Winter and summer time. Winter time What is summer time in geography

Victor Lavrus

Daylight saving time switches to the last Sunday in March (in 2004 - March 28 at 3:00 am).

The transition to winter time takes place on the last Sunday of October (in 2004 - October 31 at 4:00 am).

A person tends to get up at dawn in order to make the most of the daylight hours. This is where the idea of ​​summer and winter time, which is now used in many countries around the world, originates. Combining waking hours with daylight hours allows you to save energy consumption: in the spring, the hands of the clocks running according to standard time are moved forward an hour, and in the fall they are set again to standard time.

The Canadian communications engineer S. Fleming proposed dividing the entire Earth into time zones of 15 degrees each, and taking the Greenwich meridian - the middle of the zero zone - as the zero line. Inside the zone, time is assumed to be the same everywhere, and at the border the hands are moved forward or backward an hour. In 1883 Fleming's idea was accepted by the US government. And in 1884, at an international conference in Washington, 26 countries signed an agreement on time zones and standard time. There were also representatives from Russia at the conference. I didn’t like the new account of time for the same reason that Russia stubbornly held on to a mile and a pound: any change seemed to be a “shock to the foundations” and an impetus to “popular fermentation.”

After the October Revolution, on February 8, 1918, the zone division was introduced by decree of the Council of People's Commissars “in order to establish a uniform calculation of time during the day throughout the entire civilized world, stipulating the same clock readings in minutes and seconds throughout the entire globe and significantly simplifying registration of relationships between peoples, social events and most natural phenomena in time.”

By government decree of June 16, 1930. The hands of all clocks in the Soviet Union were moved forward an hour. Maternity time was created, the introduction of which made it possible to save energy. The duration of maternity time was set “until repealed” (lasted until 1981).

By resolution of the Council of Ministers on April 1, 1981, the clock hands were moved forward another hour. Thus, summer time was already two hours ahead of standard time. For ten years, during the winter period, the clock hands were moved back an hour compared to summer time, and in the summer they returned to their place again.

In March 1991, maternity time was abolished. The two-hour advance lead was abolished. We have switched to the summer-winter time reference system. Now, in winter, standard time is used, and in summer, clocks are moved forward 1 hour. This is the brief history of changes in time counting.

We measure time by the average solar day, divided into hours, minutes and seconds. Those. based on the arithmetic average of the durations of all true solar days per year (the difference between the duration of the true and average days reaches 15 minutes due to the non-circular orbit of our planet).

Rice. 1. Changes in light and dark times of day throughout the year

Figure 1 shows the change in light and dark times of day throughout the year for latitude 50° (latitude of Kyiv). The border between light and dark time is considered to be the beginning or end of the so-called civil twilight, that is, the time when the Sun dropped below the horizon by 6°. In the evenings, the city streets should be lit by this time. The graph shows solar true time (true solar time begins and ends at noon, i.e. when the luminary passes through the meridian and is at its highest).

The average person gets up at 7 am and goes to bed at 11 pm local time. On the graph, the waking time of such a person is marked by two horizontal dotted lines. Since March, he gets up after dawn. By moving the clock forward, he is forced to get up earlier (solid horizontal lines). This is justified by the fact that he will get up during daylight hours and spend less electricity on lighting.

Returning to winter time in October does not lead to energy savings. As it turned out, this is done solely so that in winter people do not get up much earlier than sunrise. Therefore, the transition to winter time does not seem justified.

From the point of view of common sense, it is rational to return to maternity time, abandon the annual change of clocks and live with a constant reference, which will differ by one hour in comparison with standard time. This rhythm of life, from a biological point of view, is most favorable for humans.

Bibliography

Demidov V.E. Time treasured like a treasure. In search of the absolute. NiT, 1999.

Lavrus V.S. Light and warmth. NiT, 1998.

Blinov N. Do we need winter and summer time? "Science and Life", No. 1, 1992.

The transition to winter time takes place on the last Sunday of October.
(in 2019 – 27th October– at 04:00 in Kyiv).

A person tends to get up at dawn in order to make the most of the daylight hours. This is where the idea of ​​summer and winter time, which is now used in many countries around the world, originates. Combining waking hours with daylight hours allows you to save energy consumption: in the spring, the hands of the clocks running according to standard time are moved forward an hour, and in the fall they are set again to standard time.

Divide the whole Earth into sentinels belts 15 degrees in each, and taking the Greenwich meridian - the middle of the zero belt - as the zero line - was proposed by the Canadian communications engineer S. Fleming. Inside the zone, time is assumed to be the same everywhere, and at the border the hands are moved forward or backward an hour. In 1883, Fleming's idea was accepted by the US government. And in 1884, at an international conference in Washington, 26 countries signed an agreement on time zones and standard time. There were also representatives from Russia at the conference. I didn’t like the new account of time for the same reason that Russia stubbornly held on to a mile and a pound: any change seemed to be a “shock to the foundations” and an impetus to “popular fermentation.”

After the October Revolution, on February 8, 1918, the zone division was introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars “in order to establish a uniform calculation of time during the day with the entire civilized world, stipulating throughout the entire globe the same clock readings in minutes and seconds and significantly simplifying the registration of relationships between peoples, social events and most natural phenomena over time.”

By government decree of June 16, 1930, the hands of all clocks on the territory of the Soviet Union were moved forward an hour. Formed maternity leave time, the introduction of which made it possible to save energy. The duration of maternity time was set “until repealed” (lasted until 1981).

By resolution of the Council of Ministers on April 1, 1981, the clock hands were moved forward another hour. Thus, summer time was already two hours ahead of standard time. For ten years, during the winter period, the clock hands were moved back an hour compared to summer time, and in the summer they returned to their place again.

In March 1991, maternity time was abolished. The two-hour advance lead was abolished. We have switched to the summer-winter time reference system. Now, in winter, standard time is used, and in summer, clocks are moved forward 1 hour. This is the brief history of changes in time counting.

We measure time by the average solar day, divided into hours, minutes and seconds. Those. based on the arithmetic average of the durations of all true solar days per year (the difference between the duration of the true and average days reaches 15 minutes due to the non-circular orbit of our planet).

Rice. 1. Changes in light and dark times of day throughout the year

In Fig. Figure 1 shows the change in light and dark times of day during the year for latitude 50° (latitude of Kyiv). The border between light and dark time is considered to be the beginning or end of the so-called civil twilight, that is, the time when the Sun dropped below the horizon by 6°. In the evenings, the city streets should be lit by this time. The graph shows sunny true time(true solar time begins and ends at noon, i.e. when the luminary passes through the meridian and stands as high as possible).

The average person gets up at 7 am and goes to bed at 11 pm local time. On the graph, the waking time of such a person is marked by two horizontal dotted lines. Beginning With Martha, he gets up after dawn. By moving the clock forward, he is forced to get up earlier (solid horizontal lines). This is justified by the fact that he will get up during daylight hours and spend less electricity on lighting.

Return to winter time V October does not lead to energy savings. As it turned out, this is done solely so that in winter people do not get up much earlier than sunrise. Therefore, the transition to winter time does not seem justified.

From the point of view of common sense, it is rational to return to maternity time, abandon the annual change of clocks and live with a constant reference, which will differ by one hour in comparison with standard time. This rhythm of life, from a biological point of view, is most favorable for humans.

From October 26, 2014, the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics switched to a new standard for calculating time and moved the hands in accordance with the third time zone of the international system.
On 10/24/2014, the Supreme Council of the DPR adopted a resolution “On the transition to Donetsk time”, now Donetsk will have the same time as Moscow and an hour difference with Kiev. A corresponding resolution was adopted by the leadership of the LPR.

I'm so tired of waking up in the dark! I remember the times when the clocks changed and I saw daylight at least on the way to work. The children have already grown up and don’t know this. For them, I will now briefly talk about time change.

Maternity time

By maternity time we mean standard time, which on the last Sunday in October increases by 1 hour, and at the end of March returns to its original position. In reality, it looked like the process of moving the clock hand back an hour. For example, let’s assume that yesterday I woke up at 7 o’clock, and after moving the clock, yesterday’s 7:00 will become today’s 6:00, which means I can sleep for another hour. However, since October 2011, many regions and regions of Russia do not manipulate the clock and live stably according to standard time.

This concept, in fact, has already been taken out of use in our country, and local time and time zone have taken its place. Since 2016, a number of regions have actually returned to maternity time. Namely:

• Izhevsk;
• Novosibirsk;
• Tomsk;
• Saratov;
• Astrakhan;
• Samara;
• Kemerovo;
• Barnaul;
• Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk;
• Gorno-Altaisk.

Summer time

The time we returned to after maternity leave is summer. The arrow moved forward on the last Sunday of March. That is, yesterday’s 7:00 has become today’s 8:00, so you will have to get up an hour earlier than your usual time. Sounds terrible, doesn't it? But, in fact, by the end of the month the days become so long that the sunlight begins to wake you up earlier. This happened to me personally.

In Europe, summer time is practiced almost everywhere, with the exception of Russia, Iceland, and Belarus.

Purpose of introduction

The purpose of this event for our state was announced by the government of the USSR almost 90 years ago. By this method they tried to achieve for people a more rational use of daylight hours, and for the economy - a reasonable distribution of electricity for the population and production. In the conditions of modern lifestyle, energy savings were not particularly observed, which is why, perhaps, they abandoned the idea of ​​​​translating time.

Illustration copyright RIA Novosti Image caption For three years in a row, Russia lived on “eternal” summer time

On the night of Sunday, October 27, the transition to “eternal” winter time will come into force in Russia - the clock hands will be moved back one hour.

Since 2011, Russia has been on summer time after President Dmitry Medvedev decided to abolish daylight saving time.

The current Prime Minister said at the time that "the need to adapt [to changing times] is associated with both stress and illness." However, in May 2013, Gennady Onishchenko, who served as head of Rospotrebnadzor, reported the negative impact of year-round summer time on the health of Russians.

Current Russian President Vladimir Putin placed responsibility for switching back to winter time on Medvedev, who, according to Putin, “does not hold on” to his previous decision. However, back in the spring, Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich argued that the government initially did not agree with the State Duma regarding the country’s transition to permanent winter time.

The BBC Russian service talks about how the clocks were changed earlier.

History of clock change in Russia

Dates for making decisions on transition to a new time	Time (relative to Greenwich Mean Time)	Circumstances of transition
June 27, 1917	GMT +2	By decree of the Provisional Government, summer time was introduced for the period from July 1 to August 31. The goal is to save electricity following the example of Western countries. However, then they simply forgot to turn back time due to the revolutionary events taking place in the country.
December 27, 1917	GMT +3	The Bolsheviks, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars, again moved the clocks back one hour. In order to save fuel and electricity, the transition to summer/winter time in the RSFSR and the USSR was carried out until 1924.
June 21, 1930	GMT +2	Again, it was assumed that daylight saving time would remain in effect until September, but later the wording “until cancelled” was adopted. It went down in history as maternity leave, which lasted permanently for 61 years.
April 1, 1981	GMT +3	The clock change to daylight saving time has been resumed, but relative to maternity time. Thus, summer time began to advance by two hours.
February 4, 1991	GMT +2/+3	The USSR Cabinet of Ministers decided to abolish maternity time, maintaining the annual switch to winter and summer time. In the spring the clocks were not moved, but in the fall they were moved back one hour.
January 19, 1992	GMT +3	The Council of the Republic of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR decided to restore maternity time, the abolition of which led to a reduction in daylight hours and an increase in electricity consumption.
February 8, 2011	GMT +4 (in winter)	Dmitry Medvedev, who held the post of Russian President, announced the decision to cancel the transition to winter time in the fall. On March 27, 2011, Russia switched to summer time. The switchback was no longer carried out in the fall.
July 21, 2014	GMT +3	Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a federal law on the transition to permanent winter time. The new rules will come into force on October 26, 2014 at 2 am.