Service hierarchy at Scotland Yard. Where is Scotland Yard and its Black Museum located?
The name "Scotland Yard" (translated from English as "Scottish court") goes back to the early Middle Ages. In the 10th century, the English king Edgar I the Peaceful (943-975) gave King Kenneth II of Scotland (before 954-995) a plot of land next to the Palace of Westminster in London on the condition that he would build a residence here, which would be considered the territory of Scotland, and would visit it annually as a sign of respect to the English crown. This became the tradition of all Scottish kings, unless, of course, they were at war with England. But in 1603, the English crown passed to the Scottish Stuart dynasty, and Scotland Yard lost its political significance.
It was decided to divide the palace into two parts. The first was called "Greater Scotland Yard", and the second - "Middle Scotland Yard". They began to be used as government buildings.
In 1829, the first police service appeared in London, created by the Home Secretary Robert Peel (1788-1850). The residence of the London police became the same complex of buildings that several centuries ago belonged to members of the Scottish royal family. Since then, the name “Scotland Yard” has been firmly assigned to the London police. The first years of the new service were especially difficult. The fact is that until 1829 there was no unified police service in London. The investigation of crimes was mainly carried out by people who, as a rule, did not have the slightest idea about the intricacies of investigative work. Anyone could become a “thief catcher” and receive a certain fee for capturing a criminal if his guilt was proven. However, many did this solely for profit, personal revenge, or simply out of a thirst for adventure. It is not surprising that the crime rate in the English capital was unusually high.
By the 1960s, with the development of modern technology and the further expansion of the London police force, it became obvious that the needs of the police department had outgrown the capabilities of the headquarters on Victoria Embankment. For this reason, New Scotland Yard moved to 10 Broadway in 1967. The Victoria Embankment building is now known as the Norman Shaw (North) building. Part of it is currently occupied by the Greater London Police Department.
The Home Office's main search engine is better known by its acronym HOLMES. In addition, the curriculum is called "Elementary", in honor of the great detective Sherlock Holmes.
Scotland Yard's telephone number was originally 1212. Most London police departments also use 1212 as the last four digits of their telephone number.
Today Scotland Yard is the largest police agency in England. It employs over 40,000 people serving London and its suburbs across an area of 620 square miles with a population of over 7 million people.
(The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS)).
The building of modern Scotland Yard is located in Westminster. Administrative functions are assigned to staff who are based in the Empress State Building ( English), and operational management - to three Metcall centers ( English).
The largest police agency in England. It employs 31,000 officers who are responsible for an area of 1,606 km² and a population of 7.2 million people living in and around London.
Story
The name Scotland Yard comes from its original location on Great Scotland Yard Road ( English) in the Whitehall area. There are also interesting versions of the origin of the name of the street (literally - “Scottish Yard”). According to one of them, in the 10th century, the English king Edgar gave the Scottish king Kenneth a plot of land next to the Palace of Westminster in London. He demanded that King Kenneth build a residence there and visit it annually, thereby paying tribute to the kingdom of England on behalf of Scotland. King Kenneth built himself a palace and lived there whenever he came to England. The palace remained the possession of the Scottish kings and was considered the territory of Scotland. When Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, King James VI of Scotland became King of England and Scotland and the palace lost its original purpose. It was divided into two parts: the first was called “Greater Scotland Yard”, the second - “Middle Scotland Yard”. They began to be used as government buildings.
There are also versions that in the Middle Ages the street belonged to a man named Scott, and also that stagecoaches to Scotland once departed from this street.
By 1890, the London Police had grown from an initial 1,000 officers to 13,000, requiring greater administrative staff and a larger headquarters. As the size and responsibilities of the police continued to expand, there was a need to further increase personnel, so New Scotland Yard was expanded in the 1940s. This complex of buildings is currently included in the list of buildings of architectural, historical or cultural significance.
A number of protective measures were added to the exterior of New Scotland Yard in 2000, including concrete barriers in front of the lower windows to protect against car bombs. In addition, a concrete wall was added near the entrance to the building. Armed officers from the Diplomatic Protection Service ( English) patrol the façade of the building along with police guards.
Scotland Yard in pop culture
In fiction and film, the word "New Scotland Yard" is used as a metonym for the Greater London Police, sometimes to refer to the entire police force of the United Kingdom.
Many novelists use fictional Scotland Yard detectives as the heroes and heroines of their works: George Gideon in the works of John Creasy, Cmdr. Adam Dalglish created by F. D. James, Inspector Richard Urey in the works of Martha Grims are the most famous examples. Or, for example, female detective Molly Robertson-Kirk, known as Lady Molly of Scotland Yard(author - Baroness Emma Orczy). Many of Agatha Christie's detective novels feature Scotland Yard detectives, especially in the Hercule Poirot series.
In the 30s of the 20th century, inexpensive detective magazines were common, using a popular brand in their title: “Scotland Yard”, “Scotland Yard Detective Stories” or “Scotland Yard International Detective”. Despite the names, they focused more on tacky US crime stories.
Scotland Yard served as the title of a series of low-budget films made in the 1961s. Each episode was a reconstruction of a real detective story.
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Excerpt describing Scotland Yard
The princess looked at him, not understanding his words, but rejoicing at the expression of sympathetic suffering that was in his face.“And I know so many examples that a wound from a shrapnel (the newspapers say a grenade) can be either fatal immediately, or, on the contrary, very light,” said Nikolai. – We must hope for the best, and I’m sure...
Princess Marya interrupted him.
“Oh, that would be so terrible...” she began and, without finishing from excitement, with a graceful movement (like everything she did in front of him), bowing her head and looking at him gratefully, she followed her aunt.
In the evening of that day, Nikolai did not go anywhere to visit and stayed at home in order to settle some scores with the horse sellers. When he finished his business, it was already too late to go anywhere, but it was still too early to go to bed, and Nikolai walked up and down the room alone for a long time, pondering his life, which rarely happened to him.
Princess Marya made a pleasant impression on him near Smolensk. The fact that he met her then in such special conditions, and the fact that it was her at one time that his mother pointed out to him as a rich match, made him pay special attention to her. In Voronezh, during his visit, the impression was not only pleasant, but strong. Nikolai was amazed at the special, moral beauty that he noticed in her this time. However, he was about to leave, and it did not occur to him to regret that by leaving Voronezh, he would be deprived of the opportunity to see the princess. But the current meeting with Princess Marya in the church (Nicholas felt it) sank deeper into his heart than he foresaw, and deeper than he desired for his peace of mind. This pale, thin, sad face, this radiant look, these quiet, graceful movements and most importantly - this deep and tender sadness, expressed in all her features, disturbed him and demanded his participation. Rostov could not stand to see in men the expression of a higher, spiritual life (that’s why he did not like Prince Andrei), he contemptuously called it philosophy, dreaminess; but in Princess Marya, precisely in this sadness, which showed the full depth of this spiritual world alien to Nicholas, he felt an irresistible attraction.
“She must be a wonderful girl! That's exactly the angel! - he spoke to himself. “Why am I not free, why did I hurry up with Sonya?” And involuntarily he imagined a comparison between the two: poverty in one and wealth in the other of those spiritual gifts that Nicholas did not have and which therefore he valued so highly. He tried to imagine what would happen if he were free. How would he propose to her and she would become his wife? No, he couldn't imagine this. He felt terrified, and no clear images appeared to him. With Sonya, he had long ago drawn up a future picture for himself, and all of this was simple and clear, precisely because it was all made up, and he knew everything that was in Sonya; but it was impossible to imagine a future life with Princess Marya, because he did not understand her, but only loved her.
Dreams about Sonya had something fun and toy-like about them. But thinking about Princess Marya was always difficult and a little scary.
“How she prayed! - he remembered. “It was clear that her whole soul was in prayer. Yes, this is the prayer that moves mountains, and I am confident that its prayer will be fulfilled. Why don't I pray for what I need? - he remembered. - What I need? Freedom, ending with Sonya. “She told the truth,” he recalled the words of the governor’s wife, “except for misfortune, nothing will come from the fact that I marry her.” Confusion, woe maman... things... confusion, terrible confusion! Yes, I don't like her. Yes, I don’t love it as much as I should. My God! get me out of this terrible, hopeless situation! – he suddenly began to pray. “Yes, prayer will move a mountain, but you have to believe and not pray the way Natasha and I prayed as children for the snow to become sugar, and ran out into the yard to try to see if sugar was made from snow.” No, but I’m not praying for trifles now,” he said, putting the pipe in the corner and, folding his hands, standing in front of the image. And, touched by the memory of Princess Marya, he began to pray as he had not prayed for a long time. Tears were in his eyes and in his throat when Lavrushka entered the door with some papers.
- Fool! Why do you bother when they don’t ask you! - Nikolai said, quickly changing his position.
“From the governor,” Lavrushka said in a sleepy voice, “the courier has arrived, a letter for you.”
- Well, okay, thank you, go!
Nikolai took two letters. One was from the mother, the other from Sonya. He recognized their handwriting and printed out Sonya's first letter. Before he had time to read a few lines, his face turned pale and his eyes opened in fear and joy.
- No, this cannot be! – he said out loud. Unable to sit still, he holds the letter in his hands, reading it. began to walk around the room. He ran through the letter, then read it once, twice, and, raising his shoulders and spreading his arms, he stopped in the middle of the room with his mouth open and eyes fixed. What he had just prayed for, with the confidence that God would grant his prayer, was fulfilled; but Nikolai was surprised by this as if it was something extraordinary, and as if he had never expected it, and as if the very fact that it happened so quickly proved that it did not happen from God, whom he asked, but from ordinary chance.
That seemingly insoluble knot that tied Rostov’s freedom was resolved by this unexpected (as it seemed to Nikolai), unprovoked by Sonya’s letter. She wrote that the latest unfortunate circumstances, the loss of almost all of the Rostovs’ property in Moscow, and the countess’s more than once expressed desires for Nikolai to marry Princess Bolkonskaya, and his silence and coldness lately - all this together made her decide to renounce him promises and give him complete freedom.
“It was too hard for me to think that I could be the cause of grief or discord in the family that had benefited me,” she wrote, “and my love has one goal: the happiness of those I love; and therefore I beg you, Nicolas, to consider yourself free and to know that no matter what, no one can love you more than your Sonya.”
Both letters were from Trinity. Another letter was from the Countess. This letter described the last days in Moscow, the departure, the fire and the destruction of the entire fortune. In this letter, by the way, the countess wrote that Prince Andrey was among the wounded traveling with them. His situation was very dangerous, but now the doctor says there is more hope. Sonya and Natasha, like nurses, look after him.
The next day, Nikolai went to Princess Marya with this letter. Neither Nikolai nor Princess Marya said a word about what the words could mean: “Natasha is caring for him”; but thanks to this letter, Nikolai suddenly became close to the princess into an almost family relationship.
The next day, Rostov accompanied Princess Marya to Yaroslavl and a few days later he himself left for the regiment.
Sonya's letter to Nicholas, which was the fulfillment of his prayer, was written from Trinity. This is what caused it. The thought of Nicholas marrying a rich bride occupied the old countess more and more. She knew that Sonya was the main obstacle to this. And Sonya’s life recently, especially after Nikolai’s letter describing his meeting in Bogucharovo with Princess Marya, became harder and harder in the countess’s house. The Countess did not miss a single opportunity to make an offensive or cruel hint to Sonya.
But a few days before leaving Moscow, touched and excited by everything that was happening, the Countess, calling Sonya to her, instead of reproaches and demands, turned to her with tears and prayed that she, by sacrificing herself, would repay for everything. what was done for her was to break her ties with Nikolai.
“I won’t be at peace until you give me this promise.”
Sonya burst into tears hysterically, answered through her sobs that she would do everything, that she was ready for anything, but she did not make a direct promise and in her soul could not decide on what was demanded of her. She had to sacrifice herself for the happiness of the family that fed and raised her. Sacrificing herself for the happiness of others was Sonya's habit. Her position in the house was such that only on the path of sacrifice could she show her virtues, and she was accustomed and loved to sacrifice herself. But first, in all acts of self-sacrifice, she joyfully realized that by sacrificing herself, she thereby raised her worth in the eyes of herself and others and became more worthy of Nicolas, whom she loved most in life; but now her sacrifice had to consist in giving up what for her constituted the entire reward of the sacrifice, the entire meaning of life. And for the first time in her life, she felt bitterness towards those people who had benefited her in order to torture her more painfully; I felt envy of Natasha, who had never experienced anything like this, never needed sacrifices and forced others to sacrifice herself and yet was loved by everyone. And for the first time, Sonya felt how, out of her quiet, pure love for Nicolas, a passionate feeling suddenly began to grow, which stood above rules, virtue, and religion; and under the influence of this feeling, Sonya involuntarily, learned by her dependent life of secrecy, answered the countess in general, vague words, avoided conversations with her and decided to wait for a meeting with Nikolai so that in this meeting she would not free her, but, on the contrary, forever bind herself to him .
The troubles and horror of the last days of the Rostovs’ stay in Moscow drowned out the dark thoughts that were weighing on her. She was glad to find salvation from them in practical activities. But when she learned about the presence of Prince Andrei in their house, despite all the sincere pity that she felt for him and Natasha, a joyful and superstitious feeling that God did not want her to be separated from Nicolas overtook her. She knew that Natasha loved one Prince Andrei and did not stop loving him. She knew that now, brought together in such terrible conditions, they would love each other again and that then Nicholas, due to the kinship that would be between them, would not be able to marry Princess Marya. Despite all the horror of everything that happened in the last days and during the first days of the journey, this feeling, this awareness of the intervention of providence in her personal affairs pleased Sonya.
9. History of Scotland Yard
In those days when Galton's book was published, two new large complexes of buildings with pointed gables and fortified towers at the corners were already rising on the banks of the Thames. They housed the new Scotland Yard, the main residence of the London police.
New Scotland Yard in London, built in 1892
If the Parisian Surete by this time already had an eighty-year history and its own traditions, then Scotland Yard could not boast of this. In 1829, the first London police commissioners, Main and Rowan, occupied an office in several old buildings that had once belonged to Whitehall Palace. Later, the London police occupied a complex of buildings in which Scottish kings used to stay when visiting the London court, Scotland Yard (Scottish court). This is where the name of the English criminal police comes from - Scotland Yard.
There are reasons for the fact that the English police are younger than the French. The British people's exaggeratedly morbid ideas about civil liberties naturally led to the fact that the English public until then saw any kind of police as a threat to these freedoms, until in the 30s of the 19th century Londoners began to literally drown in a swamp of crime. violence and lawlessness. Because of this understanding of civil liberties, England had neither public prosecutors nor a real police force for centuries. Maintaining order and protecting property was considered the responsibility of the citizens themselves. Perhaps this point of view was justified as long as citizens had the opportunity not only to take on the role of justices of the peace for free, but also to perform police service. But no one else wanted to do this business. The British preferred to hire someone for these roles for money. They hired those who were cheaper: disabled people, half-blind people, tramps, often even thieves. And numerous justices of the peace used their position to make money through bribes and concealment. England didn't have a video. The inevitable conflict with crime gave rise to even more undesirable figures: informers and secret detectives - voluntary detectives for profit, revenge or for the love of adventure. When a thief was caught and convicted, they received a reward from the amount of a fine, and in cases of murder or robbery - a reward in the form of a bonus.
Anyone could take on the role of an informer, detain a criminal, bring him to a magistrate and accuse him. If this led to conviction, then he received his reward, which often caused revenge from the convict's accomplices.
Everyone could take on the role of a secret detective and bring robbers, burglars and murderers to court. It was believed that all necessary measures had been taken if the criminals suffered cruel punishments (for the commission of almost two hundred mostly non-dangerous crimes, the punishment was the death sentence). Prisons were merely transit points on the way to the gallows or exile.
Forty pounds, weapons and property of the convicted person - this is the payment of the state and community for the capture of the thief. This “blood money” was a great temptation for all kinds of strange “detectives”, and the consequence was highly developed corruption. Secret detectives pushed young people to commit crimes and then dragged them to court to get their hands on “blood money.” They openly offered their services to return stolen property for payment of a premium in the amount of the value of the stolen property. They, of course, had to share the bonus with the thieves if they did not commit the theft themselves. The latter happened quite often. The most famous representative of such "detectives", Jonathan Wild, was a crook and street robber, organizer of the London underworld, a predecessor of the later gangster bosses of North America. “Secret detective, general of Great Britain and Ireland” - that’s how Wild called himself. He always carried a cane with a golden crown, owned an office in London and had a villa with a large staff of servants. Wild put on trial and sent to the gallows about a hundred street thieves, but only those who did not want to obey him. In 1725 Wild himself was hanged at Tyburn for robbery.
Bow Street Police Court, London (1825)
Only 25 years later, one of the London magistrates' courts seriously spoke out against the lawlessness that was becoming increasingly widespread. It was the writer Henry Fielding. He wrote a pamphlet on Jonathan Wild. Fielding was seriously ill, but had enormous willpower. As a Westminster magistrate, he watched helplessly as the crime wave rose. However, he managed to prove to the Home Secretary that London was becoming a disgrace to the civilized world, being the only city on earth where there was no police. Fielding was given funds from the Secret Service fund to pay the salaries of a dozen of his assistants. He provided them with red vests, under which they carried pistols. Since Fielding's court was located on Bow Street, his people were called Bow Street Runners, that is, Bow Street policemen. And suddenly they became, apparently, the first criminologists in the world. Fielding paid them one guinea a week. But every citizen who needed security or who wanted to investigate a crime could get a policeman for one guinea a day. Fifteen minutes later they were ready to begin their duties.
Their methods were not much different from Vidocq's. Dressed in disguise, they visited dens, had paid spies, tried to remember faces, knew how to patiently track, and were assertive and courageous. They were successful, and some even became famous. The most famous was Peter Townsend, who at one time served as a secret guard for King George IV. The annals of history also include names: Joseph Atkin, Vickery, Ruthven and Sayer. How the Bow Street runners made significant fortunes (Townsend left 20,000, Sayer - 30,000 pounds sterling) history is silent. Meanwhile, it is no secret that they had mutual acquaintances with Jonathan Wild. The robbed bankers refused to pursue the robbers. They used Bow Street Runners to get back stolen property for high rewards (to the cops and robbers). Bankers preferred to return at least part of the stolen property than to ever see a thief in court, but never see the stolen property again. The police also received “blood money” wherever they could. Some of them did not disdain to “expose” the innocent in court if the guilty paid them well.
But at a time when no one could be sure of the safety of their lives and property, even such corrupt Bow Street Runners were better than nothing. And Henry Fielding, with such police officers, achieved great success at that time. He achieved these successes not only because he, like Vidocq, kept a register of criminals known to him. While searching for robbers, murderers and thieves, Fielding corresponded with other justices of the peace and published lists and signs of wanted criminals in English newspapers.
When Henry Fielding died in 1754, his half-brother John became chief of police. He was blind. History, or perhaps legend, tells that by the end of his life (John died in 1780) he could distinguish 3,000 criminals by their voices. John Fielding created armed Bow Street patrols and mounted patrols that were supposed to patrol the roads. The mounted police, however, did not last long because Fielding did not have enough money to maintain them. But Bow Street Runners existed for a very long time. For ninety years they were London's only criminologists. Their number never exceeded fifteen, and therefore their role in the fight against ever-increasing crime was very small. In 1828, there were entire areas of London where people were robbed even during the day. There was one criminal for every 822 inhabitants. 30,000 people subsisted solely on robbery and theft. The situation was so serious that the Home Secretary, Robert Peel, finally decided to create a police force in defiance of public opinion. He had to endure a fierce battle in the lower house of parliament. But on December 7, 1829, a thousand policemen in blue tailcoats and gray linen trousers with black top hats on their heads proceeded to their police stations located throughout the city. The cylinders were meant to demonstrate to Londoners that it was citizens, not soldiers, who took charge of their protection. And yet, dark nicknames such as Peeler, Copper or Bobby have survived to this day.
Peel Police eventually provided external security on the streets of London. But after a few years it became clear that the security police, who wore police uniforms and acted officially, were not able to actually combat crime, much less solve a crime that had already been committed. And it just seemed that the wave of crimes had subsided. Robbers, thieves and murderers now did their dirty work in secret. Crime spread from their refuges, taking thousands of different forms. Only a handful of Bow Street runners fought against the criminals, very shabby, affected by corruption as never before, and became an object of ridicule by journalists and cartoonists. It took several particularly brutal murders for the Minister of the Interior to pluck up the courage to take another step in 1842. 12 policemen took off their uniforms and became detectives. They occupied three small rooms in Scotland Yard. Some of them enjoyed great authority (Field, Smith, Jonathan Whicher). Writer Charles Dickens immortalized their activities. In 1850 he wrote the first significant English crime novel, Bleak House. In his main character, Scotland Yard detective Inspector Bucket, the writer portrayed the real-life Inspector Field. For the first time in English literature, the characters of a novel were introduced with the words: “I am Bucket, detective, police detective, intelligence officer, investigator.” The word "detective" became a term for a criminologist and spread throughout the world.
At first, almost nothing changed in the practice of solving crimes. The pay for the work of new detectives was better, the temptation for corruption was less. But still every citizen could personally hire a detective. It was a forced concession to English public opinion, infected with suspicion. Were there not frightening rumors coming from France? Wasn't the French criminal police actually an agency for spying on citizens? Such suspicions made the detectives' fight against the criminal world even more difficult. These suspicions gave rise to restrictions that did not exist in France and which only benefited criminals. Detectives had no right to arrest anyone without sufficient evidence. They were forbidden to persuade anyone to testify or to involve anyone as a witness. They had to warn all suspects that their every statement could be used against them. It is not surprising that the work of English detectives was less successful than the work of their colleagues in France.
Inspector Jonathan Whicher became a victim of public opinion hostile to the police when he was called to Trowbridge in Somersetshire on 15 July 1860 to investigate a murder.
Two weeks earlier, on June 29, a three-year-old child was found murdered at the Road Hill House dacha. He was the youngest son of factory inspector Samuel Kent, who lived there with his second wife, three children from his first marriage and three children from his second marriage. The murdered child Saville was the son from his second marriage, the favorite of Samuel and his wife. At night, Saville disappeared from his crib. He was found in a garden latrine with his throat cut. The local police, under the leadership of the narcissistic and narrow-minded Superintendent Fowley, turned out to be completely powerless. Moreover, Fowley took steps that several decades later would seem incomprehensible to a criminologist, even breaking the law. He found a bloody lady's shirt among the dirty linen, but did not ensure its safety, and it disappeared. He wiped a bloody handprint off the window glass “so that family members wouldn’t be scared.” Just in case, Faul arrested the nanny Elizabeth Gow. But Elizabeth was soon released because there were no grounds for her arrest.
When Whicher arrived at Trowbridge he was greeted with extreme hostility by Fowley. He didn't say a word to him about the bloody nightgown or the handprint. Whicher's work was typical in its methods and methods of the first English detectives. He had not the slightest idea of any scientific method of investigation. Whicher possessed only three virtues: observation, knowledge of people and the ability to combine. Over the course of four days, he became convinced that only one person could have committed the crime: Samuel Kent's sixteen-year-old daughter Constance, a child from his first marriage. Constance hated her stepmother and was offended, believing that she was being bullied and treated poorly. Whicher believed that she killed her half-brother, her stepmother's favorite, to take revenge on her. A night murder, he believed, could hardly have happened without leaving marks on the girl’s clothes. When Whicher discovered that one of Constance's three nightgowns had disappeared without a trace, he demanded her arrest, which caused a storm of public outrage.
A few days later the girl was released. What audacity to accuse a child of murdering his helpless brother! What depraved mind could invent such an accusation! Whicher became the target of severe bullying. Richard Main, one of the London police commissioners, immediately fired Whicher from his job in order to protect the police from public attacks. Four years later, in 1864, Constance Kent confessed to the murder of her half-brother. She actually killed him to take revenge on her parents.
Also in 1864, however, the public praised one of the first detectives, Dick Tanner, to the skies for his successful investigation of Britain's first railway murder. On July 9, 1864, in a compartment of the North London Railway, an unknown person killed and threw seventy-year-old bank employee Briggs from the train. The killer robbed him, taking a gold watch with a chain, gold-framed glasses and, very strangely, the victim's hat. He left his hat in the compartment. High rewards were offered for the capture of the criminal, and sensational reports were published in the press. After 11 days, Tanner found a jeweler, from whom the killer exchanged the watch with a chain for another watch. The box in which the exchanged watch was packed led Tanner on the trail of a German tailor named Franz Müller, who lived in London. The hat found at the crime scene turned out to be Muller's hat, and from his letter to the housewife it became clear that he was on his way to North America aboard the sailing ship Victoria.
On July 20, Dick Tanner, with a warrant for the arrest of Franz Müller in his pocket, set off with several witnesses aboard the City of Manchester. The ship arrived in New York 14 days before the sailing ship Victoria. When the sailing ship Victoria finally appeared in the port, a boat with curious people sailed towards him, shouting: “How are you, murderer Muller?..” On September 16, Tanner brought the arrested man to England, and two months later Muller was hanged. At the last moment, shortly before his execution, he confessed to his crime.
But even such a resounding success did not help the London criminal police raise their authority. When the new police president, Edmund Henderson, took office in 1869, he declared: “Great difficulties lie in the way of the development of the detective system. Many English people look at her with disbelief. She is absolutely alien to the habits and feelings of the nation. Detectives actually work in secret.” However, it was Henderson who increased Scotland Yard's detective department to 24 people. He appointed Jonathan Whicher's former assistant, Superintendent Williamson, nicknamed the Philosopher, as head of the department, who made the first attempts to unite the detectives, who worked separately and each with their own methods.
Almost fifty years earlier, we had to abandon the exile of criminals in colonies. After serving their time in English prisons, they were released. And since no one controlled them, most of them returned to their old “activities.” Only in 1871 did Parliament pass a law providing for the registration of repeat offenders using a photograph and a description of their identity. But this register was soon transferred from Scotland Yard to the Ministry of the Interior, where it lost all practical significance. Then Williamson again undertook registration at Scotland Yard. Only eight years later he was able to see the results of his efforts, but then Scotland Yard was dealt a heavy blow. Three of Williamson's oldest and most respected employees, Michaeljohn, Druzhkovich and Clark, were exposed as bribers.
The Scotland Yard scandal gave rise to a new wave of mistrust. Faced with the choice of to be or not to be, Scotland Yard finally received a solid organizational structure. It was led by innovation-loving lawyer Howard Vincent, who hurried to Paris to study the work of Sürte. Vincent adopted everything that could be borrowed from the French. Soon, from a still disparate group of detectives, he created a forensic investigation department that would define the future of Scotland Yard.
One of his innovations was also the organization of supervision of criminals. Following Mase's example, he began collecting photographs of criminals on a large scale, collecting them in albums and sending thirty detectives to Holloway prison three times a week to check if there were any familiar faces among the new arrivals. Gradually things became more successful. How contemptuously Scotland Yard was treated in England can be seen from this incident. When Superintendent Williamson asked a stranger who looked a lot like a retired Scotland Yard employee: “We don’t know each other? Didn’t you work for us?” I received the answer: “No. Thank God I haven’t sunk that low yet...”
In 1884, a new man was appointed to the post of head of the forensic investigation department, James Monroe, who had worked for a long time in India with the British police. He also experienced the precarious position of Scotland Yard.
From August 6 to November 9, 1888, the crimes of an unknown killer shocked the English public. The murders took place between eleven o'clock at night and four o'clock in the morning in the areas of Whitechapel, Spytlefield and Stepney. All those killed were prostitutes. Because of the cruelty with which the crimes were committed, the killer was nicknamed Jack the Ripper. The crimes stopped as suddenly as they began and remained unsolved.
Of course, the indignation of the London public was natural. But shouldn't the outrage be directed at the public itself? Didn't the murders of Jack the Ripper show the public at its worst where the stubborn inviolability of personal freedoms leads (among them, in particular, the uncontrolled freedom of movement of any person and the right to be called by any name)? Weren't the Parisian newspapers right when they sneered with national pride that in Paris Jack the Ripper would not have been able to commit murders for weeks?
In any case, the shadow of the Ripper hovered over London when Galton worked in his laboratory on thousands of fingerprints. In 1892, his book “Fingerprints” was published. And despite Galton’s great authority, it took a whole year for the Ministry of the Interior to pay attention to her. But even in 1893 it was not too late, having adopted the fingerprint system, to begin a decisive battle against crime.
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(The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS)).
The building of modern Scotland Yard is located in Westminster. Administrative functions are assigned to staff based in the Empress State Building (English), and operational management - to three Metcall centers (English).
The largest police agency in England. It employs 31,000 officers who are responsible for an area of 1,606 km² and a population of 7.2 million people living in and around London.
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The name Scotland Yard comes from its original location on Great Scotland Yard in the Whitehall area. There are also interesting versions of the origin of the name of the street (literally - “Scottish Yard”). According to one of them, in the 10th century, the English king Edgar gave the Scottish king Kenneth a plot of land next to the Palace of Westminster in London. He demanded that King Kenneth build a residence there and visit it annually, thereby paying tribute to the kingdom of England on behalf of Scotland. King Kenneth built himself a palace and lived there whenever he came to England. The palace remained the possession of the Scottish kings and was considered the territory of Scotland. When Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, King James VI of Scotland became King of England and Scotland, and the palace lost its original purpose. It was divided into two parts: the first was called “Great Scotland Yard”, the second - “Middle Scotland Yard”. They began to be used as government buildings.
There are also versions that in the Middle Ages the street belonged to a man named Scott, and also that stagecoaches to Scotland once departed from this street.
By 1890, the London Police had grown from an initial 1,000 officers to 13,000, requiring greater administrative staff and a larger headquarters. As the size and responsibilities of the police continued to expand, there was a need to further increase personnel, so New Scotland Yard was expanded in the 1940s. This complex of buildings is currently included in the list of buildings of architectural, historical or cultural significance.
A number of protective measures were added to the exterior of New Scotland Yard in 2000, including concrete barriers in front of the lower windows to protect against car bombs. In addition, a concrete wall was added near the entrance to the building. Armed officers from the Diplomatic Protection Service (
The general name of the London police, familiar from films and books, is in fact officially called “New Scotland Yard” - this is the name of the headquarters of the largest police department in England.
History of Scotland Yard
The London Police Service arose in the autumn of 1829 on the initiative of Robert Peel, the future Prime Minister of Great Britain. In fact, it was this person invented by Scotland Yard in the form in which it exists to this day. A few years after the formation of Scotland Yard, the police replaced the patrolmen from the police criminal court, and then replaced the water police working in the areas of the River Thames. The new police force was led by Lieutenant Colonel Charles Rowan and lawyer Richard Mayne, who chose a large house on Whitehall Street as their headquarters.
The name "Scotland Yard" comes from the location of the police headquarters. It is believed that in the 10th century a palace was built on this territory for the Scottish kings, so that they and their families could visit London every year, thereby showing respect to the English kings. The glorious tradition was interrupted only at the beginning of the 17th century, and the palace was divided into “Middle Scotland Yard” and “Great Scotland Yard” due to the needs of the government.
In the 1960s, the main police department in London was forced to change its location due to the emergence of new technologies and a significant expansion of units.
For the last fifty years, Scotland Yard has been located at London, 8-10 Broadway, SW1H 0BG.
The former headquarters on Whitehall Street did not remain empty for long: the building is currently home to the London Police Department.
Scotland Yard Black Museum
Naturally, tourists do not have the opportunity to be directly in the police department itself. Breaking the law in order to achieve a cherished goal is still not recommended! It is better to pay attention to the famous “Black Museum”, located in the same building as Scotland Yard.
Since the opening of the museum in 1877, only the police themselves had access to it, but a few years ago the doors of this eerie exhibition were opened to everyone.
Today the museum is divided into two parts: the first is a reconstruction of the original museum and dates back to the nineteenth century, the second is dedicated to crimes of the twentieth century. The museum's exhibition includes various physical evidence, seized weapons, death masks and other evidence of the most famous crimes committed in Great Britain.
Among the exhibits you can see items related not only to Jack the Ripper, but also to other villains, for example, to the Kray brothers - brutal gangsters who, among other acts, intimidated witnesses with the help of an ominous suitcase with syringes and poisons. In the museum you can learn the story of John Haig, a serial killer who dissolved his victims in barrels of acid, or get acquainted with the personal belongings of members of the gang that organized the so-called. The Great Train Robbery of 1963.
