Can the Russian language manage now without English borrowings? Is it possible to do without foreign words? What foreign words can't you do without?

At all times and in almost all countries, borrowing is treated in two ways: either borrowing is good, not scary for the Russian language, in particular, it enriches it; or borrowing is a threat to the very existence of the national language and leads to a loss of identity. A similar divergence of opinions is observed in our country. Moreover, these views were reflected in such movements as Slavophilism and Westernism.

It is obvious that borrowing words from other languages ​​is a natural, necessary and really existing process, which is determined by international connections. This is the result of language contacts, relationships between peoples and states.

However, the question of the relationship between “one’s own” and “their”, and the use of borrowings in Russian speech has always caused heated discussions and fierce debate.

M.V. first wrote about this. Lermontov: “Take care of the properties of your own language, because what we love in the Latin, French or German style is sometimes worthy of laughter in Russian.”

It was in the 18th century that the debate about borrowing arose. About a hundred years later, when in the first half of the 19th century linguistics became an independent science, the problem of foreign words in Russian speech became even more acute. Moreover, not only scientists, but also critics and writers expressed their opinions.

A.N. Tolstoy wrote: “A certain percentage of foreign words grows into the language. And in each case, the artist’s instinct must determine this measure of foreign words, their necessity. It’s better to say elevator than self-lifter, telephone than long-distance talk, proletariat than beggars, but where you can find a native Russian word, you need to find it.”

The same idea is expressed by V.G. Belinsky: “The word wet shoes could very well express the concept expressed by the word galoshes, which is completely meaningless for us; But you can’t force a whole people to say wetshoes instead of galoshes if they don’t want it!” He said it very well: “Purists are afraid of an unnecessary flood of foreign words: a fear that is more than unfounded. An unnecessary word will never stay in the language, no matter how hard you try to introduce it into use.”

V.I. expressed a negative attitude towards borrowing. Dahl, creator of the famous Russian language dictionary. He proposed replacing foreign words with Russian synonyms: muffler - nose-hideer, gymnastics - dexterity, confectioner - sweetie.

Now what Dahl proposed seems ridiculous, because the above words have firmly entered the Russian language, and we do not feel their foreignness. An example of the second attitude can be the great Russian critic V.G. Belinsky, who argued that borrowings are not dangerous for the Russian language.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn had a negative attitude towards borrowing. In the novel “In the First Circle,” one of the characters preaches a negative attitude towards foreign words, replacing them with Russian formations. Although even he cannot do without borrowing.

Computerization and the “internetization” of society have led to a huge number of English words breaking through the global network into oral speech. This is precisely what concerns Russianists: the use of Anglicisms in online communication today has become more than just a fashionable hobby. Increasingly, bearers of the “great” and “powerful” simply cannot express thoughts other than with the help of borrowed words. It is obvious that the Russian language in which communication is conducted on forums and on social networks will be incomprehensible to a village resident or an elderly professor. But what happens with borrowed words on the Internet is very similar to the system of occurrence of foreign words described above.

Just look at the use of two foreign words: “flood”, which means a meaningless message, the text of which does not carry any semantic meaning, and “ban” - blocking a user on a forum, prohibiting him from sending messages.

“Native speakers of the Russian language not only use these words, they transform them, as a result of which such new formations as “flood” appear - write meaningless messages or “fludilnya”, which is used in the context of “not to make a flood”, “not to make a flood” , ban - that is, prohibit someone from sending messages.” Explanatory dictionary of modern Russian language. Language changes at the end of the twentieth century. Astrel. 2005 From 200.

These words, which exist in the slang of Internet users, are a clear illustration of the ability of the language system to accept, assimilate and process new information. The language controls its system and its purity, but people themselves have a significant influence on the development of the language.

“There are borrowings in every language. In some there is more, in others there is less, but nothing can be done about them, no matter how hard you try. After all, foreign words, as a rule, are international, international, they denote terms and objects common to a given people, a given culture and a given language with other cultures and peoples. And for this reason alone, in order not to remain in closed solitude and isolation from the common paths of humanity, one should not avoid them, and, probably, it is impossible.” Ed. A. Pain. Russian language - theory and practice. Tutorial. Minsk. “POTURRI” 2000 From 39-40.

What original words can be used to replace kimono, ikebana, mistral, corsets, bowls, and who would even think of that?

Finally, not a single language of science, art, politics, law, music, or sports is conceivable without them.

And how can we do without a coat, muffler, briefcase (briefcase), hat, umbrella, cars, trams, subways, trolleybuses, coffee, tea, cigarettes, cigarettes, purses - the foreigners we need, many of whom have left and been forgotten along with the objects, are blowing archaic, found in literature - boucles, puffs, liveries, jackets, stacks, boots, muffs, corsets, but many appeared quite recently? And so it goes on all the time: some come, others leave, some of them stay for a long time and forever, they get used to it, consider it family, some are just a guest, who sat, stayed and went home. Is it worth it to indiscriminately kick them out, replacing them with our own, home-grown and not accepted language?

However, recently the flow of borrowings is so great that it makes us think seriously about the future of the Russian language. The oral speech of a Russian person turns out to be filled with English and American expressions that are not of the best quality. The wave of foreign language borrowings that poured into our language thanks to a number of historical events and technological discoveries made it almost impossible to use colloquial vocabulary without the use of borrowings. Moreover, the process of globalization and the development of high technologies makes the process of penetration of borrowings almost endless.

This situation makes us seriously concerned about the development of the Russian language. Borrowings must be treated with great caution, since in our time there is a tendency to increase the amount of foreign language vocabulary in our language.

Language dynamics around the world are changing. If in 1997 English and Russian languages ​​in terms of use occupied first and second places, respectively, now Chinese has confidently taken first place in the list.

English is in second place, and Spanish is in third place.

The Russian language occupies only 7th place in the list of popularity on the planet.

At the beginning of the 20th century, approximately 150 million people spoke Russian - mostly subjects of the Russian Empire. Over the next 90 years, the number of people who know Russian (actively or passively speaking it) more than doubled - to approximately 350 million people, and 286 million of them lived in a country where Russian was the state language and for the majority of its inhabitants relatives.

Another over 70 million people (mainly in the Union republics of the USSR, Eastern European, Balkan and a number of Asian countries) knew Russian to one degree or another. 14 years after the collapse of the USSR, by 2005, the number of people who speak Russian to varying degrees had decreased to 278 million people, including 140 million people in the Russian Federation itself.

Currently, Russian is the native language for 130 million citizens of the Russian Federation, for 26.4 million residents of the CIS and Baltic republics and for almost 7.4 million residents of non-CIS countries (primarily Germany and other European countries, the USA and Israel), then there is a total for 163.8 million people.

Over 114 million more people speak Russian as a second language (mainly in the CIS and Baltic countries) or know it as a foreign language (in non-CIS countries). In 10 years, by 2015, the number of those for whom Russian is their native language will decrease, according to our estimates, to 144 million (including in Russia itself - to 120 million). In addition, another 68 million people will speak it as a second or foreign language.

Currently, the Russian language still ranks fourth in the world in terms of prevalence. Leading English language(an estimated 500 million people speak it as a native or second language, and over 1 billion more speak it as a foreign language) and Chinese(it is spoken - almost exclusively as a native language - by over 1350 million people (including the Mandarin dialect - over 900 million people). Third place is occupied by Spanish(about 360 million people own it, including an estimated 335 million as their own).

The second most important region in terms of the prevalence of the Russian language outside Russia has traditionally been the states of Eastern Europe. The peak of interest in the Russian language and culture in Western European countries was the late 1980s, which was associated with the so-called perestroika and certain expectations from it.

The Russian-speaking community, formed from several waves of emigration, can to a certain extent contribute to maintaining interest in the Russian language and culture in Western European countries. Its population, according to our estimates, is 4.3 million people, the largest part of whom live in Germany, France, Greece, Great Britain, Portugal, and Spain

Are borrowings necessary in the Russian language?Clarity and intelligibility of speech also depend on the correct use of foreign words in it. People often ask whether foreign words should be used or whether it is better to do without them. The question of using foreign words in our speech is not accidental. Foreign words have long been the subject of discussion among scientists, public figures, writers, and lovers of the Russian language, from which languages ​​the most words are borrowed, what is the reason for borrowing, and whether foreign words clog the native language. Even attempts were made to replace words that came from other languages ​​with Russian ones. V.I. Dal included few borrowed words in his famous dictionary, believing that they should be replaced with regional, colloquial or newly created ones, for example,automatic - self-propelled, self-propelled, lively; instinct - wake up, wake up; coquette - pretty, pretty, pretty.Making some concession in favor of common popular words, such ashorizon, atmosphere,IN AND. Dahl was not averse to replacing them with colloquial synonyms. He wrote: “Why is “curtain” and “close”, as they say in the Caspian Sea, worse than the horizon.”

Borrowing is a normal, natural phenomenon for any language. For example, in the English dictionary, borrowings make up more than half of it, and there are many of them in German, French and other languages. This phenomenon was not alien to ancient languages: the Latin language has more than 7 thousand borrowed words.

Borrowed words in a language appear as a result of connections between some peoples and others, as a result of political, economic and cultural ties between them.

For example, words related to everyday life entered the Russian language from the Greek language (boiler, bed, bath), scientific terms (philosophy, mathematics, history, grammar, logic), terms of art ( poetry, comedy) etc.

Latin has given us a whole range of political terms:republic, proletariat, dictatorship. Turkic languages ​​brought us the words:idol, treasury, pearls, beads, money, market, basin, iron, arshin, stockingetc. The words came from Western Europe:clover, workbench (German); coat, horizon, cutlet (French); dumplings, blizzard (French); guitar, tomato (Spanish); tenor, aria, pasta (Italian); sailor, umbrella, flag, tie (Holland) and many others. etc.

In our time, old types of ties between Russians and other peoples are being revived and new ones are emerging. Therefore, the modern Russian language is constantly replenished with words borrowed from other languages, and in turn enriches various languages ​​of the world with words.

The place of foreign words in the Russian language, their further fate is not the same and is determined by their purpose. Borrowings according to the degree of their penetration into the vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided into three groups.

The first of them consists of foreign words that have firmly entered the Russian language.They were borrowed a long time ago, adopted by all the people and are not perceived as foreign languages. These words are the only names of vital concepts. This group includes not only everyday wordsbed, sugar, cabbage, beets, lantern, plate, stocking, heel, doll, barn, market, but also words related to production, education:mine, workshop, factory, classroom, notebook. pencil, etc.From many of these words, derivative words arose in the Russian language:newspaper, (Italian) - newspaper, newsboy, novel-newspaper, wall newspaper; culture - culture, lack of culture, physical education, sportsman, cultural walk, cultural front, cultural, non-cultural, cultural-everyday, cultural-educational.

The second group consists of words that are widespread in the Russian language and are also the only names of the designated concepts, but are recognized as foreign languages:sidewalk, pajamas, set, lampshade, radio, stand, trolleybus, container, liner, etc.

The third group includes foreign words that are not widely used. These also include words that have Russian parallels, but differ from them in volume, shade of meaning or scope of use.Let us compare, for example, the wordsrevise, contract, conservative, constant, punctual, exaggeratewith synonymous Russian words:check, agreement, inert, stable, accurate, exaggerate. Revisemore often it means checking material assets and monetary documents. Therefore, one cannot say: “Inspect the work of teachers at school.” Borrowed word Contract unlike Russian agreement only a written agreement is called, and conservative in comparison with its synonymous word inert means not simply: “gravitating towards the old, familiar, not receptive to the new, progressive,” but “hostile to the new and actively, out of conviction, defending the old.” Otherwise, the relationship between synonyms developscontact and steady, punctual and precise, exaggerate and exaggerate.Foreign words differ in their scope of use; they are mainly used in book speech.

Let's consider what errors occur in speech when using foreign words. The incorrect use of foreign words is most often associated with ignorance of their exact meaning. For example, “He was presented as a sort of polyglot: he is a physicist, a mathematician, and a poet.” It is known that polyglot- this is a person who speaks many languages, so the use of the word polyglot in this case is not appropriate.

Some interpret the word a priority (primacy in the opening) as “respect” (he enjoyed special priority in the team). You can hear the phrase “This idea harmonizes with me,” in which the concepts of “harmonize” and “impress” are confused. Not everyone distinguishes between the words repatriation( return of emigrants or prisoners of war to their homeland) and reparation( compensation for damage caused by war).

Misunderstanding of the meanings of foreign words can lead to tautological expressions in our speech. Thus, in a lecture on the latest achievements of science and technology it was said: “Scientists, engineers, innovators, inventors are called upon to move scientific and technological progress forward.” Word progress means moving forward, so it is wrong to saymove forward progress. A similar error was made in the sentence “All this makes it extremely difficult to predict an accurate forecast for the rainy season. Forecast means foresight, prediction based on certain data." It should have been said: "All this makes an accurate forecast extremely difficult."

You can often hear the combinationstrange paradox. But a paradox is a strange opinion that diverges from generally accepted opinions. Word " strange " in the given combination is superfluous. Sometimes they say:there is a vacancy, forgetting that there is a vacancy means a vacant, unprotected position. Such expressions are also considered incorrect- first debut, memorable souvenirs, an old veteran, his own autobiography, biography of life.

When using foreign words, you should take into account their polysemy. It is necessary to keep in mind that a word in one meaning is more common and known than in another. Thus, one speaker, sharing his impressions of the meeting with the conference delegates, said “P’s speech was especially piquant.” These words did not cause the reaction that the speaker expected. The point is that the word spicy has several meanings. In the literal sense, it means “pungent in taste, spicy” (for example, sauce, gravy, etc.). figurative meaning of the wordpiquant - “exciting keen interest, curiosity by its unusualness, sensationalism, etc."It is in this sense that the speaker used the word spicy in the example given, but he did not take into account that this word has the connotation: “not quite decent, exciting sensuality, seductive. It is recommended to avoid the use of foreign words if there are Russian words with the same meaning, for example: limit-limit, ordinary - ordinary, indifferent - indifferent, correction - correction, ignore - not to notice, etc.

When using foreign words, you need to be sure that they are understood by the listener. Therefore, it is important to skillfully introduce a foreign word into your speech. Appropriate explanations of the meanings of the words used must be given.

Constant work with a dictionary can be of great help in mastering terms and foreign words.

The famous American D. Steinbeck talks about the novel “The Winter of Our Anxiety” about the method by which the aunt forced the hero to understand new words.

“She always tried to interest me in an incomprehensible word,” recalls the hero of the novel, Ethen Hawley, and then forced me to independently find out its meaning by leafing through the dictionary. “If I tell you,” she noted, “it will go in one ear and out the other.” In order to understand a dictionary entry, it was necessary to look for the meanings of a number of other words used in it.

One word set fire to a dozen others, like firecrackers strung on a thread, said Ethan

The method is very true and valid. Take, for example, the words version and compromise. When explaining, we come across such concepts as hypotenuse, potential, adequacy, etc. Thus, by clarifying the meaning of the word we need, we can get acquainted with a number of new words.

In the process of appealing, people often have to explain how they should understand what is being discussed, to clarify what the meaning of this or that word or expression is.Speech practice has developed several ways of explaining words.They are used by lexicographers when compiling dictionaries; politicians, diplomats, lawyers, interpreting the meaning of documents and laws. Everyone should master the techniques of explaining words if they are responsible for their performances, their speech, and are interested in improving its culture. Are borrowings necessary in speech? Without a doubt. But we need to be careful about the language of which we are native speakers, and not litter it with words that only “decorate the speech” by duplicating many that are already in the language. The correctness of our speech, precision of language, clarity of formulation, skillful use of terms, foreign words, successful use of figurative and expressive means of language increase the effectiveness of communication and enhance the effectiveness of the spoken word.

Is it possible without “foreignness”?!

It is necessary to distinguish between borrowed and foreign words. A borrowed word is foreign only by its origin, but in practice it has long been mastered by the language system and its speakers. Sometimes this means that a borrowed word is not perceived as borrowed - it has long become familiar and “native”, we can no longer imagine life without it. You don’t have to look far for examples: mathematics, philosophy, history, grammar, anathema, angel, bishop, demon, icon, monk, monastery, lamp, lime, sugar, bench, notebook, lantern, buffalo, beans, beets. By the way, all these words are Greekisms, that is, they appeared as a result of borrowing from the Greek language.

As another example, let’s give a fragment from an article by T. Chumakov, which talks about the need to protect the Russian language, and highlight words borrowed from other languages ​​in it:

The question is: do we have a sense of national pride or has it become very dull and evaporated over the past 10-15 years?

Yes, we don’t, even if the editorial in the government “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” dated May 16, 2003 is called “In Search of Drive.” Apparently, well-fed RG journalists have forgotten that Russian is one of the six official languages ​​of the United Nations, which cannot be said, for example, about German or Turkish. Let's keep up the good work, gentlemen!

Now you hear on almost every corner that the Russian language has always defended itself and done it very successfully. Perhaps it will survive and stand even now. Let us be realistic and not bend against the truth. The fact that the Russian language is internally strong and capable of protecting itself is only partly true. It has always been defended by our great Poets, Writers, Publicists, Orators, the Russian Orthodox Church, the Russian Theater, Variety, Cinema, Radio, Television (this, however, is half a tracing paper, only the first part of the word is borrowed, television. - I. L. ). Following the best examples, when you hear in a church, or from the stage, or from the rostrum of a writers' congress, or from a loudspeaker, exemplary literary speech, impeccable in pronunciation - orthoepicy and euphony - euphony.

The author of the book cited these lines not at all in order to convince the reader that the Russian language does not need protection, as if it does not need to be protected. Rather, this example should show that it is impossible to speak Russian without using borrowed words. In the above excerpt, all borrowed words are used appropriately; they have an important function in terms of expressing thought, and what is said with their help cannot always be expressed in “Russian” words. Yes, a poet is a poet, euphony is euphony, a nation is a people... But what about the stage, loudspeaker, radio, cinema, stage, article, newspaper, journalist? There are probably no actual Russian words to denote these phenomena.

The question, therefore, is that we must select borrowed words more carefully, weed out those that we do not need, and as carefully as possible master those that may be useful to us. And to master means to fit into the system of the Russian language, to establish exact meanings.

Elimination of unnecessary words always occurred. L.P. Krysin, with reference to the dictionary-reference book “Rare words in the works of authors of the 19th century” (St. Petersburg, 1997), gives a list of words of foreign origin that appeared in the Russian language in the century before last: moderantism (moderation in politics), leveler ( the one who levels, equalizes something), noticia (official message, notification), official (official), excusia (excuse), ellepheria (freedom). There were much more of these words than you might think, because there were enough of them for a whole dictionary. All these words do not exist in the modern Russian language, and the reason for this is that the language itself has “weeded out” new formations that are unnecessary for it. Who can predict what fate awaits modern loanwords?

Language is the most important means by which people communicate with each other and express their thoughts and feelings.

In the modern Russian language there is an intensive growth of special vocabulary, which is caused primarily by the needs of scientific and technological progress and the expansion of cultural, economic and political ties with other countries. If at the beginning of the 18th century terminology was borrowed by the Russian language from German, and in the 19th century from French, then from the middle of the 20th century it comes mainly from English.

The object of our research work was the active growth of foreign words that came to us from the English language, which has become the most important source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language.

Therefore, the goal of our research is to find out the origin and degree of penetration of English borrowings into the Russian language.

To achieve this goal, we solve the following tasks:

1) review of scientific literature on the definition of “Foreign borrowings in the modern Russian language”;

2) study and analysis of modern and explanatory dictionaries of foreign words, etymological and explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language;

3) identification of the most frequently used English borrowings on the topics “Life” and “Sports”;

4) creation of a dictionary based on the data obtained using the questionnaire.

The main research methods are analysis of scientific literature, study of dictionaries (foreign, etymological, explanatory), methods of classifying vocabulary material, questioning and observation.

Review of scientific literature by definition

“Foreign borrowings in modern Russian language”

What are “foreign words” and “loanwords”? To answer this question, let us turn to the Great Russian Encyclopedia, volumes No. 10, 11, 2008, pages 178, 402: “borrowings are words that came into the language along with the concepts they call (for example, the word “football” borrowed from English )". “Foreign words, borrowed words, which are recognized by native language speakers as units introduced into this language from other languages ​​and have not experienced its complete change. After a certain period of hesitation, foreign words are mastered by the language and perceived by its speakers as their own, indigenous words, and their foreign origin is revealed only in etymological research.”

Foreign words are alien words that have settled in our country. Many of them came to us from English. At the same time, they retained the same sound as in the original language.

Many linguists of the 20th century, such as E. Richter, L.P. Krysin, M.A. Breiter, studied the borrowings of foreign words and the reasons for their appearance. Thus, in the work of L.P. Krysin it is indicated that the process of language borrowing was considered by E. Richter “in inextricable connection with cultural and other contacts of different linguistic societies and as a part and result of their contacts.”

A. A. Bragina in her book “Russian Word in the Languages ​​of the World”, Chapter 2 “What a Word Can Tell About”, says that “words penetrating into other languages ​​are not just traces of interlingual contacts, but they are to a large extent, traces of communication between peoples, capturing the fact of communication, and often the very nature of communication.” We understand this in such a way that borrowed words arose in another language as a result of communication between peoples: how they met, traded, maintained friendly and cultural ties, and held joint sports and youth festivals.

A. I. Dyakov is researching “the reasons for the intensive borrowing of Anglicisms in the modern Russian language.”

So, we come to the conclusion that borrowed words are different and belong to different spheres of life and everyday life.

In this work we explore words from the areas of “Life” and “Sport”, since they make up a large part of the active Russian literary and colloquial vocabulary.

Our research and observations

Denoting the international, the general, they, these words, have the ability to convey the flavor of their own national, cultural signs, features of life, history, politics, geography, customs, rituals, etc. They are exotic, these words.

The Word represents the people. It's like his representative. Words can tell about a people, their life, their culture and way of life.

Indeed, what words can be used to replace jeans, shorts, tractor, toast, flowerbed, square, slide, computer, tram, trolleybus, and who would even think of that?

We cannot imagine sports without tennis, basketball, football, handball, boxing, aerobics, cross-country, champion, tourist. How can we do without a club, a train station, a mixer, a campsite, coffee, jam, a felt-tip pen, shampoo, golf, and the “foreign Englishmen” we need, many of whom have appeared quite recently.

Still, let's try to do this. In the sentence “The tractor is plowing the field,” we will replace the word “tractor” with the original Russian interpretation. We open the Russian language dictionary and read: “A tractor is a self-propelled tracked or wheeled vehicle for agricultural or construction work.” And in the end we have: “A self-propelled tracked vehicle for agricultural work plows a wide field.” What do you think of the proposal? Do you like it?

Let’s do the same with the word “flowerbed” in the sentence “Flowers of amazing beauty grew in the flowerbed.” Let’s replace the word “flowerbed” with “a garden bed planted with flowers in the form of a closed figure.” What happened? “Flowers of amazing beauty grew in the garden bed in the form of a closed figure.” Doesn't sound like much, does it?

We will replace the word “shampoo” in the sentence “She asked to bring shampoo to wash her hair” with the meaning from the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. “She asked me to bring a paste-like scented detergent to wash my hair.”

The sentence “The children took markers and began to draw cards” would sound like this: “The children took holders with porous dye and began to draw cards.”

In the sentence “Waving her hand, the cheerful girl got on the tram and left” the following change would occur: “Waving her hand, the cheerful girl got into the carriage of the urban overground electric railway and left.”

We think there is no need to experiment anymore. We come to the conclusion that these words have remained with us forever, they have become necessary “foreigners”, completely our own, and then why replace them?

Studying modern dictionaries

We are interested in knowing the origin and time of appearance of English words in the Russian language.

Having analyzed the dictionaries, we did not take into account the entire array of vocabulary (this is about 700 words), but settled on the one that, in our opinion, has become accustomed to the Russian language and has become our own. Next we will look at them in more detail, dividing them into two groups “Everyday life” and “Sports”, because these words turned out to be in the majority when people communicate compared to other topics. We have reduced the dictionary here because we have chosen the most frequently used (among those interesting for research) words:

The most commonly used English borrowings on the topic “Life”:

1. Veranda. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. veranda] - an open or glazed gallery with a roof attached to the house.

2. Station. Borrowed from English at the end of the 18th century, formed from the proper name of Vaux (the owner of an entertainment establishment near London in the 18th century) and the noun hall “hall” - a building and structure for serving passengers.

3. Jam. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. jam] – jam.

4. Jeans. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. jeans] – specially cut trousers made of special fabric.

5. Bar. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. bar] – 1) a small restaurant where visitors are served at the counter, as well as the counter itself; 2) a small cabinet for wines in the closet, in the sideboard.

6. Business. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. business] – economic activity that produces profit.

7. Businessman. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. businessman] – a person doing business, an entrepreneur.

8. Block. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. block] – a package containing several packs of something, for example, a block of cigarettes.

9. Golfs. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. golf] – knee-length socks.

10. Canister. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. canister] – a small tank with a sealed lid for various liquids.

11. Camping. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. camping] – camp, base for autotourists.

12. Club. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. club]– 1) a public organization that unites people connected by common interests (scientific, political, sports and others); 2) a cultural and educational institution that provides leisure time for the population.

13. Flowerbed. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. clump] – a group (of trees), a flower bed, a garden flower bed in the form of some kind of figure.

14. Cocktail. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. cocktail (literally: rooster tail)] – a mixture of alcoholic drinks with added sugar, spices and the like, as well as a soft drink – a mixture of fruit juices, milk and other things with added sugar, berries.

15. Coffee. Borrowed from English in the 18th century [Eng. coffee] – a drink made from coffee bean powder.

16. Crossword. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. cross-word] – a task game, filling in intersecting rows of cells with letters so that horizontally and vertically you get words with given meanings.

17. Linoleum. Borrowed from English at the end of the 19th century [Eng. linoleum] – rolled material for flooring.

18. Elevator. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. lift] – a lift, a lifting machine for the vertical movement of passengers and cargo in the cabin.

19. Mixer. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. mixer] – a mixer, a household appliance for mixing, churning cocktails, dough, and more.

20. Rally. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. meeting] – meeting, meeting.

21. Jacket. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. pea-jacket] – “beaver jacket”.

22. Pajamas. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. pajamas] – a sleeping or home light suit consisting of trousers and a loose jacket.

23. Sweater. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. sweater] – a warm knitted sweatshirt without fasteners with a high collar, worn over the head.

24. Toast. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. toast] – a short table speech, a toast in honor of someone or something.

25. Tractor. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. tractor] – a self-propelled tracked or wheeled vehicle for agricultural or construction work.

26. Tram. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. tramway

27. Trolleybus. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. trolleybus] – multi-seat passenger vehicle with electric traction; type of urban trackless electric transport.

28. File. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. file] – filed papers, card index, data set

29. Hair dryer. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. fan] – electric fan for drying hair.

30. Felt pen. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. flowmaster] is a writing and drawing instrument in which the writing unit is a porous rod impregnated with a special dye.

31. Shampoo. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. shampoo] – a liquid or paste-like detergent prepared using oils, fragrances, special additives and more.

32. Shorts. Borrowed from English in the 50s of the XX century [Eng. shorts

33. Humor. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. humour] – 1) a good-natured, mocking attitude towards something, the ability to see and show events, shortcomings, weaknesses, and so on in a comic form.

The most commonly used English borrowings on the topic “Sport”:

1. Badminton. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. humour – named after the city of Badminton in Great Britain. ] - otherwise shuttlecock - a sports game with a shuttlecock and rackets

2. Basketball. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. basket-ball

3. Boxing. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. box, literally “blow”] – a sport – a fist fight, carried out according to certain rules in special gloves, in the ring.

4. Volleyball. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. volley – “flight” and ball – “ball”] – a team sports game with a ball; According to certain rules, players, hitting with their hands (or other parts of the body above the waist), try to send the ball through the net and land it on the opponent’s court.

5. Handball. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. hand-ball

6. Cross. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. cross “to cross”] – a type of sports competition – running, cross-country skiing, horse racing, high-speed driving of cars, motorcycles, bicycles over rough terrain.

7. Rugby. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. rugby] is a sports team game with an oval ball, which players, passing each other (with their hands and feet), try to land in the in-goal near the opponent’s goal or score into his goal.

8. Record. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. record] – the highest indicator achieved in a sports competition, as well as in any field of work; the highest degree, the highest manifestation of something.

9. Skateboard. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. skateboard] – a sport that involves skating on a special board with roller skates.

10. Sports. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. sport] is an integral part of physical culture - a means and method of physical education aimed at developing and strengthening the human body and achieving high results in competitions.

11. Athlete. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. sportsman] – a person who systematically plays sports.

12. Sprint. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. sprint] – short-distance competitions in track and field running, speed skating, and so on.

13. Spinning. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. spinning

14. Tourism. Borrowed from English in the 19th century [Eng. tour - to make a circular journey, detour, detour] - a type of active recreation - travel (trips, hikes), whether organized independently for recreation with sporting or educational purposes.

15. Tourist. Borrowed from English in the 19th century. A person involved in tourism.

16. Hockey. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. hockey] – a sports team game on ice or grass, the goal is to score a puck or ball into the opponent’s goal with sticks.

17. Football. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. football

18. Champion. Borrowed from English in the 20th century [Eng. champion] – an athlete or sports team that wins championship competitions in any sport.

We came to the conclusion that the largest number of foreign words began to come to us from the middle of the 20th century. And how can one not recall the brilliantly spoken words of A. S. Pushkin, who foresaw that Russia would be “destined

Open a window to Europe,

Stand with a firm foot by the sea.

Here on new waves

All the flags will visit us,

And we’ll lock it in the open.”

(A. S. Pushkin “The Bronze Horseman”)

The ties of our country - economic, cultural, political - grew and strengthened with the growth of our state.

Definition of the most frequently used words on the topics “Everyday Life” and “Sports”

To accomplish this task, we decided to conduct a questionnaire among students in grades 5-11 of our school and a quick survey among village residents aged 18 to 75 years.

It was necessary to answer the following questions (see the questionnaire in the attachment):

1. Do you use these words in your speech or conversation?

2. Which words do you use more often: on the topic “Everyday life”, “Sports” or both topics?

3. Are these words of Russian or English origin?

4. Could you do without them?

The results of the survey were as follows: out of 122 school students, 60 use words on the topic “Everyday life” more often, 45 students use words from both topics, only 17 students talk more about sports.

In percentage terms it looks like this:

Among the residents of the village, the results of the survey were as follows: out of 106 residents surveyed, 71 people use mainly everyday vocabulary, 11 use sports vocabulary (mostly young people), and 24 use vocabulary of both topics.

The survey showed that people were extremely surprised to learn that these words came to us from the English language, since they considered them originally Russian.

Based on the results of the survey, a dictionary of the most used words on the topics “Life” and “Sport” in our village was compiled.

Conclusion

Having completed all our goals and objectives, we came to the following conclusions:

1. The results of the research showed that the modern Russian language cannot do without English words, since most of them are included in the active dictionary of the Russian language.

2. An intensive influx of English vocabulary began in the middle of the 20th century.

3. English words came into the Russian language as a result of close communication with English-speaking countries.

4. Based on the material studied, we found that words from the everyday and sports fields are most often used.

5. Words that came from the English language have become vital in the everyday speech of the village residents.

6. Based on all the data, a list-dictionary of the most used English borrowings on the topics “Life” and “Sport” was compiled.

2. Create a dictionary of the most commonly used English borrowings for students, English teachers and language arts teachers.