Bark Endeavor, James Cook's first ship. Abstract: Endeavor ship Endeavor ship James Cook
Introduction
1 History of creation
2 Further fate
3 Interesting facts
4 See also
5 Sources
Bibliography
Introduction
Endeavor (English HMS Endeavor - effort) is the first ship commanded by the British explorer, cartographer and discoverer of the 18th century, Captain James Cook, who used it in his first expedition to new lands.
1. History of creation
Endeavor appeared in 1764. It was built on the docks of the seaside town of Whitby, located in Yorkshire, where James Cook's career began. Thus, both the captain and his ship began their “sea life” in one place. The ship belonged to the category of "cat-bilt" - ships with a straight, wide bow. In the documents of James Cook's maiden voyage, Inderor is invariably called a bark. The ship's features were three masts, straight sails on the foremasts and mainmasts, and a mizzen without yards. The ship had 22 cannons, 12 of them on rotating carriages. The first biographer of the famous navigator, his contemporary Kippis, argued that Cook himself chose Endeavor during the period of preparation for the expedition, although modern studies tend to argue that the ship was selected by chance and without Cook’s participation. Agents of the Navy Board purchased the ship from the owner on March 28, 1768, and when the buyers inspected the ship at Deptford Docks, it turned out that the planking, masts and rigging required extensive repairs.
In Deptford, a command boat, longboat and yawl were built especially for Endeavor. The boat was intended for trips ashore by the captain and officers, and a longboat for transporting water, firewood and supplies to the ship. Endeavor had high seaworthiness and Captain Cook noted that the ship, with a wind of one or two points behind the beam (steep backstay), moves at a speed of 7.4 knots. “This ship is a good sailor and easy to sail,” Cook wrote. Serious tests in the Coral Sea, when Endeavor received a large hole, the ship withstood with honor. But Endeavor also had its drawbacks, for example the lack of copper plating, which protected the ship's wooden hull from the destructive work of shipworms. Endeavor was also the first ship from which longitude could be accurately determined. This is confirmed by the navigation tables. She was the first ship to make such a long voyage, during which not a single person died from scurvy, whereas scurvy at that time killed most sailors. The circumstances of Cook's expedition had a detrimental effect on the condition of the ship. On June 11, 1772, after a four-year voyage, when the Endeavor returned to the port of London, she was a pitiful sight.
2. Further fate
The fate of the ship is shrouded in mystery. There are two versions of what happened to the legendary barque. One by one, the sailing ship ended its days on the Thames. According to another version, the ship, after circumnavigating the world, was sold to a French merchant, who renamed it “La Liberte” - “Freedom”. The Frenchman, in turn, transported it to North America to use as a whaling ship. In America, the legendary barque was badly damaged by a British ship; his remains were probably buried by his co-owners in Newport, Rhode Island.
3. Interesting facts
Endeavor was originally built to carry coal to Whitby, but was purchased and refitted by the Royal Navy in 1768.
The Command Module of the Apollo 15 spacecraft was named after James Cook's first spacecraft. During his flight, the fourth landing of people on the Moon was carried out.
See also James CookGreat geographical discoveries Sources
Ya. M. Svet, Navigator of Foggy Albion. James Cook, Moscow, 1963.
Bibliography:
James Cook, Sailing on the Endeavor in 1768-1771, Moscow, 2008.
Source: ru./wiki/Endeavour_(ship)
Other works on the topic:
The Argo ship was one of the most widespread constellations in the sky, covering an area of 1888 square degrees. It was far larger than the vast constellation Virgo, which has an area of 1290 square degrees.
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Soviet sailors always dreamed of aircraft-carrying ships. In the 30s, the realization of this dream was hampered by the country's political leadership, which did not want to hear about ships of this type.
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Introduction 1 Origin (XVII century) 2 Post Ship 3 28-gun frigate 4 Role and place 5 Other countries 6 Ship of the sixth rank in literature References Introduction
Introduction 1 Beginning (XVII century) 2 Age of Sail (1756-1815) 2.1 64-gun ship 2.2 74-gun ship 2.2.1 Regular 2.2.2 Large 2.3 80-gun two-deck ship
Introduction 1 Service in the Royal Navy 1.1 Discovery of the Russian coast 1.2 Training ship 2 After service References Introduction HMS Winchester is a 60-gun sailing frigate of the British Navy. Laid down in 1816 at the Royal Dockyard in Woolwich, launched on June 21, 1822. Although officially laid down as a 60-gun ship, all ships of this type were armed with 52 guns.
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Plan
Introduction
1 History of creation
2 Further fate
3 Interesting facts
4 See also
5 Sources
Bibliography
Introduction
Endeavor (English HMS Endeavor - effort) is the first ship commanded by the British explorer, cartographer and discoverer of the 18th century, Captain James Cook, who used it in his first expedition to new lands.
1. History of creation
Endeavor appeared in 1764. It was built on the docks of the seaside town of Whitby, located in Yorkshire, where James Cook's career began. Thus, both the captain and his ship began their “sea life” in one place. The ship belonged to the category of “cat-bilt” - ships with a straight, wide bow. In the documents of James Cook's maiden voyage, Inderor is invariably called a bark. The ship's features were three masts, straight sails on the foremasts and mainmasts, and a mizzen without yards. The ship had 22 cannons, 12 of them on rotating carriages. The first biographer of the famous navigator, his contemporary Kippis, argued that Cook himself chose Endeavor during the period of preparation for the expedition, although modern studies tend to argue that the ship was selected by chance and without Cook’s participation. Agents of the Navy Board purchased the ship from the owner on March 28, 1768, and when the buyers inspected the ship at Deptford Docks, it turned out that the planking, masts and rigging required extensive repairs.
In Deptford, a command boat, longboat and yawl were built especially for Endeavor. The boat was intended for trips ashore by the captain and officers, and a longboat for transporting water, firewood and supplies to the ship. Endeavor had high seaworthiness and Captain Cook noted that the ship, with a wind of one or two points behind the beam (steep backstay), moves at a speed of 7.4 knots. “This ship is a good sailor and easy to navigate,” wrote Cook. Serious tests in the Coral Sea, when Endeavor received a large hole, the ship withstood with honor. But Endeavor also had its drawbacks, for example the lack of copper plating, which protected the ship’s wooden hull from the destructive work of shipworms. Endeavor was also the first ship from which longitude could be accurately determined. This is confirmed by the navigation tables. She was the first ship to make such a long voyage, during which not a single person died from scurvy, whereas scurvy at that time killed most sailors. The circumstances of Cook's expedition had a detrimental effect on the condition of the ship. On June 11, 1772, after a four-year voyage, Endeavor returned to the port of London to be a pitiful sight.
2. Further fate
The fate of the ship is shrouded in mystery. There are two versions of what happened to the legendary bark. One by one, the sailing ship ended its days on the Thames. According to another version, the ship, after circumnavigating the world, was sold to a French merchant, who renamed it “La Liberte” - “Freedom”. The Frenchman, in turn, transported it to North America to use as a whaling ship. In America, the legendary barque was badly damaged by a British ship; his remains were probably buried by his co-owners in Newport, Rhode Island.
3. Interesting facts
Endeavor was originally built to carry coal to Whitby, but was purchased and refitted by the Royal Navy in 1768.
The Command Module of the Apollo 15 spacecraft was named after James Cook's first spacecraft. During his flight, the fourth landing of people on the Moon was carried out.
See also James CookGreat geographical discoveries Sources
James Cook, Moscow, 2008.
Y. M. Light, Navigator of Foggy Albion. James Cook, Moscow, 1963.
Bibliography:
James Cook, Sailing on the Endeavor in 1768-1771, Moscow, 2008.
HMS Endeavor - ship James Cook, on which the famous navigator made his first trip around the world.
Bark "Endeavour" launched in 1764 in the Yorkshire town Whitby and had the name "Earl of Pembroke" (Earl of Pembroke). The main mission of the ship was to transport coal. But in 1768 the ship was acquired by the English Admiralty, then it was chosen for its expedition James Cook and renamed it to "Endeavour" - "Aspiration".
The Endeavor was an ugly but strong vessel with excellent seaworthiness. It had a straight, wide bow, shallow draft and all-wood planking. Two of its three masts (foresail and mainsail) carried straight sails; the cruisel and counter-mizzen were raised on the mizzen. Under the bowsprit there was a blind and a bomb blind. In good wind "Endeavour" could travel at speeds of up to 8 knots, which was very good at that time. The length of the sailing ship was 36 meters, the width was slightly more than 9 meters, and the displacement was 360 tons. The sailing ship's armament consisted of 22 guns: 10 cannons and 12 mortars on rotating carriages. Additionally for "Endeavour" a longboat (for transporting food and water) and a captain's boat were built.
August 26, 1768 Captain James Cook went out on the ship "Endeavour" from English Plymouth and headed for Tahiti. The official purpose of this trip was to study an astronomical phenomenon: transit of Venus across the disk of the Sun, the unofficial one is the search for the Southern continent and the study of southern latitudes. The expedition was led by an English scientist Joseph Banks.
April 10, 1769 "Endeavour" dropped anchor off the coast of Tahiti. Contrary to established tradition, the British behaved quite peacefully; they tried to exchange food and water from local residents rather than take them by force. Team members were prohibited from using violence against Aboriginal people. Here in Tahiti, Cook's team observed the passage of Venus through the solar disk. And since the official purpose of the journey was fulfilled, "Endeavour" went to the shores New Zealand. James Cook It was discovered that New Zealand consists of two islands separated by straits. Subsequently, this strait was named Cook Strait.
In April 1770 Cook reached the eastern shore Australia and dropped anchor in the bay, where many unknown plants were discovered. Cook named this bay - Botanical. June 11, 1770 "Endeavour" ran aground and significantly damaged the hull. The hole was plugged with canvas, the ship required major repairs. But it so happened that "Endeavour" was cut off from the coast of Australia by the Great Barrier Reef, and the ship with a hole in its side had to travel 360 miles to go around the reef. Thanks to this, another discovery was made - the strait separating New Guinea and Australia was discovered. Through this strait "Endeavour" proceeded to Indonesia, where it was put in port for repairs Batavia. Despite the fact that no one died of scurvy on the ship (of which Cook was so proud), a malaria epidemic began on the ship in Indonesia. In the spring of 1771 "Endeavour" reached African Cape Town. During this period, 22 crew members died on the ship from malaria and dysentery, and the crew had to be supplemented. On July 12, 1771, James Cook returned to England.
As a result of this expedition, Australia became an English colony, a number of islands were also annexed to England, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean and the coast of Australia were explored and described. It is believed that "Endeavour"- the first ship on which longitude was determined.
Information about the fate of Cook's ship after the voyage is contradictory: according to one version "Endeavour" was sold to a French merchant, renamed "La Liberte" (Freedom) and transported to North America; according to another version, the sailing ship simply rotted off the coast of the Thames and was then dismantled.
In honor of the famous sailing ship "Endeavour" in 1971 the command module of the ninth manned spacecraft was named Apollo 15. And in 1993, a replica of the legendary sailing ship built by John Longley was launched.
Ten years ago, John Longley, an Australian sailor and shipbuilder, began work on a project that few people believed in its implementation. Build an exact copy of the Endeavor Cook's ship and repeat its circumnavigation.
Several times a lack of money threatened to ruin all plans. But Longley was obsessed with his idea and, most importantly, managed to rally around him craftsmen who were ready to work almost for free in difficult moments. And this kept the ship afloat. In a figurative for now sense. But in 1993, in the Australian port of Fremantle, the ship “His Majesty’s barque Endeavor” was launched and became afloat in the literal sense. Endeavor sailed along the coasts of Australia and New Zealand. Things have gone smoothly: Australians and New Zealanders know and love their short history, and it began precisely with Cook’s voyage two centuries ago. In New Zealand, for example, about 150,000 people were on board the ship. This alone made it possible to align things with finances.
There were original drawings of the Endeavor, which were quite suitable for building a new ship. His Majesty's original barque "Endeavor" was a three-masted collier - let this term not sound mundane to lovers of romance. After some reorganization, a scientific expedition was placed on it. In general, 18th-century colliers—consider them the same as bulk carriers today—were well-built ships with a flat bottom and plenty of space to store anything. What could be better then for equipping a multi-year research expedition?
Obviously, the ship was chosen by James Cook himself, and he was thoroughly versed in the sea and navigation. Captain James Cook was born on October 27, 1728 in the town of Marton in Yorkshire. He became acquainted with maritime affairs at the age of 19, and at 27 he enlisted in the Royal Navy. The service there was so difficult that sailors, say, were recruited in port taverns, having first gotten drunk: few in a sober mind would have dared to do this. On the recommendation of the Royal Geographical Society, Cook, an already experienced and highly educated sailor, was appointed head of the round-the-world expedition. The British Admiralty organized it to explore the South Pacific. The expedition was the first of Captain Cook's three long voyages. The result of the voyages was the most detailed maps of the ocean from New Zealand to the Arctic. In 1768, Cook left the port of Plymouth on the barque Endeavor. The bark rounded Cape Horn and visited the present island of Tahiti. Cook was the first to map the islands lying north-west of Tahiti. In 1769 - 1770, he walked around New Zealand, determined that these were two islands, and not part of the mainland, and compiled a map of both. Then he discovered the Great Barrier Reef and the east coast of Australia, naturally, declaring it a British possession under the name New South Wales assigned by him. There he anchored in Botany Bay, named after the hardworking expedition botanists: a decision on this was also made by Cook. Cook then sailed west through the Torres Strait to Java and, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, returned to England in 1771, which completed his first circumnavigation of the world - a westward voyage on His Majesty's barque Endeavor. This name can be translated as “Stubborn”, “Using every effort”. The maps compiled by the expedition are so accurate that they can still be used today. The famous captain went on dangerous journeys to foreign shores two more times. It was James Cook who first crossed the Antarctic Circle and mapped the coasts of the more northern Pacific islands, including Hawaii. His life tragically ended there; along with four crew members, he died in Hawaii in 1779 during a skirmish with the islanders. Two hundred years later, professional craftsmen from all over the world were invited to build the Endeavor in Fremantle, Australia. Work began in 1987 under the leadership of experienced ocean yachtsman John Longley.
In 1990, the idea almost collapsed due to finances. Longley and his team continued to work, as they say, with pure enthusiasm. Longley came up with a happy idea: in 1991, the organization “His Majesty’s Bark Endeavor” was established, which raised the necessary funds: the sailing venture ceased to be a private matter of enthusiasts and acquired the character of a public project.
The new Endeavor was launched on December 9, 1993.
“The ship is simply magnificent,” says Longley. He himself taught us, students of the sailing fleet, how to manage it.
The plans of Cook's followers at that time were very precise.
We will sail to the shores of England, call at the South African ports of Durban, Port Elizabeth and Cape Town and arrive in London in March 1997. There will be 14 crew members and 36 amateurs on board at all times. All of them still have to gain experience, even those who have dealt with the sea before. The sailing fleet has its own laws. The work ahead will not be easy, and the conditions will therefore be harsh. That's why we recruit young people as crew members. But four passengers will also be with us, as they were then, two hundred years ago. They will have to live on the forecastle, in the gentlemen's quarters. It will be writers or artists - when else will they have the opportunity to sneak away from our crazy twentieth century in order to travel a little in time?
Having reached Great Britain, we will visit Great Yarmouth, Whitby - the city where Cook spent many years. Then there are ports in Scotland, including Edinburgh and Aberdeen. In Portsmouth we'll do some repairs and head to the New World. In fact, our new Endeavor will be a traveling museum. The captain and crew will look as if they arrived at the port and stepped ashore from the 18th century. Yes, yes: in a wig, and in a cocked hat, and with a sword.
The crew on board will be replaced from port to port. The same applies to four passengers. There are devilish inconveniences, for example, the naval hanging bunks of that time. They are six feet long, and I am six feet five inches tall. Where should I put these five inches? Can you imagine?
Experts say that the ship is very dry; there are no cracks anywhere where water could seep in. Almost all the time you will have to pore over the sails; when entering any port, they must be raised.
At the same time, there are a number of differences between the current Endeavor and its ancestor. This applies mainly to wood, some materials and metal fittings. Instead of the traditional elm, oak or spruce, from which ships were then built in England (and the forests were considerably removed), the modern Endeavor was built using mainly hardwood, local Australian species and Douglas fir, brought from the United States. The iron fastenings are galvanized and the sails are made of duradon synthetic canvas. True, it is very similar to real flax. In theory, for a new ship (a smaller number of crew would have been enough: 56 instead of 94. But there were 94 in the ship’s role, so it will be here. What we improved, naturally, were the living and food conditions. Those in which the sailors stayed 18th century, it’s unlikely that anyone would endure it now. Don’t forget, in those days (and much later) flogging of sailors was in the order of things. So, some things from the past had to be without regret abandoned.
The merits of Cook's voyages, and, accordingly, of His Majesty's bark Endeavor, are well known to the smallest detail. For example, the Endeavor was the first ship from which they could accurately determine longitude. This is confirmed by the recently released navigation tables. She was the first ship to make such a long voyage, during which not a single person died from scurvy. And scurvy then decimated the sailors.
But the fate of the oldest ship is shrouded in mystery. There are two versions of what happened to the legendary bark.
One by one, the ship, after a circumnavigation of the world, was sold, it seems, to some French merchant, who renamed the barque “La Liberte” “Liberty”. The French probably transported it to North America to use as a whaling ship. Somewhere in America, the legendary barque was badly damaged by a British ship; his remains were probably buried by his co-owners in Newport, Rhode Island.
There is another version, according to which the sailing ship ended its days on the Thames; Longley is inclined to believe in the first.
Maybe we can find out the truth?
Why not? Endeavor means Enduring, and the people sailing her now are doing their best to do so.
Emily Smith
Translated from English by Mikhail Kurushin
His Majesty's Ship Endeavor (Eng. HMS Endeavor - "effort") is the first ship commanded by the British explorer, cartographer and discoverer of the 18th century, Captain James Cook. Cook used this ship on his first expedition.
History of creation
Endeavor appeared in 1764. It was built on the docks of the seaside town of Whitby to transport coal and was called the Earl of Pembroke. Thus, both James Cook and his ship began their “sea life” in one place. The ship belonged to the category of “cat-bilt” - ships with a straight, wide bow. In the documents of James Cook's maiden voyage, the Endeavor is invariably called a bark. The ship's features were three masts, straight sails on the foremasts and mainmasts, and a mizzen without yards. The ship had 22 cannons, 12 of them on rotating carriages. The first biographer of the famous navigator, his contemporary Kippis, argued that Cook himself chose the Endeavor during the period of preparation for the expedition, although modern studies tend to argue that the ship was selected by chance and without Cook’s participation. Agents of the Navy Board purchased the ship from the owner on March 28, 1768, and when the buyers inspected the ship at Deptford Docks, it turned out that the planking, masts and rigging required extensive repairs. In Deptford, a command boat, a longboat and a yawl were built especially for the Endeavor. The boat was intended for trips ashore by the captain and officers, and a longboat for transporting water, firewood and supplies to the ship. The Endeavor had good seaworthiness, and Captain Cook noted that the ship, with a wind of one or two points behind the beam (steep backstay), moved at a speed of 7.4 knots. “This ship is a good sailor and easy to navigate,” wrote Cook. Serious tests in the Coral Sea, when the Endeavor received a large hole, the ship withstood with honor. But the Endeavor also had its drawbacks, for example, the lack of copper plating ", which protected the wooden hull of the ship from the destructive work of shipworms. Endeavor was also the first ship from which they could accurately determine longitude. This is confirmed by navigation tables. She was the first ship to make such a long voyage during which not a single one died from scurvy man, while scurvy at that time killed most sailors. The circumstances of Cook's expedition had a detrimental effect on the condition of the ship. On June 11, 1772, after a four-year voyage, when the Endeavor returned to the port of London, it was a pitiful sight.
Further fate
There were two versions of what happened to the legendary barque. According to one, the sailing ship ended its days [how?] on the Thames. According to another version, the ship, after circumnavigating the world, was sold to a French merchant, who renamed it La Liberte (Russian: “Freedom”). The Frenchman, in turn, transported it to North America to use as a whaling ship. In America, the barque was severely damaged by a British ship. His remains were buried by his co-owners in Newport. The ship was discovered on the ocean floor...
