal the name of the author of one correspondence to censorship. A break in the journal activities of I. S. Aksakov lasted one year. On January 1, 1867, he began to publish a new newspaper, Moskva. It lasted until October 21, 1868, i.e. less than two years, and during this short time it was subjected to nine warnings and three suspensions for three, four, and finally six months, i.e. in the suspension "Moscow ”was thirteen, and went out for less than nine months. During these suspensions, it was replaced by Moskvich, which differed from Moskva only in its title, although it was published under the nominal editorship of a different person. The main reasons for the administrative persecution of "Moscow" were its articles against General Potapov, who then ruled the North-Western Territory, as well as articles against the then order in the Baltic Territory. During the last suspension of Moskva, for six months, the then Minister of Internal Affairs, Adjutant General Timashev, entered the Senate with a report about the need to completely stop the publication of Moskva. I. S. Aksakov presented explanations for the accusatory report; the case, as not resolved by disagreement in the Senate, passed to the consideration of the State Council, and I. S. Aksakov was again deprived of the right to publish any newspaper; this prohibition weighed on him for 12 years. During this period of time, his activities were concentrated, on the one hand, in the Moscow Slavic Committee, and on the other hand, in the second Moscow Society of Mutual Credit. In the latter, I. S. Aksakov, since 1874, was the chairman of the board; this year coincided with the appearance of the excellent “Biography of F. I. Tyutchev” written by I. S. Aksakov, the second edition of which was published in 1886. In the Slavic Committee, established in 1858, I. S. Aksakov was at first, during the life of Pogodin, the secretary, and after his death, the chairman. In his last position, I. S. Aksakov became famous as an orator. The highest point of his oratorical activity was the years 18751878, when he became the spokesman for the Slavic sympathies of Russian society. On June 22, 1878, he delivered his famous speech at the Slavic Committee on the Berlin treatise, for which he was expelled from Moscow to the village of Varvarino, Yuryevsky district, Vladimir province, which belonged to a relative of his wife. The Slavic Committee in Moscow was closed after that. In December of the same 1878, I. S. Aksakov returned to Moscow, but he began public activities, however, not earlier than the end of 1880, when, thanks to Count M. T. Loris-Melikov, he managed to obtain permission to publish a weekly newspaper "Rus". The latter began to appear on November 15, 1880, and lasted until the day of the death of I. S. Aksakov, with a six-month break in 1885, due to the illness of the editor. In 1883, "Rus" was transformed into a two-week edition, and for two years it appeared in this transformed form. In 1885, I. S. Aksakov returned to the original form of the weekly. This newspaper was his personal organ and its significance was given mainly by the articles of the editor himself. Among his main occupations, I. S. Aksakov found time for several years to be a deputy chairman in an Orthodox missionary society, chairman of the Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, and a member of the Moscow Duma. Death overtook I. S. Aksakov in the midst of the height of work: he died suddenly, from heart disease. The news of his death made an impression in all circles of society, both Russian and Western European. The Sovereign Emperor honored the widow of the deceased with a telegram stating: “The Empress and I learned with heartfelt sorrow of the sudden death of your husband, who was respected as an honest man and devoted to Russian interests. May God give you strength to bear this heavy heart loss. The printed manifestations of public grief were very unanimous. I. S. Aksakov was buried in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra near Moscow, with an unprecedented gathering of people. In 188687, seven volumes of his writings were published, containing articles from The Day, Moscow, Moskvich, and Rus. In the same year, an additional volume was published: "From the papers left after the death of I. S. Aksakov." In 1888, two volumes of letters by I. S. Aksakov were published, with a portrait of the author when he was 28 years old; the first volume of letters embraces the years 18391848, the second the years 18481851. The letters of the first volume, or the first period, are mostly of personal significance and serve to characterize the author himself and the entire Aksakov family. In a sense, this correspondence can be called a continuation of the Family Chronicle. The letters of the second period have a social significance, in addition, of course, to the main autobiographical one. No matter how contradictory the opinions of contemporaries about the personality of I. S. Aksakov, this contradiction will disappear in the assessment of posterity. The biased verdicts of hostile political and practical camps pale more and more every day before the bright appearance of a sincere, talented Russian man, who has never lied before anyone, who has not sacrificed a single day for worldly gain. At the heart of his ideals was an ardent genuine love for Russia and the Slavic family related to it, love for the truth, in the form in which it seemed to him. Whether these ideals were immediately realizable, or whether they expressed only inspired germs of wishes, which may or may not turn into reality, is a matter of secondary importance in the assessment of such a writer as I. S. Aksakov. Rulers, legislators, governors decide the course of state events; the writer expresses only what boils in his heart, and posterity cannot but bow before the purity of ideal inclinations, especially when these inclinations appear in the charming sounds of magical Russian speech.

D. D. Yazykov, “Literary activity of I. S. Aksakov”, “Istor. Bulletin, 1886, vol. XXIV, April, p. 134. M. I. Sukhomlinov: “I. S. Aksakov in the forties”, ibid., 1888, vol. XXXI, p. 324. “I. S. Aksakov in Yaroslavl” (excerpt from memoirs) by A. K. Borozdin, ibid., 1886, vol. XXIII, March, p. 622. “I. S. Aksakov in his letters, vol. ² and II., Moscow, 1888. Vengerov, Critical Biographical Dictionary, issues 7, 8 and 20; see the bibliography of biographical and critical articles about Aksakov on pages 318319 of the 7th issue. “Collection of articles published in various periodicals on the occasion of the death of I. S. Aksakov”, Moscow, 1886. The works of I. S. Aksakov are distributed by volumes as follows: T. I “Slavic question”; II "Slavophilism and Westernism"; III “The Polish Question and the Western Russian Case. The Jewish Question"; IV “Public issues on church affairs. Freedom of speech. Judicial question. Public education”; V “State and zemstvo issues. Articles about some historical events”; VI “The Baltic issue. Internal affairs of Russia. Introduction to Ukrainian fairs”; VII “Pan European policy. Articles of different content.

S. Trubachev.

Russian Biographical Dictionary (1896-1918, published by the Russian Historical Society, 25 vols., unfinished; the publication was initially carried out under the supervision of A. A. Polovtsov [Polovtseva; 1832-1909], who was the chairman of the Society since 1978)

Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich

(b. 1823, d. 1886) the last major representative of orthodox Slavophilism, an influential publicist. In the era of liberal reforms of Alexander II, when there were weak harbingers of Jewish emancipation, A. found it necessary to warn the government against taking too bold steps along this path in the name of the Slavophil doctrine of the dominant nationality and the dominant church. When in 1861 a law appeared on granting the right to civil service to Jews who received academic degrees, A. spoke out against him in the Moscow newspaper Den, while exposing mainly religious motives: the social, civil and state life of Christian peoples is based on the principles of the Christian religion and morality; the Jews, this “handful of people who came to the Christian land”, “completely deny the Christian teaching, the Christian ideal and the code of morality and preach a teaching that is hostile and opposite.” Yielding, however, to the liberal spirit of the times, A. then admitted the possibility of equalizing the Jews in purely civil rights, without political ones; he was ready to "wish that the Jewish people be provided with complete freedom of life, self-government, development, education, trade ... even allowing them to live throughout Russia." The first trends of reaction forced A. to speak in a different language. Already in August 1864 he wrote that reconciliation between Jews and the Christian world is impossible, since "the only element of Jewish nationality is the denial of Christianity", and therefore the solution of the Jewish question is possible only on condition that "the Jews renounce their religious beliefs and recognize in Christ the true Messiah." In 1867, A., making an attempt in the newspaper "Moskva" to transfer the Jewish question from the former religious ground to the economic one, carried out the idea that "it is not about the emancipation of the Jews, but about the emancipation of the Russians from the Jews." When, with the accession of Alexander III, the reaction intensified and Jewish pogroms broke out in the south, A. in his newspaper "Rus" (June 6, 1881) declared the pogroms a manifestation of "just people's anger" against the economic "oppression of the Jews over the Russian local population" oppression , in which he imagined the desire of the Jews to obtain "external world dominion" and undermine the foundations of the Christian world. In this regard, A. reduced the Jewish question to the decision of "what is the surest way to neutralize the Jews," and when in 1882 Jews were forbidden to settle in villages and villages "in order to protect the peasants from exploitation by the Jews," A., who at that time enjoyed exceptional influence, approved this cruel government measure. In 1883, there was a fuss in the press about Aksakov's article "The Jewish International and the Struggle against Jewry in Europe" published by Aksakov in his newspaper "Rus" (No 21), in which the appeal of the Alliance Israelite Universelle was quoted, which turned out to be forged. In No. 24 of Rus, Aksakov was forced to publish a refutation he had received from Alliance Israelite, but the following year he again returned to this document (see Alliance Israelite Universelle in Russia). Later A. did not return to the Jewish question. Compare: I. S. Aksakov, Poln. collected works, Moscow, 1886, v. 3; "Sunrise", 1881, book. 78; 1882, book. 45; 1883, book. 2; 1887, book. 2 (Kritikus, "Aksakov and the Jews").

Jewish Encyclopedia (ed. Brockhaus-Efron, 1907-1913, 16 vols.)

Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich

(18231886) Slavophile, publicist. In the 1940s, after graduating from the School of Law, A. was an official in the provinces and carried out official assignments in various places in Russia. His letters from the provinces to his relatives are a very interesting historical source of the era. In the 50s, after retiring, A. edited the Moscow Collection, examined Ukrainian fairs, was during the Crimean campaign in the militia and in the commission investigating commissary embezzlement during the Crimean War. After the death of the brothers Kireevsky, Khomyakov and his brother Konstantin, A. from the beginning of the 60s. acted as the most prominent leader of Slavophilism. At the end of the 50s. he was successively editor-publisher of the newspapers Parus, Den and Moskva, which were often censored. During a trip abroad, he made personal connections with the most prominent representatives of the Slavic movement. Since 1874, A. was the chairman of the Moscow merchant society of mutual credit, receiving a very large content. A. reached the greatest influence in 187578 during the Russo-Turkish war. He then played a leading role in the Slavic Charitable Committee and was a prominent spokesman for the nationalist circles of the bourgeoisie and landlords, who, hiding behind the slogan of the liberation of the "Slav brothers", actually sought to conquer Constantinople, the straits and the economic enslavement of the Balkan peoples. For his speech in 1878, which contained sharp criticism of the policies of Alexander II at the Berlin Congress, A. was expelled from Moscow for several months. In the theory of Slavophilism A. did not introduce anything new; he considered himself only a faithful custodian of what was expressed by K. S. Aksakov, br. Kireevsky and Khomyakov, and was an interpreter of Slavophilism as applied to various cases of social life. Reflecting the interests of the average corvée nobility, affected by capitalist trends, Slavophile theory assumed the peaceful development of capitalism without class struggle. After the reform, which opened an outlet for the progressive economic aspirations of the advanced corvee workers and, at the same time, preserved a number of remnants of the serf economy, the danger of revolution that the development of industrial capitalism brought with it began to emerge before the landowners and the bourgeoisie. These sentiments were reflected by A. If in the early 60s. he often added his voice to the liberal-bourgeois demands, insisted on the abolition of the nobility as a privileged estate, spoke passionately about freedom of conscience, freedom of the press, was indignant at the tyranny of the bureaucracy, then already from the time of the Polish uprising his position (which won A. , m. pr., great respect from the Russian. bourgeoisie) changes dramatically. A. begins to preach an extremely nationalist policy regarding Poland and other suburbs. The reactionary aspects of Slavophilism were especially strongly expressed towards the end of A. 's life in the newspaper Rus, which he published. Being often a mere echo of Katkov’s Black Hundred Moskovskie Vedomosti, A. in Rus’ stands guard over “Russian interests” and “defense of Orthodoxy,” writes obscurantist articles on Jewish and Polish questions, and lashes out indignantly at the liberals, at their bourgeois-constitutional aspirations. A. speaks of the revolutionary and socialist intelligentsia with foam at the mouth; Particularly noteworthy in this regard are A.'s articles and speeches after March 1, 1881. It is characteristic of A.'s public position that after his death, Alexander III expressed condolences to his family, among others. Numerous journalistic articles A. published in 188687, in 7 volumes, in which the political practice of the Slavophil doctrine is sufficiently fully covered.

Lit.: S. Vengerov, Critical Biographical Dictionary Rus. writers and scientists, vol. I, pp. 318344, St. Petersburg, 1889; his own, Sources of the Russian dictionary. writers, vol. 1; I. S. Aksakov (18391851) in his letters, M., 1888; D. Languages, Lit. activity of A. (“historical vestn.”, vol. 24, 1886).

M. Klevensky.

Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich

publicist, society. figure, representative of the ideology of Slavophilism. The son of the writer S. T. Aksakov. He graduated from the School of Law in St. Petersburg (18381842). In government service until 1851 in the Criminal Department of the Senate. Ed. gas. "Day", "Moscow", "Rus", w. "Russian conversation" and others. In the 4050s. advocated the abolition of serfdom. During the years of Russian Turkish war 18771878 organizer of the campaign for the liberation of the Slavs from the Turkish yoke. Comparing app. and Slavic culture, A. defends the originality of the culture and history of the Slavs. A. explains the advantages of Slavic culture by the high spirituality of the Orthodox faith and the uniqueness of religions. mission of Russia in the world ist. process. The Slavophile concept of A. is based on philosophy. "Russian idea". According to A., the "Russian idea" is the antipode of the app. history and is based on the “spiritual popular instinct”, the basis of which, in turn, is the Orthodox faith and the Ecumenical Orthodox Church. A. recognized that Christianity is broader than nationality, but its "tools and vessels" are nat. individualities creating the kingdom of God on earth (Slavic question // Works. Vol. 1. P. 678). Rus. the idea is closely connected with Slavic paganism and Byzantium, but exceeds their common humanity. content. Rus. the idea is complemented by the idea of ​​Rus. statehood, but not identical to it. According to A., the state is just a means of being, and not the goal of being, and therefore juridical. truth is less than morals. the truth demonstrated to the peoples by the "huge selfless sacrifices of the Slavs." Rebuking the Russian Westerners, A. wrote about the destructiveness of unbelief (negative moral state), anarchy (state state), “proletarianism” and its synonym for mercantilism. In general, Russian A.'s idea in philosophy. plan is close to the idea of ​​Sobornost Vl. Solovyov, and in religion. Eschatological plan is a kind of futurology of Orthodox Russia.

Op.:Full coll. op. T.IVII. M.,18861887;Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov in his letters. Ch.1N. M.,18861896;Sobr. op. Pg., 1918.

E. V. Zorina

Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich (1823 - 1886)- the son of the famous writer Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov, the author of the books "Family Chronicle" and "Childhood of Bagrov's grandson", and the brother of one of the pillars of Russian Slavophilism, Konstantin Sergeyevich Aksakov. Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov was also an ardent supporter of Slavophilism. From 1859 until his death, he consistently published a number of Slavophile newspapers and magazines: Parus, Steamboat, Russkaya Conversation, Den, Moskva, Rus.

AKSAKOV Ivan Sergeevich (26.09.1823-27.01.1886), Russian publicist, poet and public figure. Together with his brother K. S. Aksakov and Yu. F. Samarin, he represented the so-called. "younger" Slavophiles. The son of the writer S. T. Aksakov. He graduated from the St. Petersburg School of Law (1838-42). On behalf of the Russian Geographical Society, he studied trade in Little Russia and wrote “A Study on Trade at Ukrainian Fairs” (1858). Served (1855) as a volunteer in the militia during the Crimean War. In 1858 - 78 played a leading role in the Moscow Slavic Committee. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78, he organized a campaign in support of the southern Slavs and gained immense popularity. For Aksakov's speech at the Slavic committee during the Berlin Congress of 1878, which contained sharp criticism of tsarist diplomacy, he was expelled from Moscow, and the Slavic committee was closed. In the 1870s and 80s, Aksakov was associated with banks, and was chairman of the board of the Moscow Mutual Credit Society. He edited Slavophile publications: Moscow Collection (1840-50s), Russkaya Beseda magazine, Parus, Den (1861-65), Moscow (1867-68), Rus (1880) newspapers. -86).

I. S. Aksakov stood on firm Orthodox-monarchist positions, defending the inviolability of Russian national foundations, traditions and ideals. He advocated community-artel "people's production" against the imposition of Western economic forms. He believed that the union of Slavic peoples under the leadership of the Russian people could become the basis for the spiritual revival of mankind.

Aksakov Ivan Sergeevich (1823, village of Nadezhino (Kuroedovo), Orenburg province. - 1886, Moscow) - publicist, publisher, editor, Slavophile.

Born in a large family of writer Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov - the famous author of the "Family Chronicle". In 1826 - 1838 he lived in Moscow, in a hospitable father's house, where famous writers and scientists visited. He received a serious home education. In 1838 - 1842 he studied at the St. Petersburg School of Law, where an enlightened spirit of respect for the individual and justice reigned. In 1842 - 1851 Aksakov served as an official of the 6th (criminal) department of the Governing Senate, traveled around Russia with instructions. In the service, Aksakov acquired knowledge of the system of state administration, practical life, and folk life. In 1849 he was subjected to a five-day arrest by the III Division for a bold discussion in letters to his relatives of the events of the French Revolution and the internal situation in Russia. In 1851 Aksakov resigned. In 1852 he edited the Slavophile Moscow Collection, in which the censorship found "indecent ridicule" of society. In 1853 the collection was banned. Aksakov, on behalf of the Russian Geographical Society, described the Ukrainian fairs and was awarded the Konstantinovsky medal of the society and the Demidov Prize. During the Crimean War, the consciousness of the inevitability of defeat did not prevent Aksakov from signing up for the Moscow militia: "I would be ashamed not to join. Everything is going stupidly, but nevertheless people fight and sacrifice." He did not have time to take part in the hostilities. In 1856 he was a member of a commission investigating abuses in the supply of food to troops in the Crimea. In 1857 he traveled around Europe, where he met Herzen, and for five years was one of his secret correspondents. From 1861 until the end of his life, Aksakov was a leading Slavophile publicist and editor of the newspaper Den, Moskva, Rus, the Russkaya Beseda magazine, and others. He defended democratic freedoms: conscience, speech, criticized the bureaucratic apparatus and demanded the abolition of class privileges , but opposed the student movement, materialistic philosophy, defended government policy in Poland. The belief that Russia would follow a path different from that of Western Europe was shaken by the growth of the revolutionary movement, by cardinal changes in the structure of Russian society in the post-reform decade. Liberal views of the 40s. were replaced by the rigid conservatism of the 70s. In 1872 - 1874 Aksakov - Chairman of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, in 1875 - 1878 - Chairman of the Moscow Slavic Committee. He supported the national liberation struggle of the Slavic peoples and in 1878 delivered a speech condemning the decisions of the Berlin Congress, for which he was removed from the post of chairman and expelled from Moscow. Moral maximalism and independence of thought put him in opposition to the authorities. Aksakov is the author of letters, the most valuable historical source.

Born September 26 (October 8), 1823 in the village. Nadezhdino (Kuroyedovo) of the Belebeevsky district of the Orenburg province (now the Belebeevsky district of Bashkortostan). The younger son of the writer Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov and Olga Semyonovna, nee Zaplatina, the younger brother of the writer Konstantin Aksakov. In the fourth year, together with the whole family, he moved to Moscow. There is little information left about the initial education of I. S. Aksakov: it is only known that he was prepared at home for admission to an educational institution, it is also known that from the age of 10 he already read newspapers, closely followed political events in Europe, and in him Thus, from childhood, the future writer-publicist had an effect.

It happens that an architect for many years
Patiently working on the building
And, having grown old from sorrows and troubles,
By the end he brings it proudly.

He is satisfied with a stubborn soul,
A cheerful look at the building suggests ...
But the dome is crooked! But a big crack
He sat down, and the rain passes into him!

Breaks everything that is built by him ...
But his new work is again fruitless,
Because his plan is unfulfillable,
And the architect is bad, and the material is not good!

Isn't that how you work, man
Over the building of public life?
The work is over ... The century follows the century,
And the mighty truth is broken!

And every time how much will fall with her
Innocent victims of the labor movement!..
Is your development going on
Like a wheel, by turning round?

O human race! More than once in your destiny
You imagined to find both Truth and Faith,
Then, in order to disbelieve in her again
And build a temple to a new size!

In what way did you not seek the goal,
To which gods did he not send prayers?
But how many questions did you solve,
But did you understand the secret meaning of creation?

What have you led us to now?
Live transience of worldly destinies!
All the same power of warring evil,
Still, eternity is incomprehensible to us.

But experience humbled the minds,
Hopes and joys disappeared with him;
And now life is like a burden we carry,
And there is no faith in future successes! ..

He spent his school years in St. Petersburg, where he studied at the then newly founded School of Jurisprudence. After staying there for four years (1838-1842), I. S. Aksakov returned to Moscow in 1842 upon completion of the course and, not without hesitation, entered the service in the 2nd branch of the 6th department of the Governing Senate, where, through three weeks was appointed to correct the post of secretary. The expression of the feelings and doubts that agitated the young official at the first steps in the official field was his first major work in verse: "The life of an official, a mystery in 3 acts." The clerical service could not satisfy him, and he, neglecting his father's connections, which promised a brilliant career for the young lawyer, soon moved to the provinces. In 1844, I. S. Aksakov was appointed a member of the audit commission in Astrakhan, under the command of Prince P. P. Gagarin. As an official, I. S. Aksakov represented a rare phenomenon. One of his former comrades on the revision commission, Baron Buhler, reports about him that “he worked 16 hours a day, constantly wrote, read, made inquiries in the Code of Laws, and only at the end of official business, as if for relaxation and fun , was taken for poetry. In 1845, in the summer, I. S. Aksakov was appointed to the post of deputy chairman of the criminal chamber in Kaluga, and in May 1847 he was appointed chief secretary of the 1st department of the 6th department of the Senate in Moscow. But Ivan Sergeevich soon left his refereeing; he longed for a more lively and practically useful activity, which, under the conditions of that life, was directly impossible to find in the field of provincial judging.

In 1848 he became an official for special assignments, under the command of Count L. A. Perovsky at the Ministry of the Interior, and immediately secured a business trip to Bessarabia to study the schism there. From there he returned to St. Petersburg at the beginning of 1849 and stayed here until May. On March 17, I. S. Aksakov was arrested and taken to the headquarters of the gendarme corps. The closest reason for the arrest was the letters to his father, which allowed us to assume that Aksakov had an anti-government way of thinking. The arrested man was asked a number of questions, to which he answered in great detail and frankly. When reading them, Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich took his notes and, returning the manuscript to Count A.F. Orlov, wrote: “Call, read, enlighten and release.” March 22, 1849 I. S. Aksakov was released.

The stigma of home shame
We wear, glorious from the outside:
There is no resistance in the mighty land,
In the realm of space there is no space,
In the dear stuffy side!

Her in her madness furious
Diligent slaves oppress...
And we are silent, weakening with heat
And every day we surrender
Believing in the futility of struggle!

And the word of truth became timid,
And less often the whisper of bold thoughts,
And our hearts are numb,
There are no impulses, it's in oblivion,
They frightened off the thought ... the mind became idle ..,

In you, healing is ready,
Oh spirit, the only sword -
Free word!

In May, he was sent to the Yaroslavl province to revise the city government, to discuss on the spot the issue of common faith, the introduction of which was opposed by the Yaroslavl Archbishop Eugene, and also to study, as part of a special commission, the sect of runners or wanderers. Aksakov took orders seriously, and the reports to his superiors were distinguished by as much truthfulness as they were by the elegance of presentation. In revision work, I. S. Aksakov showed extraordinary energy and speed, discovering many important abuses; studying the split, he collected a lot of material for the work "On the Runners". Only the final chapter of this work appeared in print, remarkable in particular for its characterization of the causes due to which the sect arose. In Yaroslavl, I. S. Aksakov became close with the local intelligentsia, visited their meetings with the poetess Yu. V. Zhadovskaya. In 1888, his letters were published, which characterize the local residents.

Since 1842, I. S. Aksakov did not stop writing poems, which appeared in 1886 in a separate collection, as an appendix to the newspaper Rus, and printed in an appendix to both volumes of his correspondence. The first printed poem was "Columbus", placed in No. 1 of "Moskvityanin" for 1845. In 1848, his best poem, The Tramp, was written (not finished), which tells about a runaway peasant. Excerpts from it were published in the "Moscow Collection" of 1852 and in No. 10 of "Sails" for 1859. This poem was the reason for the resignation of I. S. Aksakov in 1852. Having retired with the rank of court councilor, I. S. Aksakov moved to Moscow to his father, where at that time a circle of Slavophiles rallied, and decided to devote himself to journalism - from then on his journalistic activity began.

Let everything perish, to which it is severe
So long has the spirit been prepared:
The thought labored, the word dared,
There was a lot of strength in reserve ...
Weaken, strength! you are not needed!
Sleep, spirit! It is high time!

In the name of truth and goodness!

All labors and vigils are fruitless,
Fruitless words are a living gift,
Powerless feat of denunciation,
Every fair fight is insane!
Mad honest courage
True youth - and with it
All good wishes are mad,
Holy ravings of youthful days!

So repent, souls of pride,
In an unequal struggle you will fall:
Solid evil is a stronghold,
Senseless Lies reign!
She is more terrible than dangerous enemies,
Strong not by external trouble,
But a waste of days and beautiful strength
In the struggle empty, stupid, dumb!..

Rejoice, Lie, and us fools,
Try a bitter lesson
Drive out the freethinkers from the world,
Executions, kings and triumph!..
Weaken, strength! .. you are not needed!
Sleep, spirit! It is high time!
Scatter all who were friendly
In the name of truth and goodness!

Volume II of his “Moscow Collection”, this first step of his editorship, which was destroyed and caused so much trouble, in addition to everything, brought I. S. Aksakov a ban on being a publisher or editor of the journal. After that, a significant break followed in his literary activity, which he took advantage of to get acquainted with the life of the people. In 1853, he accepted the offer of the Geographical Society to describe trade at Ukrainian fairs. At the end of 1853, I. S. Aksakov went to Little Russia and spent the next year traveling around it. The result of this trip appeared in 1859 an extensive "Study on trade at Ukrainian fairs." It was met with unanimous praise from the entire press, and two scientific institutions awarded I. S. Aksakov with honorary awards: the Geographical Society, which published the study at its own expense, awarded the Konstantinovsky medal, and the Academy of Sciences - half the Demidov Prize.

Returning from Little Russia to Moscow in the midst of the Crimean War, I. S. Aksakov in 1855 joined the militia, namely the Serpukhov squad, which was under the command of Prince Gagarin and reached only Bessarabia. This ended in a controversy with Count Stroganov, the commander of the militia, and the "Aksakov influence" on the militias, which the count observed during the dissolution of the squad. Aksakov was the treasurer of the squad, and the report he presented to the commander was an indictment of all the others - the commander did not dare to sign it. At the first news of peace, in March 1856, I. S. Aksakov returned to Moscow, but in May of the same year he again went south, to the Crimea, invited by Prince Vasilchikov to participate in the commission of inquiry into the case of the abuses of quartermaster general Zatler during time of war. In December 1856 he returned to Moscow.

With the criminal pride of the offensive,
Stupid desires and hopes
Speech without meaning, shameful thoughts
And the wit of the ignorant,
In the joys of the impudent and godless,
In the midst of outrageous fun
You rot - false conditions
Arrogantly affirming the charter!
Shiny secular tinsel
Covering your poverty
Don't you ever see
Are you your thoughts in vain?
What fate has in store for you
Has fear entered you yet?
All the same lies and shame
And the tongue grovels!
Do not be ashamed of your empty studies,
Your wealth and whims,
You do not care about the suffering of the brethren
And their righteous groans!
Lord! Lord, pray,
Let the thunder thunder with troubles
Earth to a rotten generation
And Sodom will crumble to dust!
And you, suffering under the yoke
These enlightened monkeys, -
It's time for your chains to fall!
Let, with the spirit of revenge, obsessed
You will rise and, having overthrown the burden,
Broadcasting sovereign words,
Put to the sword a rotten tribe,
In the wind you will scatter their seed
And you will reign your rights! ..

In 1857, I. S. Aksakov traveled abroad, and in 1858 he took over the unofficial editing of the Russkaya Beseda magazine, of which A. I. Koshelev was considered the official editor. All the best Slavophile forces rallied around this organ. I. S. Aksakov published volumes III and IV of "Conversations" for 1858 and six books for 1859. At the same time, the ban on being an editor was lifted from him, and in 1859 he undertook the publication of the weekly newspaper Parus. As conceived by the publisher, "Sail" was to serve as the central organ of Slavic thought. However, the publication was discontinued after the release of only the first two issues for political reasons. Replacing the "Sail", "Steamboat" could not satisfy I. S. Aksakov and he returned to the "Russian Conversation". The death of his father, the illness and death of his brother stopped Aksakov's activities for a long time. Throughout 1860, accompanying his sick brother Konstantin, I. S. Aksakov spent a trip abroad, mainly through the Slavic lands, in order to personally get acquainted with the outstanding political and literary figures of the Western and Southern Slavs.

In the middle of 1861 he returned to Moscow and obtained permission to publish the weekly newspaper Den. The newspaper was allowed without a political section and on the condition that the censors had special supervision over this publication. The Day began to appear at the end of 1861 with the participation of the same Slavophil circle and immediately took on an outstanding position, having in the first years up to 4,000 subscribers, which at that time was a very significant figure. One of the main reasons for the success lay in the journalistic talent of the editor-publisher, who authoritatively discussed the Slavic question, issues related to major reforms - the peasant, judicial, zemstvo, as well as the Polish question. This was one of the busiest periods in the activity of I. S. Aksakov: at that time, the glory of the prophet of Slavophilism was consolidated behind him; his name became a political banner. The publication of The Day went fairly well, with the exception of one temporary dismissal of I. S. Aksakov from the post of editor in 1862 because he refused to reveal the name of the author of one correspondence to censorship. "Day" lasted until the end of 1865.

Look! a crowd of people frowning stands:
What a sad sight! what a healthy look!
What suffering languishing in the unknown,
With a dreamy soul and a full-bodied body,
They speak intelligently, but idle;
They philosophize about life, but do not live life
And spend their leisure lazily and fruitlessly,
Knowing how to sympathize with everything nobly!
Surely their tribe will not bring good?
Secret annoyance sometimes takes me,
And I want them, instead of idle boredom,
Give a spade and a plow, an iron ax in hand
And, having stopped talking about the fate of the human,
Workers from them to make up a dashing regiment.

On January 1, 1867, I. S. Aksakov began publishing the newspaper Moskva. It lasted until October 21, 1868, and during this short time it was subjected to nine warnings and three suspensions - “Moscow” was in suspension for thirteen, and went out for less than nine months. During these suspensions, it was replaced by Moskvich, which differed from Moskva only in its title, although it was published under the nominal editorship of a different person. The main reasons for the administrative persecution of "Moscow" were its articles against General A. L. Potapov, who then ruled the North-Western Territory, as well as articles against the then order in the Baltic Territory. During the last suspension of Moskva, for six months, the then Minister of Internal Affairs, A.E. Timashev, entered the Senate with a report on the need to completely stop the publication of Moskva. I. S. Aksakov was deprived of the right to publish any newspaper; this prohibition weighed on him for 12 years.

In the late 1860s, Aksakov married maid of honor Anna Fedorovna Tyutcheva, daughter of the poet F. I. Tyutchev. During this period, his activities were concentrated, on the one hand, in the Moscow Slavic Committee, and on the other, in the second Moscow Mutual Credit Society. In the latter, I. S. Aksakov, since 1874, was the chairman of the board. This year coincided with the appearance of the biographical essay written by I. S. Aksakov “F. I. Tyutchev”, the second edition of which was published in 1886. In the Slavic Committee, established in 1858, I. S. Aksakov was first, during the life of Pogodin, the secretary, and after his death, the chairman. In his last position, I. S. Aksakov became famous as an orator. The years 1875-1878 were the highest point of his oratorical activity, when he became the spokesman for the Slavic sympathies of Russian society. His candidacy was even proposed by some Bulgarian electoral committees to the Bulgarian throne. On June 22, 1878, he delivered his famous speech at the Slavic Committee on the occasion of the Berlin Congress, which condemned Russian diplomats, Aksakov was expelled from Moscow and spent several months in the village of Varvarino, Yuryevsky district, Vladimir province. The Slavic Committee in Moscow was closed after that.

Why is your soul so quiet?
What comforts you in this world?
Your idle day is sinful before God,
The soul is not faithful to the vocation!
Tasks boil around you
All around you are prayers and cries
And triumphant evil
And you ... Really at least once
You did not know the combat thirst,
Didn't get you into the fight?

You loved your idleness
And sleep mental illness.
In empty speeches, in stupid fun,
Your leisure perishes in succession.
At the realm of lies, looking kindly,
You reconcile comfortably
With the untruth of his life,
With the ugliness of all his mutilations,
Without clarifying the contradictions
Allowing nothing!

Do not sin before God with laziness!
Shake off the yoke of reason!
Love jealously, to madness,
With all the ardor of the impudent soul!
Free yourself in the pursuit of a new
From the captivity of false shame,
Shame, thunder with a reproachful word,
Raising us with an all-powerful call
To the burden of common labor!

Everyone will call you crazy!
But for the shrine of conviction
More useful than execution and persecution,
Than fame is vain success.
Oh, in this stuffy night of ours,
Which of us fearless urine
Enough to love the truth?
Who will illuminate us with the light of truth?
To some fools in this world
Given the rays to get it! ..

In December of the same 1878, I. S. Aksakov returned to Moscow, but he did not begin social activities until the end of 1880, when, thanks to Count M. T. Loris-Melikov, he managed to obtain permission to publish the weekly newspaper “ Rus'". The latter began to appear on November 15, 1880 and lasted until the day of the death of I. S. Aksakov, with a six-month break in 1885, due to the illness of the editor. In 1883, "Rus" was transformed into a two-week edition, and for two years it appeared in this transformed form. In 1885, I. S. Aksakov returned to the original form of the weekly. Among his main occupations, I. S. Aksakov found time for several years to be a deputy chairman in an Orthodox missionary society, chairman of the Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, and a member of the Moscow Duma.

In the spring of 1885, mentally and physically tired, Ivan Sergeevich suspended his publication and spent several months in the Crimea. He rested there, but was not cured - he had a heart disease, from which he died on February 8 (January 27, old style), 1886 in Moscow. The news of his death made an impression in all circles of society, both Russian and Western European. He was buried near Moscow in Sergiev Posad on the territory of the Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra with an unprecedented gathering of people.

The works of I. S. Aksakov were published by his wife in 7 volumes. In addition, 2 volumes of his correspondence and a collection of poems were published.

Poet, look around! In vain your voice
Outputs the sounds of harmonious songs:
A silent multitude stands before you,
And the circle of those who listen is so small!
Do you carry a spring in your soul for them?
Beautiful, pure inspirations?
For them! The people are alien to artificial language
Your colorless chants
In a foreign way tuned dreams
With deceitful and fruitless longing...
You do not know the country that cherished you,
You are not her folk singer!
You were not inspired in a living source
With the people of the common secret of the spirit,
Not studied by sight or mind,
Elusive to the ear!
You are a stranger to his riches! Like a miserable student
Without native temper,
You will soon spend everything that your spring is full of,
What borrowed life nourished!
Let the choir of connoisseurs for the timid songs warehouse
He praises and caresses you! ..
A dumb multitude will not give you rewards:
The people of the poet do not recognize!

Born in the village of Nadezhino, Orenburg province. The youngest son of the writer Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov and Olga Semyonovna, nee Zaplatina.

In 1827 the family moved to Moscow. Initially raised at home. In 1838, in St. Petersburg, he entered the newly founded School of Law, from which he graduated in 1842. He returned to Moscow and began to serve in the Senate. But soon he entered first the Kaluga and then the Astrakhan criminal chambers. In 1849 he moved to the Ministry of the Interior as an official for special assignments. He was sent on a secret mission to Bessarabia.

March 17, 1849 Aksakov was arrested and taken to the headquarters of the gendarme corps. The reason for the arrest was his letters to his father, in which an anti-government spirit was suspected. Emperor Nicholas I got acquainted with Aksakov's case and issued an order to the gendarme: "Call, read, reason and let go." On March 22, Aksakov was already released.

In the same year he was sent to the Yaroslavl province to revise the city government, which he took up with great zeal. Contemporaries noted Aksakov's extraordinary capacity for work: "he worked for 16 hours a day, constantly wrote, read, made inquiries in the Code of Laws, and only at the end of official business, as if for relaxation and fun, he took up poetry."

In 1852 he retired and devoted himself to journalism. He began with the publication of the Moscow Collection, which was banned in 1853. He accepted the offer of the Geographical Society to describe trade at Ukrainian fairs, for which he traveled around Little Russia for almost a year. Published "Research on Trade at Ukrainian Fairs".

In 1855, during the Crimean War, he entered the militia in the Serpukhov squad.

In 1857 he traveled abroad.

In 1859 he published the newspaper Parus, which was soon banned. Instead, the weekly magazine "Steamboat" began to appear, however, then Aksakov switched to "Russian Conversation".

Throughout 1860 he traveled around Europe, accompanying his sick brother Konstantin. He met many prominent political and literary figures of the Western and Southern Slavs.

In 1861, he began publishing the newspaper The Day, which lasted four years. In 1867, Aksakov published Moskva, the publication of which was repeatedly suspended. From 1880 until his death he published Rus.

In addition to journalism, Aksakov devoted a lot of time to social and political activities, taking an active part in the Slavic Committee. His civil position during the war for the liberation of Bulgaria brought him popularity both in Russia and in Bulgaria. In the late 1870s he was nominated for the Bulgarian throne.

Since 1865 he has been married to Anna Feodorovna Tyutcheva, the daughter of the poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev.

He died suddenly in Moscow from heart disease. He was buried in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra near Moscow. Emperor Alexander III responded to the death of the writer by sending a telegram to his widow: “The Empress and I learned with heartfelt regret about the sudden death of your husband, who was respected as an honest man and devoted to Russian interests.”

AKSAKOV Ivan Sergeevich, Russian publicist, public figure, writer, publisher, entrepreneur; one of the ideologists of the Slavophiles. Nobleman. Son of S. T. Aksakov, brother of K. S. Aksakov. He graduated from the School of Law (1842). In 1842-48 he served in the 6th (Criminal) Department of the Senate, then in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1845 he made his debut as a poet. Aksakov's unfinished poem "The Tramp" (1846-50) is the first experience of a folk epic, plot and rhythmically anticipating N. A. Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'".

In 1851, Aksakov resigned in protest against the demand addressed to him by Minister L. A. Perovsky "to stop the author's works." Impressed by the service, he wrote the satire "Court Scenes, or the Present Day of the Criminal Chamber" (1853, published in 1858). In 1853, on behalf of the Russian Geographical Society, he studied fairs in Ukraine (in 1858 he published a study about them). In 1857, in London, he met with A. I. Herzen, became his secret correspondent (until 1863, about 30 publications in the Polar Star and other publications signed Kasyanov), editor-compiler of the Slavophile Moscow Collection (1852; The 2nd volume was banned by censorship, Aksakov himself was deprived of the right to be an editor or publisher until 1858), editor of the Russian conversation magazine (1858-59), etc. In 1861-65 he published and edited the newspaper Den, in 1867- 68 - the newspaper Moskva (with funds raised by Moscow merchants; he defended protectionist ideas in it), in 1880-86 - the newspaper Rus. Member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, in 1872-74 its chairman. One of the organizers of the Moscow Merchant Society of Mutual Credit (1869; it became the largest among mutual credit societies in the Russian Empire), director (1869-78) and chairman (1878-86) of its board.

Aksakov believed that the former state system (“the time of Alexei Mikhailovich”) was not suitable for Russia, that one could only sympathize with the principles laid down in pre-Petrine Rus'. He formulated the "theory of reverse progress" of Russia in relation to the Western European states, believed that the ancient laws in Rus' were "more merciful than the current ones", and the people had a great influence on the life of the state. Aksakov defended the ideas about the alienness of the violent upheavals of the Russian historical path, criticized Western Europe, which was characterized by revolutions. He put forward the idea of ​​​​creating an all-estate zemstvo, starting with the volost, and convening an all-Russian Zemsky Sobor to revive the ancient tradition of public discussion of state and public affairs (“On the Real Significance of Our Ancient Zemstvo Sobors”, 1882). In essence, he proposed limiting the power of the tsar to the will of the people, considering the support of the people the only condition for the legitimacy of tsarist power. Apparently speaking as a supporter of autocracy, Aksakov distinguished between Russian autocracy, German absolutism and Asian despotism, believed that the Russian autocrat was subject not only to formal law, but also to moral, internal (“Autocracy is not a religious truth”, the article was written around 1868 -69 years). Since the time of Peter I, he criticized the penetration of the principle of treasury into all spheres of people's life and called on the state to abandon the constraint on public and private life (“How the Development of Russian Society Began and Progressed”, 1864).

Aksakov was skeptical about the ideal ideas of K. S. Aksakov and the “senior” Slavophiles about the people, considered their attempts to explain the life of the people from the standpoint of the theory of national identity naive, however, he shared the idea of ​​the integrity and naturalness of the people’s life, from which the upper classes had already departed. Experienced a sense of guilt for social inequality; observing it, I came to the conclusion that 7/8 of humanity lives "animal life" (i.e., meaningless) and that the "unconscious" life of the people is inevitably subject to destruction. He believed that it was self-consciousness that would ensure the further development of Russia; Aksakov assigned the state, although important, but still a secondary role of protection and support of the people. He proposed to supplement the scheme of K. S. Aksakov (in Russia there are two main forces - the "land", that is, the people as a whole, and the "state", that is, management) with a new element - "society", which he defined as "self-conscious people" . He advocated civil equality, invited the nobility to declare their self-abolition as an estate. He believed that the lack of publicity means the death of society; advocated the abolition of censorship, and proposed to refer cases of "crimes of the press" to a special court with a jury. He was also a supporter of open adversarial proceedings, although he considered the judicial reform of 1864 as an attempt to embody Western European principles on Russian soil, which were alien to the spirit of the Russian people.

An indispensable condition for the emergence and strengthening of self-consciousness, according to Aksakov, was the abolition of serfdom. He advocated the liberation of the peasants with land, criticized the Slavophiles who participated in the development of the project of the peasant reform of 1861, for inconsistency and conservatism. At the same time, he was a supporter of the interests of both peasants and landowners. Describing a community of peasants engaged in subsidiary trade (“On a wonderful handicraft organization in some villages of the Yaroslavl province”, 1852; banned by censorship), Aksakov admired the possibility of a fair arrangement of economic life (each family received orders and had earnings). He believed that the community, providing mutual assistance, corresponds to the concepts of the Russian people about justice.

Aksakov advocated religious equality, freedom of conscience, although he preferred Orthodoxy. Not accepting the faith of the schismatics, whom he studied on behalf of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1848-1849, he did not condemn them. Some Slavophiles (for example, A. I. Koshelev) reproached Aksakov for his "non-Orthodox" view, proximity to Protestantism. Quite in the spirit of the Slavophile theory, Aksakov argued that all Slavs, and Russians in particular, are "terrible children"; their task is to realize their purpose. In 1857, Aksakov, one of the founders (since 1875 chairman) of the Moscow Slavic Charitable Committee (since 1877 Slavic Charitable Society, see Slavic Charitable Societies), initially gave its activities an educational and charitable character. In the most painful Polish issue, Aksakov took a special position: he recognized the right of the Poles to independence, but condemned the Polish uprising of 1863-64 and supported its suppression, as a result of which he completely parted ways with A. I. Herzen. In the late 1860s - 1870s, under the influence of the doctrine of cultural and historical types, N.Ya. Danilevsky, the ideas of F. I. Tyutchev (Aksakov's father-in-law since 1866) and F. M. Dostoevsky, Aksakov's views became close to pan-Slavism - he sought to accelerate the political liberation of the Slavs. According to Aksakov, there was no "salvation outside of Russia" for the Slavs. He was one of the initiators of the Slavic Congress of 1867 (see Slavic Congresses). He called for maximum support for the uprisings that began in 1875 in the Slavic lands on the territory of the Ottoman Empire; The Moscow Charitable Committee raised funds for the needs of the rebels, tried to send a detachment of volunteers led by General M. G. Chernyaev to help them.

Aksakov publicly condemned the decisions of the Berlin Congress of 1878 and Russia's consent to the dismemberment of Bulgaria, called him "a betrayal of the historical duty" of Russia, for which he was expelled from Moscow, spent several months in the Varvarino estate in the Yuryevsky district of the Vladimir province. Aksakov is the author of the historical and literary work “Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev. (Biographical sketch) "(1874). Aksakov's letters are an important source of information on the history of Russian literature and society.

Op.: Op. M., 1886-1887. T. 1-7; I. S. Aksakov in his letters. M.; SPb., 1888-1896. T. 1-4; Letters to relatives. 1844-1849. M., 1988; Letters to relatives. 1849-1856. M., 1994; Literary criticism. M., 1981 (jointly with K. S. Aksakov); Why is it so hard to live in Russia? M., 2002. Lit.: Lukashevich St. I. Aksakov. 1823-1886. A study in Russian thought and politics. Camb. (Mass.), 1965; Tsimbaev N.I. I. S. Aksakov in the public life of post-reform Russia. M., 1978.